Transforming Molecules into Medicines: Role of CDMOS in Phase-Appropriate Technology Transfers in Advancing Pharmaceutical Innovation

CDMOs are emerging as critical drivers of innovation within the pharmaceutical and biotech industries. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve, we can expect to see CDMOs play an increasingly important role in drug development and manufacturing. Many companies within these sectors are now leveraging the expertise of CDMOs through technology transfers to foster innovation and enhance the development of new drug products. In the extensive field of drug development, technology transfer plays a crucial role at multiple stages, ranging from preclinical phases to commercialization. By working closely with drug developers, CDMOs can ensure that technologies are transferred seamlessly between phases of drug development, allowing for a more efficient and cost-effective development process. CDMOs also bring a wealth of experience in various areas of drug development, including process development, analytical testing, quality control, and manufacturing. This expertise, combined with a focus on innovation, can help drug developers to overcome technical challenges and optimize their drug development programs. CDMOs can provide drug developers with various manufacturing capabilities, from small-scale clinical trials to large-scale commercial production. This flexibility allows drug developers to focus on their core competencies while relying on CDMOs to provide the necessary infrastructure and support for drug manufacturing. The critical role of CDMOs in advancing pharmaceutical innovation in phase-appropriate technology transfer where there will be a lot of effort and patience with strong technical expertise is required. This article explores the various types of Technology transfer from preclinical to commercial stages and successful strategies to foster innovation.

Is China’s Foreign Investment Policy to Blame for US-China “Forced Technology Transfer” and Trade Conf lict?——Comment on Trump Administration’s Section 301 Investigation of China

The paper presents a new analytical framework to discuss the effect of Chinese foreign investment policy on the international technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership.The US Trade Representative claims that the Chinese government’s requirements regarding joint ventures pressure US companies to transfer intellectual property to Chinese companies.However,we argue that:(1)Based on analysis of the technical fees of technology import contracts and the number of US patents transferred to enterprises registered in the Chinese mainland,China’s foreign investment policy does not pressure US companies to transfer unremunerated technology to Chinese companies.(2)The invention and utility model patents filed by Chinese joint-venture enterprises or Chinese partner companies do not show an abnormally rapid growth,which means China’s FDI policy does not force US companies to transfer intellectual property in exchange for China’s market.(3)After 2012,the US-China technology transfer absorbed by enterprises of different ownership showed a significantly positive effect in reducing China-US trade surplus.

Research on Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Vietnam under of the Belt and Road Initiative

Since the Belt and Road Initiative was put forward,the agricultural technology exchanges between China and Vietnam have become more and more frequent.With its unique geographical advantages,economic differences and technological complementarities,China is steadily advancing its agricultural technology transfer to Vietnam.This paper analyzes that the main driving force of Chinese agricultural technology transfer to Vietnam is the existence of technological potential difference.This paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from three aspects of government,agricultural enterprises and scientific research institutions.

NEW POLICIES PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

The Chinese government issued a regulation on promoting the transformation of R&D results recently. The new policies, which were jointly formulated by seven governmental departments, are aimed at further encouraging China’s scientists to commercialize their R&D results, set up new hi-tech business and speed up the process of China’s hi-tech industrialization.

A Historical Approach on the Opportunity to Acquire Technology Development Capability in Turkish Automobile Industry

Turkey has given importance to the development of the automobile industry since the Ottoman period.While the Ottomans,who were aware of the development process of the automobile industry in the world,provided transportation by horse-drawn carriage,they thought of importing automobiles for the Sultan and high-level bureaucrats in an effort to switch to automobile transportation.However,after the proclamation of the Republic,automobile production started,just like airplanes.While a factory was established for the production of a domestic aircraft,the first automobile production facility was established in Istanbul in 1929 by the American Ford company.This factory was closed after a short time due to the world economic crisis.After the activities of the Kayseri Aircraft Factory,which lasted until 1948,came to an end,this time,Revolution car prototypes could be manufactured completely domestically in 1961.After the project,which did not go into mass production,the KoçGroup started to produce the domestically-made Anadol car with technology transfer from multiple sources in 1967,but the production of Anadol continued until 1984.In 1971,Renault cars started to be produced under the French Renault license,and TOFAŞcars under the Italian FIAT license.Towards the end of the 1970s,creative imitation applications were made in TOFAŞcars with the bird series.In the 1990s,the production of Japanese Honda and Toyota and South Korean Hyundai cars started.In 2011,the idea of producing a domestic automobile emerged,the Devrim automobile was taken as an example in this project,the first Togg prototype was manufactured with technology transfer from multiple sources in December 2018,and it was announced that mass production would begin in March 2023.The 12-year period from 2011 to 2023 is too long for the creation of a domestic automobile.It has been understood that this long process has been passed in order to regain the pre-1980 level of technological ability.However,the most important thing is the transition from the creative imitation stage to the innovation stage.Our wish is that this process can be shortened with phase skipping approaches.

Transfer of Australian environmental research on the insecticide endosulfan to Anhui Province, China

This paper reports on a case study that involved the transfer of (1) methods for the analysis and (2) information on the fate and proper use of the agricultural chemicals, endosulphan, from Australia to Anhui Province, China. A key outcome from the case study was that there was relatively little awareness of the potential environmental impacts from the use of endosulphan. Cross\|cultural constraints in the interaction were identified and areas which will require further effort in technology transfer were discussed.

Predictive Mathematical and Statistical Modeling of the Dynamic Poverty Problem in Burundi: Case of an Innovative Economic Optimization System

The mathematical and statistical modeling of the problem of poverty is a major challenge given Burundi’s economic development. Innovative economic optimization systems are widely needed to face the problem of the dynamic of the poverty in Burundi. The Burundian economy shows an inflation rate of -1.5% in 2018 for the Gross Domestic Product growth real rate of 2.8% in 2016. In this research, the aim is to find a model that contributes to solving the problem of poverty in Burundi. The results of this research fill the knowledge gap in the modeling and optimization of the Burundian economic system. The aim of this model is to solve an optimization problem combining the variables of production, consumption, budget, human resources and available raw materials. Scientific modeling and optimal solving of the poverty problem show the tools for measuring poverty rate and determining various countries’ poverty levels when considering advanced knowledge. In addition, investigating the aspects of poverty will properly orient development aid to developing countries and thus, achieve their objectives of growth and the fight against poverty. This paper provides a new and innovative framework for global scientific research regarding the multiple facets of this problem. An estimate of the poverty rate allows good progress with the theory and optimization methods in measuring the poverty rate and achieving sustainable development goals. By comparing the annual food production and the required annual consumption, there is an imbalance between different types of food. Proteins, minerals and vitamins produced in Burundi are sufficient when considering their consumption as required by the entire Burundian population. This positive contribution for the latter comes from the fact that some cows, goats, fishes, ···, slaughtered in Burundi come from neighboring countries. Real production remains in deficit. The lipids, acids, calcium, fibers and carbohydrates produced in Burundi are insufficient for consumption. This negative contribution proves a Burundian food deficit. It is a decision-making indicator for the design and updating of agricultural policy and implementation programs as well as projects. Investment and economic growth are only possible when food security is mastered. The capital allocated to food investment must be revised upwards. Demographic control is also a relevant indicator to push forward Burundi among the emerging countries in 2040. Meanwhile, better understanding of the determinants of poverty by taking cultural and organizational aspects into account guides managers for poverty reduction projects and programs.

Influence of technology transfer from universities on manufacturing firms'innovative performance

Technology transfer(TT)from universities to manufacturing firms is important for enhancing innovation performance(IP)and ultimately improving competitiveness.However,TT is hampered by bureaucracy,inertia,inefficiency,cognitive dissonance,and low research and development activity.The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between TT from universities to manufacturing firms and their IP.This study was conducted based on Megnigbeto's(2018)triple helix game theory.A mixed-method approach was used.The independent variable was TT,measured in terms of technology spillover,networking,and the presence of accelerators and incubators within a firm's locality.The dependent variable was IP,measured through innovation output and innovation efficiency.This study used an explanatory sequential research design.The target population was manufacturing firms in Kenya,identified using a multi-stage sampling strategy.Primary data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires,interview schedules,and checklists.Linear regressions,hierarchical multiple moderated regressions,structural equation modeling,and partial least squares were used to test the hypotheses.The results indicate that TT from universities significantly influences IP in manufacturing firms.Universities are important intermediaries of TT in manufacturing firms in Kenya because of their improved IP and competitiveness.Universities should create dynamic linkages with industries and adopt an engaged learning approach in their programs to create greater and more unique values for enhanced competitiveness and sustainable development.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs): Navigating Four Pillars of Safety, Development, Supply Chain and Manufacturing Excellence

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are pioneering biologics that merge antibodies’ specificity with small molecules’ potency. With a handful of FDA-approved ADCs in the market and many under development, ADCs are poised to revolutionize therapeutics. This paper examines the complexities of ADC production, emphasizing the importance of process characterization and the pivotal role of supply chain characteristics, safety requirements, and Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMOs) with proficiency. The swift transition of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) programs from early to advanced clinical stages underscores the urgency for quick and efficient commercial launch preparation. This article delves into strategies to hasten commercial readiness, supply chain strategy, the significance of partnering with adept contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs), and the challenges of ADC production.

IT-Software SMEs in China, Technology Transfer from Universities and Entrepreneurship, a Successful Nexus？

Drawing on the empirical work of a broader study, this paper examines whether technology is being successfully transferred from universities to the IT-sottware SMEs present in China, and the effectiveness of entrepreneurship in effecting such transfers. A conceptual framework was generated to guide the investigation. Data were elicited using a detailed questionnaire which generated 53 usable responses; follow-up interviews with 17 of the 53 respondents; and four interviews with relevant government officials （civil servants from the Ministry of Science and Technology and state-owned banks）. There were three main fmdings. Chinese software SMEs tend to be reluctant to adopt new technologies from local tmiversities; there is a lack of common purpose between the parties; and entrepreneurs who did undertake such technology transfer felt the process was badly impeded by the lack of available finance, and expressed fears about poor protection of intellectual property rights in China. The majority of the sample firms acted opportunistically, taking advantage of the benefits offered under government schemes to earn rapid returns mainly using extant technologies. These conclusions suggest that the Chinese government＇s policies in this area of technology transfer have had only limited success.

Climate technology transfer in BRI era:needs,priorities,and barriers from receivers’perspective

Technology is an instrument to build BRI relationships,mitigate the environmental and climate impacts of BRI projects,as well as to enhance environmental sustainability in the regions.This study aims to reposition China in global climate technology transfer in BRI era and to obtain initial knowledge on needs,priorities,and barriers from the receivers’perspective.Focus group method with aid of questionnaire survey and follow-up face-to-face interviews was adopted to capture the major issues directly expressed by receivers from these countries.A total of 63 valid questionnaires were collected,and 13 respondents were face-to-face interviewed.The results confirmed that energy and agriculture were the most prioritized sectors for mitigation and adaptation in the developing countries alongside OBOR.The prioritized technologies for mitigation included cogeneration,solar photovoltaic,and biomass/biogas electricity.Irrigation,conservation agriculture,and soil management were prioritized for adaptation in agricultural sector,and water recycling and reuse,source water protection,and urban drainage management in water resource sector.Technology cost during installation and operation was stressed as the most important factor constraining the application and diffusion of climate technologies.But communication including language,information,and ways of communication,was also identified as an important factor.This implied that the conventional climate technology transfer need adapt to changing contexts of BRI and be complemented with innovative approaches involving multi-actors in different phases of climate technology development.Due to the limited representativeness of the sample,the results can hardly be generalized to all the countries,but raised interesting topics for future researches.

Using Delphi and fuzzy DEMATEL for analyzing the intertwined relationships of the barriers of university technology transfer: Evidence from a developing economy

Universities are highly responsible for knowledge creation and technology development.However,university technology transfer(UTT)is considered a challenge in bringing innovative technologies for commercialization and community services.Thus,identifying the barriers and their complex interrelationships that hinder the successful implementation of UTT provides a better understanding of the process,which may be considered as inputs to crucial decision-making initiatives.While this approach is highly relevant in the domain field,it remains a point of departure in the current literature.This paper addresses this gap by holistically determining the UTT barriers and their intertwined relationships.Using the Delphi method and the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL)to carry out this objective,a case study in a state university in the Philippines is presented in this work.Results show that lack of resources has the strongest causal relationship among the 24 UTT barriers.Whereas,poor marketing/technical/negotiation skills of technology transfer office obtained the highest impacts received and is categorized as the main net effect.These findings are intended to guide various stakeholders in understanding the influence of barriers in the formulation of strategies and initiatives to carry out effectively the UTT process.

The new inclusive role of university technology transfer:Setting an agenda for further research

Universities are coming under increasing pressure to produce impact that contributes to socio-economic development. Previous studies have focused on university technology transfer (UTT) mechanisms that lead to the commercialisation of intellectual property. We find that off-late, the legitimacy of such mechanisms, owing to high-failure rates of IP-based start-ups, has come into question. Universities are being invited to widen their academic entrepreneurship (AE) practices to include other forms of knowledge transfer. The increased attention on contemporary concepts such as social entrepreneurship calls for broadening UTT performance indicators to include multiple bottom-lines. These bottom-lines should amplify the societal benefits of AE. This new emphasis raises high-level questions about the societal role of universities and UTT. The aim in this paper is to, therefore, reframe the debate on UTT processes by highlighting a revised agenda for further research. This is done by analysing the extant literature on UTT, academic entre-preneurship, entrepreneurial universities and innovation. The analysis includes a critical review of 96 peer-reviewed articles. As a result, a macro perspective is presented which highlights UTT as-a-mechanism for universities' contribution to collective societal goals. Propositions are outlined for future research;these can be used for developing new un-derstanding on how universities can actively contribute to socio-economic development agendas.

Managing international collaboration for the development and application of environmental technologies: opportunities for China & other Asia Pacific countries

Increased international cooperation in the field of contaminated site management has resulted in the formation of numerous networks and fora. The key benefits of increased co\|operation are perceived to be in the reduction of duplication in efforts, particularly related to industry, in the co\|ordination of contaminated site research, policy development and information dissemination. The paper introduces and briefly discusses key networks and collaborative projects currently in operation throughout the world relating to contaminated site management. The experience shared within these groups should prove useful to the application of such environmental problems in China and the Asia\|Pacific region.

Industrialization, Modernization and Self-Organization

This paper studies the industrialization of China, a key problem of Chinese economic development with self-organization theory in system science. The dual economic structure of modern industry and traditional agriculture existing simultaneously is the typical economic structure for most developing countries. How can we break the dual economic structure? After China has carried out the peasant family output-related system of contracted responsibilities, the rural enterprises which develop swiftly and violently are setting up a bridge between traditional agriculture and modern industry. This paper models the triple economic structure formed by traditional agriculture, rural enterprises and modern industry. From the study of structure evolution, we obtain the important relationship between economic growth rate, the rate of technological progress, the growth rate of capital and the growth rate of population, deduce three critical points of population growth, and find out the conditions under which the national economic system forms a stable and orderly self-organized structure. On the basis of quantitative analysis, we propose an approach to the strategies of industrialization of China, especially to the problem of rural enterprise development and rural labor transfer, and give three conclusions and four developmental strategies about national economic system.

Does technology transfer from the US to China harm American firms,workers,and consumers?A historical and analytic investigation

Decades of spectacular economic growth have made China into an important geopolitical player.As Chinese companies improve their capabilities across several areas of advanced technology,including artificial intelligence,some US policymakers and pundits lament the country’s‘unfair trade practices’and serial‘theft of American intellectual property’,particularly through so-called forced technology transfer.China hawks claim these practices hurt US companies,workers,and consumers.Do Chinese technology practices harm economic efficiency?What are their distributional consequences?To address these questions,we explore the different modalities of international technology transfer and flesh out their economic consequences.We also investigate the recent history of technology transfer,providing examples from the industrialisation experiences of European countries and the Asian Tigers.We surmise that current Chinese processes are neither novel nor alarming from the standpoint of either economic efficiency or distribution:US firms are collecting record royalty payments for their intellectual property from China and generating gangbuster profits due to their access to Chinese labour,suppliers,and the country’s growing consumer market.American consumers benefit from US–China economic interdependence and so do some workers.The consequences for the US economy as a whole are positive.While we are agnostic about whether these practices threaten America’s national security,we offer ideas for how to prevent China from acquiring its most sensitive military technology.

十七、十八世纪欧洲钟表技术向中国的转移

From the 1580s onwards,Catholic missionaries introduced European mechanical clocks into China as gifts for officials or emperors,with the aim of establishing a good relationship with the Chinese leadership in order to do missionary work.After the seventeenth century,European clock-makers in the imperial palace made complicated clocks according to the emperors’desires.There were a number of workshops for producing European-style clocks in Guangzhou,Suzhou,Nanjing,and other cities during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.It was,however,difficult for the experienced craftsmen to innovate new clockwork.The main reasons for the development of European clock technology in China were its technical superiority,the missionaries’introduction,and the Chinese interest in clocks.

Analysis of Renewable Energy Research Hotspots and Trends Based on Bibliometric and Patent Survey

In recent years,renewable energy has taken on an increasingly important role as a result of the depletion of traditional fossil fuels and the pressure of climate change.Due to the advantages of clean energy production and wide availability,research on renewable energy has increased worldwide.We collected data from the Web of Science and the Derwent Innovations Index to analyze research trends in the field of renewable energy.It was found that the number of research achievements in this field has developed rapidly worldwide since 2005.The United States ranks first in the quantity and quality of literature and fourth in the number of authorized patents.China ranks second and first regarding the quantity of literature and authorized patents,respectively.Biomass energy,wind energy,and solar energy are trending research topics in various stages of development.China has maintained close cooperation with the United States,the United Kingdom,Australia,and other countries.