The issue of climatism is a matter of concern today, given the growth of technology and the subject of globalization, which is defined and explained in many respects. The rapid advancement of technology makes communic...The issue of climatism is a matter of concern today, given the growth of technology and the subject of globalization, which is defined and explained in many respects. The rapid advancement of technology makes communication and navigation readily available. This factor causes the challenge for human societies to discover more recent developments that in turn raise the issues of how can the climatism be compatible with the creation of an architectural work, taking into account that the countries’ conventional boundaries lose their importance. And, the factors affect climatism, in other words, the way that climatism, human societies with diverse cultures, and the surrounding environment interact with each other, is raised. And, in general, the way that an architecture work to interact with its environment is discussed. In this sense, the traditional and indigenous architecture, and the fluidity of the region in the architectural framework also address the characteristics of the physical and architectural features of each region from the architectural arena, introducing effective approaches to architecture and urban planning (objective and tactical approaches), using the rational-logical approach to regional review. Then, the discussion of regionalism and regional influences in the physical fabric of each traditional architectural structure’s region is presented, with the special look of traditional architecture that is expressed in consistency between the building and the nature, and to explain the arguments to the examples and characteristics.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b></span><span><span><span style="font-family:&...<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Due to the limitations of diagnosis by Xpert MTB/RIF assay, WHO suggests Loop</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">—</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) instead of sputum-smear microscopy for pulmonary TB diagnosis in patients. Dr. Thongchai Kaewphinit <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> invented a fast TB detection kit called TB d-tect (LAMP-LFD assay). There was no clinical trial to estimate the performance of TB d-tect. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study was aimed to find the performance of LFD assay and Xpert MTB/RIF ultra for pulmonary TB. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A cross-sectional study was conducted. Suggestive pulmonary TB patients were enrolled from June 2020-28 February 2021.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Respiratory specimen</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were collected from each patient and sent for AFB smear, LAMP-LFD assay, Xpert MTB/RIF ultra and culture TB. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 139 patients with suspected pulmonary TB were enrolled.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51% of patients were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Based on culture TB as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP-LFD assay were 85.4% (95% CI:</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">70.8% - 94.4%) and 87.8% (95% CI:</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">79.6 - 93.5), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra were 95.1% (95% CI: 83.5% - 99.4%) and 74.5% (95% CI: 64.7 - 82.8), respectively. According to ROC curve, it was found that the areas under the curve of LAMP-LFD assay and Xpert MTB/RIF ultra were 0.866 and 0.848, respectively (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.546). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LAMP-LFD assay appeared to be comparable to those of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra. LAMP-LFD assay could be used in resource limiting laboratory.展开更多
文摘The issue of climatism is a matter of concern today, given the growth of technology and the subject of globalization, which is defined and explained in many respects. The rapid advancement of technology makes communication and navigation readily available. This factor causes the challenge for human societies to discover more recent developments that in turn raise the issues of how can the climatism be compatible with the creation of an architectural work, taking into account that the countries’ conventional boundaries lose their importance. And, the factors affect climatism, in other words, the way that climatism, human societies with diverse cultures, and the surrounding environment interact with each other, is raised. And, in general, the way that an architecture work to interact with its environment is discussed. In this sense, the traditional and indigenous architecture, and the fluidity of the region in the architectural framework also address the characteristics of the physical and architectural features of each region from the architectural arena, introducing effective approaches to architecture and urban planning (objective and tactical approaches), using the rational-logical approach to regional review. Then, the discussion of regionalism and regional influences in the physical fabric of each traditional architectural structure’s region is presented, with the special look of traditional architecture that is expressed in consistency between the building and the nature, and to explain the arguments to the examples and characteristics.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background: </span></b></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Due to the limitations of diagnosis by Xpert MTB/RIF assay, WHO suggests Loop</span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">—</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) instead of sputum-smear microscopy for pulmonary TB diagnosis in patients. Dr. Thongchai Kaewphinit <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">et al</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> invented a fast TB detection kit called TB d-tect (LAMP-LFD assay). There was no clinical trial to estimate the performance of TB d-tect. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This study was aimed to find the performance of LFD assay and Xpert MTB/RIF ultra for pulmonary TB. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Material</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">and</span></b> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A cross-sectional study was conducted. Suggestive pulmonary TB patients were enrolled from June 2020-28 February 2021.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Respiratory specimen</span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> were collected from each patient and sent for AFB smear, LAMP-LFD assay, Xpert MTB/RIF ultra and culture TB. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Result:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> 139 patients with suspected pulmonary TB were enrolled.</span></span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">51% of patients were diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Based on culture TB as a gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of LAMP-LFD assay were 85.4% (95% CI:</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-family:Verdana;">70.8% - 94.4%) and 87.8% (95% CI:</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">79.6 - 93.5), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra were 95.1% (95% CI: 83.5% - 99.4%) and 74.5% (95% CI: 64.7 - 82.8), respectively. According to ROC curve, it was found that the areas under the curve of LAMP-LFD assay and Xpert MTB/RIF ultra were 0.866 and 0.848, respectively (</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.546). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">: The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of LAMP-LFD assay appeared to be comparable to those of Xpert MTB/RIF ultra. LAMP-LFD assay could be used in resource limiting laboratory.