Differences in the Tectonic Evolution of Basins in the CentralSouthern South China Sea and their Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions

To reveal the causes of differences in the hydrocarbon accumulation in continental marginal basins in the centralsouthern South China Sea,we used gravity-magnetic,seismic,drilling,and outcrop data to investigate the tectonic histories of the basins and explore how these tectonic events controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in these basins.During the subduction of the Cenozoic proto-South China Sea and the expansion of the new South China Sea,the continental margin basins in the central-southern South China Sea could be classified as one of three types of epicontinental basins:southern extensional-foreland basins,western extensional-strike slip basins,and central extensional-drift basins.Because these basins have different tectonic and sedimentary histories,they also differ in their accumulated hydrocarbon resources.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the southern South China Sea generally progressed through three stages:faulting and subsidence from the late Eocene to the early Miocene,inversion and uplift in the middle Miocene,and subsidence since the late Miocene.Hydrocarbon source rocks with marine-continental transitional facies dominated byⅡ-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in extremely thick Miocene sedimentary series with the filling characteristics being mainly deep-water deposits in the early stage and shallow water deposits in the late stage.With well-developed sandstone and carbonate reservoirs,this stratum has a strong hydrocarbon generation potential.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the western South China Sea also progressed through the three developmental stages discussed previously.Hydrocarbon source rocks with lacustrine facies,marine-continental transitional facies,and terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅡ2-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in the relatively thick stratum with the filling characteristics being mainly lacustrine deposits in the early stage and marine deposits in the late stage.As a reservoir comprised of self-generated and self-stored sandstone,this unit also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.Throughout those same three developmental stages,the basin groups in the central South China Sea generated hydrocarbon source rocks with terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅢkerogen that have developed in a stratum with medium thicknesses with the filling characteristics being mainly sandstone in the early stage and carbonate in the late stage.This reservoir,which is dominated by lower-generation and upper-storage carbonate rocks,also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.

Tectonic evolution and accumulation characteristics of Carboniferous shale gas in Yadu-Ziyun-Luodian aulacogen, Guizhou Province, South China

The Yadu-Ziyun-Luodian aulacogen(YZLA) developed into being NW-trending in the Late Paleozoic,and was considered as an important passive continental margin aulacogen in Guizhou Province, South China. This tectonic zone is considered a large intracontinental thrust-slip tectonic unit, which has undergone a long period of development. It was ultimately determined in the Yanshanian, where the typical Upper Paleozoic marine shales were deposited. In 2021, Well QSD-1 was deployed in the Liupanshui area at the northwest margin of the aulacogen, and obtained a daily shale gas flow of 11011 m3in the Carboniferous Dawuba Formation. It thus achieved a breakthrough in the invesgation of shale gas in the Lower Carboniferous in South China, revealing relatively good gas-bearing properties and broad exploration prospects of the aulacogen. Being different from the Lower Paleozoic strata in the Sichuan Basin and the Yichang area of the Middle Yangtze, the development of the Carboniferous Dawuba Formation in the aulacogen exhibits the following characteristics:(1) The Lower Carboniferous shale is thick and widely distributed, with interbedded shale and marlstone of virous thickness;(2) The total organic carbon(TOC) content of the shale in the Dawuba Formation ranges from 1% to 5%, with an average of 2%, and the thermal maturity of organic matter(Ro) varies from 1% to 4%, with an average of2.5%, indicating good hydrocarbon generation capacity;(3) The main shale in the aulacogen was formed during the fault subsidence stage from the Middle Devonian to the Early Permian. Although the strong compression and deformation during the late Indosinian-Himalayan played a certain role in destroying the formed shale gas reservoirs, comparative analysis suggests that the area covered by the current Triassic strata has a low degree of destruction. It therefore provides good conditions for shale gas preservation,which can be regarded as a favorable area for the next exploration.

Hydrodynamic Evolution and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Dabashan Foreland Thrust Belt,China

There are two plays in the Dabashan foreland tectonic belt： the upper and the lower plays. The lower play experienced one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, two burial hydrodynamic stages, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and two infiltration hydrodynamic stages from the Sinian to the Cenozoic, while the upper play had one sedimentary hydrodynamic stage, one burial hydrodynamic stage, two tectonic hydrodynamic stages and one infiltration hydrodynamic stage from the Permian to the Cenozoic. Extensive flows of both sedimentary water, including hydrocarbons, and deep mantle fluid occurred in the Chengkou faults during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, and fluid flow was complicated during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic. In addition to these movements, infiltration and movement of meteoric water took place in the Chengkou faults, whereas in the covering-strata decollement tectonic belt, extensive sedimentary water flow （including hydrocarbons） occurred mainly in the Zhenba and Pingba faults. During the stage of rapid uplift and exhumation from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic, the fluid flow was characterized mainly by infiltration of meteoric water and gravity-induced flow caused by altitude difference, whereas sedimentary water flow caused by tectonic processes was relatively less significant. Sedimentary water flow was more significant to the lower play in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation during collision orogeny in the Middle-Late Triassic Indosinian orogeny, but its influence is relatively slight on the upper play. On one hand, hydrodynamics during intracontinental orogeny in the Middle-Late Jurassic adjusted, reformed or oven destroyed oil reservoirs in the lower play; on the other hand, it drove large amounts of hydrocarbons to migrate laterally and vertically and is favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Infiltration hydrodynamics mainly adjusted and destroyed oil reservoirs from the Cretaceous to the Cenozoic.

Tectonic and Hydrocarbon Accumulation Elements Characteristics of the Tethyan Realm in South China

The evolution of the global Tethys Sea can be classified into three stages, Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys and Neo-Tethys. The Tethyan realm has distinctive features of zonations and segmentations along north-south and east-west, respectively, and has variable richness in oil and gas. The petroleum geological conditions of Tethys are complicated, partly represented by multi-layer of source and seal rocks, and reservoirs. The hydrocarbon accumulation elements and periods of the Tethyan realm show gradually younger from west to east and north to south. South China is located in the north belt and Yangtze segment of the Tethyan realm, and its polycyclic tectonic movements were governed by the Tethyan and Pacific realms. The blocks in South China rotated clockwise and counter-clockwise during their drift northward from Gondwana. The belts and segmentations of Tethys in South China are also clear, with six tectonic belts including： Chuxiong-Sichuan; middle Guizhou-Hunan-Hubei; lower Yangtze; Xuefeng-Jiangnan; Guangxi-Hunan-Jiangxi; and Cathaysia. Numerous faults, including compressional, compressional-shear, extensional, extensional-shear and shear are well developed in South China. The fault strikes are mainly NE, NW and NS, in which the NE is the dominant direction. Lower, middle and upper hydrocarbon assemblages, respectively corresponding to Proto-, Paleo- and Neo-Tethys, formed in the Tethyan realm of South China with the lower and middle having excellent hydrocarbon accumulation conditions. An integrated analysis of tectonic evolution, superimposed deformation and later hydrocarbon preservation shows that during the Neo-Tethyan stage in South China, continental sediments were deposited and experienced intense tectonic deformation, which had resulted in different hydrocarbon pool-forming features from those of the Neo-Tethyan realm.

Tectonic Evolution of the Tianhuan Depression and the Western Margin of the Late Triassic Ordos

The Ordos Basin is one of the most important oil and gas basins in China. Based on surface outcrop, key exploratory wells and seismic reflection data and by using the technology of ＂prototype basin recovery＂, seismic profile ＂layer flattening＂ and ＂restoration of balanced section＂, and other methods, the sedimentary boundary, structure and the evolution history of the Tianhuan depression on the western margin of the Ordos Basin are reestablished. The following results have been obtained. （1） The west boundary of the Late Triassic Ordos Basin was far beyond the scope of the current basin. The basin is connected with the Late Triassic Hexi Corridor Basin, and its western margin did not have tectonic characteristics of a foreland basin. （2） The Tianhuan depression was first formed in the Late Jurassic. At the late stage it was impacted by the late Yanshanian and Himalayan tectonic movement and the depression axis gradually moved eastwards to the present location with a cumulative migration distance of -30 km. （3） Eastward migration of the depression axis caused adjustment and even destruction of the originally formed oil and gas reservoirs, so that oil and gas remigrated and aggregated, resulting in secondary structural reservoirs formed at high positions on the western flank of the depression.

Tectonic Evolution of the North Depression of the South Yellow Sea Basin Since Late Cretaceous

Abstract On the basis of subsidence history analysis and balanced cross-section analysis, the vertical uplift/subsidence history and horizontal extension/compression history of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin are quantitatively studied. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous can be divided into a rifting phase （late Cretaceous to Paleogene） and a post-rifting phase （Neogene to Quaternary）. The rifting phase can be further subdivided into an initial rifting stage （late Cretaceous）, an intensive rifting stage （Paleocene）, a rifting termination stage （Eocene）, and an inversion-uplifting stage （Oligocene）. Together, this division shows the characteristics of an episodic-evolved intracontinental rift-depression basin. The deformation of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous was mainly fault-related. The horizontal extension and tectonic subsidence were controlled by the activity of faults. The differential evolution of faults also caused variations in local uplift/subsidence movements and the regional heterogeneity in extension. The late Cretaceous initial rifting of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin is related to the Pacific-Eurasia convergence. From the Paleocene intensive rifting stage to present, the Pacific-Eurasia convergence and India-Eurasia convergence have played important roles in the evolution of this region.

New understanding and exploration direction of hydrocarbon accumulation in Termit Basin, Niger

Based on the seismic and drilling data, casting thin sections, geochemical analysis of oil and rock samples, and hydrocarbon generation history simulation, the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics and exploration direction of Termit superimposed marine–continental rift basin are discussed. The Termit basin is superimposed with two-phase rifts(Early Cretaceous and Paleogene). The subsidence curves from two wells on the Trakes slope in the east of the basin show high subsidence rate in the Late Cretaceous, which is believed to be high deposition rate influenced by transgression. However, a weak rift may also be developed. The depositional sequences in the Termit basin were controlled by the Late Cretaceous marine transgression cycle and the Paleogene lacustrine transgression cycle, giving rise to two types of superimposed marine–continental “source-sink” deposits. The marine and continental mixed source rocks developed universally in the whole basinduring the marine transgression period, and are overlaid by the Paleogene Sokor 1 reservoir rocks and Sokor 2 caprocks developed during the lacustrine transgression period, forming the unique superimposed marine–continental basin in WCARS. The early low geothermal gradient in the Termit basin resulted in the late hydrocarbon generated by the source rock of Upper Cretaceous Yogou in Paleogene. Mature source rock of Upper Cretaceous Donga developed in the Trakes slope, so that the double-source-supply hydrocarbon and accumulation models are proposed for the Trakes slope in which formed the oil fields. Due to virtue of the newly proposed hydrocarbon accumulation model and the exploration activities in recent years in the Termit superimposed marine–continental rift basin, an additional effective exploration area of about 2500 km2has been confirmed in the east of the basin. It is believed that potential domains such as Sokor 1, Donga and Upper Cretaceous lithologic traps in the southeast of the basin are key expected targets for exploration and frontier evaluation in future.

Structural characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation inBashituo area, Tarim Basin

According to well logs, core, seismic and other geological data, the authors studied the tectonic evolution stages, trap formation stages, fault and fracture development in the Bashituo area, and furthermore, analyzed the time of hydrocarbon accumulation, hydrocarbon migration pathways and related controversial issues in the study area. It is believed that the tectonic evolution in the study area can be divided into three stages, namely Late Hercynian, the Early Himalayan and the Late Himalayan. In the Late Hercynian, tectonic movement led to folding and faulting, resulting in the embryonic form of anticlinal traps. In the Early Himalayan, affected by both tectonic movement and transformation, deep faults reactivated and cut through the Lower Tertiary strata. After the Early Himalayan tectonic movement, faulting stopped and no vertical migration pathway was available . Then hydrocarbon migrated laterally along the sand bodies in the Bachu Formation and accumulated in the Carboniferous reservoirs. However, the Carboniferous accumulation was formed late, and the tectonic movement was weak at the Late Himalayan, and faults were underdeveloped, so the reservoirs in the deep Bachu Formation were not disturbed.

Structural characteristics and implications on oil/gas accumulation in north segment of the Longmenshan piedmont,northwestern Sichuan Basin,SW China

By integrating surface geology,seismic data,resistivity sections,and drilling data,the structural deformation characteristics of the frontier fault of thrust nappes were delineated in detail.The frontier fault of thrust nappes in northwest Scihuan Basin is a buried thrust fault with partial exposure in the Xiangshuichang-Jiangyou area,forming fault propagation folds in the hanging-wall and without presenting large-scale basin-ward displacement along the gypsum-salt layer of the Triassic Jialingjiang Formation to the Triassic Leikoupo Formation.The southwestern portion of the frontier fault of thrust nappes(southwest of Houba)forms fault bend folds with multiple ramps and flats,giving rise to the Zhongba anticline due to hanging-wall slip along the upper flat of the Jialingjiang Formation.In contrast,the northeastern portion of the frontier fault of thrust nappes(northeast of Houba)presents upward steepening geometry,leading to surface exposure of Cambrian in its hanging-wall.With the frontier fault of thrust nappes as the boundary between the Longmenshan Mountain and the Sichuan Basin,the imbricated structural belt in the hanging-wall thrusted strongly in the Indosinian orogeny and was reactivated in the Himalayan orogeny,while the piedmont buried structural belt in the footwall was formed in the Himalayan orogeny.In the footwall of the frontier fault of thrust nappes,the piedmont buried structural belt has good configuration of source rocks,reservoir rocks and cap rocks,presenting good potential to form large gas reservoirs.In comparison,the hanging-wall of the frontier fault of thrust nappes north of Chonghua has poor condition of oil/gas preservation due to the surface exposure of Triassic and deeper strata,while the fault blocks in the hanging-wall from Chonghua to Wudu,with Jurassic cover and thicker gypsum-salt layer of the Jialingjiang formation,has relative better oil/gas preservation conditions and thus potential of oil/gas accumulation.The frontier fault of thrust nappes is not only the boundary between the Longmenshan Mountain and the Sichuan Basin,but also the boundary of the oil/gas accumulation system in northwestern Sichuan Basin.

中非裂谷系走滑盆地构造演化及其控油作用--以乍得Doseo盆地为例

近年来,乍得Doseo盆地油气勘探相继获得重要发现,已成为中国石油海外油气勘探的重点盆地之一。文章在前人研究的基础上,利用中国石油在Doseo盆地的最新钻完井和地震资料,对Doseo盆地构造演化特征和油气成藏的基本条件进行系统分析,明确了下一步有利勘探领域。Doseo盆地主要经历了早白垩世早期断陷期(Mangara组沉积期)、早白垩世中期断坳过渡期(Kedeni组沉积期)、早白垩世晚期—第四纪坳陷期(Doba组沉积期—第四纪)3个演化阶段,发育了下白垩统Doba组、Kedeni组和Mangara组3套有利烃源岩,其中以Kedeni组湖相暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩,其有机质类型好、成熟度高,厚度大,分布广。盆地发育下白垩统多套储盖组合,受多期构造活动影响,构造圈闭类型多样,形成自生自储、下生上储及上生下储3类成藏组合。通过对盆地构造演化及其对油气控制作用分析,认为Doseo盆地下步有利勘探领域主要是盆地北部陡坡带和南部缓坡带及盆地早期沉积的Mangara组新层系。

辽河坳陷陈家断裂带北部构造演化解析及油气成藏

辽河坳陷陈家断裂带油气资源丰富,是辽河西部凹陷北段重要的含油气区带之一。基于构造演化解析,结合砂箱物理模拟实验,分析了辽河坳陷陈家断裂带的变形机制和演化过程,并指出其对油气成藏的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)辽河坳陷陈家断裂带具有分段发育特征,且活动时期具有“先北后南”的演化特征,受断层分段性影响,陈家断裂带主要发育压扭背冲构造样式和走滑压扭构造样式。(2)物理模拟实验结果显示,台安—大洼断裂上盘在压扭作用影响下首先形成压扭性质的雁行小断裂,随着位移增大,小断裂逐渐连接,最终形成了贯穿型走滑断裂带,即陈家断裂带。(3)台安洼陷为新生代多期次构造变形叠加形成的洼陷,深层发育主力烃源岩层系,具备发育大规模油气藏的物质基础,洼陷边缘的钻井岩心分析结果显示,烃源岩TOC值为4.79%,Ro为0.3%~0.4%,属于好—较好烃源岩,推测洼陷中心厚度更大,质量更优。陈家断裂带中北部下盘发育断鼻构造,具备陈家洼陷和台安洼陷双源供烃的特点,是油气聚集的有利场所。

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探新认识及攻关方向

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区已成为我国海洋油气勘探增储上产的重要领域,但由于构造演化史复杂,该区不同凹陷的沉积—构造特征、烃源岩生烃—储层成岩演化和成藏模式均存在明显差异。为准确认识该区油气勘探潜力和方向,基于前人研究成果和勘探实践,在综合分析烃源岩、储层、差异成藏等地质条件的基础上,剖析了南海北部陆缘盆地深水区成藏特征、油气勘探作业面临的挑战,并指出了下一步油气攻关研究方向。研究结果表明:①受地壳拆离作用及强烈薄化影响,该区地层沉积特征特殊,岩石地球物理性质多样;②软流圈差异抬升形成深水区独特的高热流背景,促使区域性湖相、煤型及叠合型等3类烃源灶快速、高强度生烃,生烃门限变浅;③深水盆地群的演化和成盆规模差异大,构造演化控制了盆地几何形态和储集体时空展布,深水区独特的板块构造位置、复杂的构造演化史、温压变化剧烈的地质特征等控制了油气成藏模式。结论认为:①该区油气勘探面临地震资料解析度低、规模有效储层预测困难、勘探成本高等技术与经济的双重挑战;②需要创新形成高地温背景下优质储层差异化分布规律的研究思路;③亟需提升勘探设备能力建设,攻关高效地震采集、“重磁电震”地球物理一体化采集处理、双井架钻探作业、多井段“一趟钻”等勘探关键技术,为我国海洋深水油气勘探开发的高质量发展做好理论和技术支撑。

柴达木盆地英雄岭构造带新生代隆升过程与油气成藏效应

英雄岭构造带是柴达木盆地内部最大的正向构造单元,构造带及周缘蕴育了丰富的油气资源。针对构造带地质结构认识不清、初始隆升时间认识不统一、形成过程和机制不明确等问题,通过构造解析、构造演化、构造模拟、埋藏史与生烃史恢复等手段,以钻井和连片三维地震数据为基础,以时间为主线,以构造活动期次为节点,以主干地震剖面为纲,以具体构造为目,从几何学和运动学方面揭示英雄岭构造带三维空间结构和形成过程。研究表明:英雄岭构造带空间上具有南北分带展布、东西分段相接、垂向上下分层叠置的特征;新生代以来构造带演化经历了古近纪断坳、新近纪早期初始隆升和新近纪晚期—第四纪调整定型3个阶段,演化过程具有自南向北、自西向东逐次扩展的特点,构造演化与油气成藏紧密相关;青藏高原隆升背景下特殊的盆地边界条件、内部结构和应力场变换可为英雄岭构造带成藏模式建立和下一步有利勘探方向选择提供参考。

环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地构造沉积演化及其对成藏要素的控制作用

环印度洋周缘被动陆缘盆地油气资源潜力巨大,是当前世界油气勘探的热点地区之一。本文基于IHS商业数据库和前人研究成果等资料,厘定了环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地构造演化史,分析了构造演化对盆地充填结构和成藏要素的影响,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟法评估了盆地油气资源潜力,优选了有利勘探区带。研究结果表明,环印度洋地区被动陆缘盆地经历了3期构造演化阶段,依次为裂前期、同裂谷期和被动陆缘期。根据盆地演化的主导阶段,研究区内被动陆缘盆地可分为拉张边缘裂前发育型、拉张边缘断坳叠置型、拉张边缘坳陷发育型和转换边缘断坳叠置型。盆地内烃源岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘早期,不同地区的主力烃源岩层系不同;储集岩主要发育于裂前期—被动陆缘晚期;区域盖层则主要发育于被动陆缘期。资源评价结果显示,研究区内重点被动陆缘盆地待发现石油、天然气和凝析油可采资源量(均值)分别为4.49×10^(8) t,15.86×10^(12) m^(3)和5.23×10^(8) t,折合成油当量137.69×10^(8) t。澳大利亚西北陆架北卡那封盆地裂前中—上三叠统区带、东非地区鲁伍马盆地北部和坦桑尼亚盆地南部中白垩统—新近系三角洲-深水扇区带是最有潜力的勘探区带。

塔里木盆地克拉通内古隆起的成因机制与构造类型

古隆起是克拉通盆地的重要构造单元。由于盆地边界条件与深部构造背景的变化,古隆起的形成与发育表现为复杂的动力学过程。借助于地震反射剖面与钻探资料,可以刻画不同地质时期古隆起的分布、形态、结构与构造样式,剖析古隆起的成因机制。文中以塔里木盆地为例,对古生代克拉通内古隆起的几何学与运动学特点进行描述,结合周缘大地构造背景的演变,剖析了古隆起的形成机制。在此基础上,将克拉通内古隆起划分为稳定型、活动型、残余型与消亡型4种基本类型。由于运动体制的变革,古隆起经历了形成发育、叠加改造、调整定型与最终埋藏的动力学演变,具有多层叠加的地质结构,并发育断裂带、背斜带、地层剥蚀尖灭带等一系列构造带。古隆起是油气聚集的主要单元,古隆起的动力学演化历史决定了隆起富集油气的关键条件。

渤海湾盆地垦东凸起构造特征与油气聚集

渤海湾盆地中南部地区垦东凸起是一个新的油气勘探领域。为了深入研究垦东凸起的构造特征与油气聚集规律,寻找有利的油气圈闭,就下列问题进行探讨:渤海湾盆地中、南部的区域构造特征,垦东凸起的构造演化和构造样式和油气圈闭类型和油气富集特征。通过对本区地质、地球物理和地球化学的综合研究认为,渤海湾盆地中南部区域由于成带状的伸展断陷-断凸和连接它们的横向调节带的存在,构造上呈现出南北分带、东西分段的断块构造格局。构造发展史表明,垦东凸起及北部斜坡带经历了裂谷期前、裂谷期和裂谷期后3大发育阶段,纵向上呈3层结构分布。垦东凸起可分为西段高凸起、东段低凸起,分别与北部斜坡带西段和东段相连。其中北部斜坡带的构造样式主要为同向的阶梯状正断层。凸起内部主要为背向正断层组合形成的地垒和面向正断层组合形成的地堑。垦东凸起圈闭可分为5种类型,其中构造圈闭主要有牵引背斜、逆牵引背斜、屋脊断块以及披覆背斜等。油气主要来自古近纪黄河口伸展断陷生油中心,自北向南沿砂体、不整合面和正断层呈阶梯状侧向和垂向运移至北部斜坡带和凸起,在新近纪和古近纪地层组成的有利圈闭处聚集。

南堡凹陷的形成演化与油气的关系

南堡凹陷是一个中生代开始发育的含油气凹陷 ,经历了断陷期和坳陷期两个演化阶段 ,具幕式沉积特点。区内构造带呈环状展布 ,可分为周边凸起潜山构造带、近边或裙边构造带及凹陷中央构造带。以高柳断层为界 ,呈南北分区的格局。圈闭的形成与展布明显受构造演化控制 ,断陷期以背斜、潜山圈闭为主 ,坳陷期以各种类型的断块。

新疆北部石炭纪盆地构造演化与油气成藏

根据油田近期勘探资料及前人研究成果,在新疆北部地区石炭系沉积前构造背景分析的基础上,对石炭纪盆地沉积构造演化进行了研究,该区具有微地块、多拼合、弱固结、构造活跃等盆地形成背景,经历了早石炭世、晚石炭世两期盆地的形成、发展与消亡过程,二叠纪—新生代是石炭纪盆地的改造演化期。石炭纪火山岩广泛发育,结合前人研究成果,通过盆地覆盖区钻井样品的地球化学综合分析,认为该区石炭纪整体处于拉张的构造环境。通过石炭系的沉积与分布特征,认为早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化受早期构造的控制,具有继承性、方向性和新生性的特点。石炭纪末期的构造事件基本结束了该区的海相盆地的演化,进入陆内盆地演化期,石炭纪盆地遭受埋藏或隆升改造,经历了海西晚期、印支期、燕山期以及喜马拉雅期的构造改造作用,存在埋藏、隆升剥蚀、岩浆热改造、断裂、褶皱变形等多类型的改造作用,各地区的改造特点存在差异。油气勘探成果证实,石炭系是新疆北部重要的勘探层系,在早石炭世和晚石炭世盆地演化期都形成了优质的烃源岩,火山岩系既是油气的储集层,也是重要的盖层,盆地的多期改造事件不仅有利于火山岩储层物性改善,也形成了石炭系有利的油气圈闭,目前已经发现了石炭系自生自储和上生下储的油气藏类型,油气的分布特征显示了石炭系自生自储油气藏具有近源分布特征。因此,加强盆地形成演化研究,圈定沉降中心和烃源岩的分布对于油气勘探具有重要意义。

柴达木盆地西部狮子沟—英东构造带构造演化及控藏特征

柴达木盆地西部狮子沟—英东构造带近年来陆续获得重要油气发现,油气探明储量超亿吨,勘探潜力巨大,但复杂构造、沉积演化控制下的油气成藏与油气分布规律有待进一步研究。文中通过对构造带不同构造部位的沉降史模拟、地层缩短率计算及构造样式、构造变形特征的综合分析与对比,结合包裹体测温、埋藏史模拟及主成藏期确定,明确了新生代构造变形特征及其成藏过程与油气分布的控制作用。研究表明:(1)构造带的演化可分为4个阶段。路乐河组(E1+2)—下干柴沟组下段(E13),初始弱断陷期;下干柴沟组上段(E23),快速沉降期;上干柴沟组(N1)—下油砂山组(N12),坳陷期;上油砂山组(N22)至今,构造抬升期。(2)构造带主要经历两次构造活动高峰,其中下干柴沟组(E23)时期构造活动控制了区内主力烃源岩演化。上油砂山组(N22)沉积末期构造变形控制了圈闭的形成及变形规律。(3)英东地区主要是两期成藏,分别发生于下油砂山组(N12)沉积末期和上油砂山组(N22)沉积末期;新生代构造演化及油气匹配关系控制了狮子沟—英东构造带的东、西成藏差异与油气分布。

塔里木盆地哈得逊隆起的发现及其勘探意义

哈得逊隆起是新近在塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷西部发现的一个向西南抬升、向北东方向倾伏的大型宽缓鼻状隆起 ,隆起构造主要发育在石炭系以上层位 ,以石炭系较为典型。构造演化史分析表明 ,哈得逊地区在前侏罗纪属于轮南古隆起的一部分 ,二者统一为一向西南倾伏、向北东抬升的大型古隆起构造 ,与现今哈得逊隆起的倾伏方向恰好相反。三叠纪末印支运动后 ,南抬北倾的哈得逊隆起开始形成。晚第三纪以来 ,满西地区石炭系地层也由区域南倾反转为区域北倾 ,并形成石炭系鼻状隆起。在石炭系地层发生翘式反转的过程中 ,哈得逊地区因正好处于翘倾运动的“支点”位置 ,构造位置适中 ,构造作用也相对比较稳定 ,因而对于油气聚集和保存十分有利 ,是满西地区寻找大中型油田最有利的地区。