Numerical calculations of tectonic stress field of Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions and their applications to explanation of seismic activity

This paper made a numerical simulation to the basic tectonic stress field of Chinese mainland and its neighboringregion using the visco-elasticity finite element model and the new published displacement rate result. Main contents include the simulation of maximum shear stress and its varying rate, the maximum shear strain and its varyingrate, the shear strain energy density and its varying rate. In view of the high inhomogeneous distribution characterof seismicity in space and time in Chinese mainland and its neighboring area, the normalized background energyvalue was given by means of normalized treatment to the earthquake energy release in the eastern and westernparts of Chinese mainland. And the comparison of the simulation result with the actual seismicity was made. Thefesults show that the simulation values can explain well the earthquake distribution character of Chinese mainlandand its neighboring area.

Numerical modeling of tectonic stress field and fault activity in North China

On the basis of a 3-dimension visco-elastic finite element model of lithosphere in North China, we numerically simulate the recent mutative figures of tectonic stress field. Annual change characteristics of stress field are： 1 ） Maximum principal tensile stress is about 3 -9 kPaa-1 and its azimuth lie in NNW-SSE. 2） Maximum principal compressive stress is about 1 - 6 kPaa-1 and its azimuth lie in NEE-SWW. 3 ） Maximum principal tensile stress is higher both in the west region and Liaoning Province. 4） Variation of tectonic stress field benefits fault movement in the west part and northeast part of North China. 5 ）Annual accumulative rates of Coulomb fracture stress in Tanlu fault belt have segmentation patterns： Jiashan-Guangji segment is the high- est （6 kPaa - 1 ） , Anshan-Liaodongwan segment is the second （5 kPaa - l ） , and others are relatively lower （ 3 - 4 kPaa-1 ）.

Research of the Modern Tectonic Stress Field and Seismicity Characteristics on the Northeastern Side of Pamirs

According to the earthquake focal mechanism solutions of 55 moderately strong earthquakes onthe northeastern side of Pamirs,the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquakes ith M_s≥6.0 since this century and the characteristics of hypocenter depth distribution of earthquakeswith M_s≥3.0 since 1980 in this region,the article discusses the relation between regional tee-tonic stress fields and strong earthquake activity.The result shows that the hypocenter disloca-tion is mostly strike-dip,partly dip-slip,and the direction of the principal compressional stressis nearly NS.The distributive characteristics of strong shock activity is obvious,with the gen-eral trend that the west is strong and the east is weak,which can be divided into three imephases,and each with relative principal active region The depth near Pamirs aren reaches200km,shallower obviously when externding to NE,less than or equal to 40km near the Kalpinblock,and the article discusses the result.

Ambient tectonic shear stress field in Southern California and seismic hazard regions

ccording to the fracture mechanics rupture model of earthquakes put forward by us, several equations to compute tectonic ambient shear stress value τ0 have been derived [equations (1), (2), (3), (5)].τ0 values for intermediate and small earthquakes occurred in Chinese mainland and Southern California have been calculated by use of these equations. The results demonstrate that the level and distribution of τ0 are closely related to the location where large earthquakes will occur, i.e. the region with higher level of τ0 will be prone to occur large earthquakes and the region with lower level will usually occur small earthquakes. According to the spatial distribution of τ0 , the seismic hazard regions or the potential earthquake source regions can in some degree be determined. According to the variation of τ0 with time, the large earthquake occurrence time can be roughly estimated. According to the distribution of τ0 in Southern California and variation with time, three high stress level regions are determined, one (Goldfield area) of them is the present seismic hazard region.

Active Faulting Pattern,Present-day Tectonic Stress Field and Block Kinematics in the East Tibetan Plateau

This paper examines major active faults and the present-day tectonic stress field in the East Tibetan Plateau by integrating available data from published literature and proposes a block kinematics model of the region. It shows that the East Tibetan Plateau is dominated by strike-slip and reverse faulting stress regimes and that the maximum horizontal stress is roughly consistent with the contemporary velocity field, except for the west Qinling range where it parallels the striking of the major strike-slip faults. Active tectonics in the East Tibetan Plateau is characterized by three faulting systems. The left-slip Kunlun-Qinling faulting system combines the east Kunlun fault zone, sinistral oblique reverse faults along the Minshan range and two major NEE-striking faults cutting the west Qinling range, which accommodates eastward motion, at 10--14 mm/a, of the Chuan-Qing block. The left-slip Xianshuihe faulting system accommodated clockwise rotation of the Chuan-Dian block. The Longmenshan thrust faulting system forms the eastern margin of the East Tibetan Plateau and has been propagated to the SW of the Sichuan basin. Crustal shortening across the Longmenshan range seems low （2-4 mm/a） and absorbed only a small part of the eastward motion of the Chuan-Qing block. Most of this eastward motion has been transmitted to South China, which is moving SEE-ward at 7-9 mm/a. It is suggested from geophysical data interpretation that the crust and lithosphere of the East Tibetan Plateau is considerably thickened and theologically layered. The upper crust seems to be decoupled from the lower crust through a decollement zone at a depth of 15-20 kin, which involved the Longmenshan fault belt and propagated eastward to the SW of the Sichuan basin. The Wenchuan earthquake was just formed at the bifurcated point of this decollement system. A rheological boundary should exist beneath the Longmenshan fault belt where the lower crust of the East Tibetan Plateau and the lithospheric mantle of the Yangze block are juxtaposed.

Study on the Recent Tectonic Stress Field in the “Huoshan Seismic Window” Region

The focal mechanisms of 62 moderate-small earthquakes since 1980 in the"Huoshan seismic window"region are calculated with the method developed recently by Snoke,combining the use of the first motion of P,SV and SH waves with their amplitude ratios.Based on these abundant focal mechanisms,the mean tectonic stress field in the"Huoshan seismic window"region is inverted with the average stress tensor method,and the result shows that the"Huoshan seismic window"region is horizontally compressed in the near EW direction and horizontally dilated in the near NS direction,which is in accord with statistical results of focal mechanism parameters.We estimate the difference(also referred to as consistency parameterθ)between the force axis direction of the focal mechanism solution and the mean stress tensor,then further analyze the variation characteristics ofθversus time,and the relationship with moderately strong earthquakes in the east China region.The result indicates thatθin the"Huoshan seismic window"region is in good correspondence with moderately strong earthquakes in the East China region.Whenθis lower than the mean value,corresponding moderately strong earthquakes may occur in the East China region.

Modern tectonic stress field in Southwest Yunnan, China

By means of inversion of fault slip data, the parameters of 20 tectonic stress tensors in Southwest Yunnan region are determined. Compared with the average stress field of the region obtained from focal mechanism solutions, the following characteristics of modern tectonic stress field in this region are obtained. From the west of Zhenyuan-Yingpanshan fault to the south of Longling fault zone, the maximum compressional stress is in NNE direction and the stress regime is mainly of strike-slip type. In Longling fault zone and the area north to it, the direction of maximum compressional stress is near-NS or NNW, the stress regime is of strike-slip type.

Relationship between regional stress field variation and earthquake activities from GPS data

The relationship between the earth stress field, earth surface displacement field and the gravity variation is deduced. Algorithms based on the boundary element method to compute the earth stress variation using the earth surface displacement is discussed. The stress field variation in Jiashi region, Xinjiang, China is obtained from the GPS data observed in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and the relationship among the local stress field variation, seismic activities and fault tectonic activities is discussed.

The dependence of response spectrum on the tectonic ambient shear stress field

It has been analyzed the influence of the tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum based on the previous theory. Based on the prediction equation BJF94 presented by the famous American researchers, CLB20, a new prediction formula is proposed by us, where it is introduced the influence of tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum. BJF94 is the prediction equation, which mainly depends on strong ground motion data from western USA, while the prediction equation SEA99 is based on the strong ground motion data from exten-sional region all over the world. Comparing these two prediction equations in detail, it is found that after BJF94′s prediction value lg(Y) minus 0.16 logarithmic units, the value is very close to SEA99′s one. This case demonstrates that lg(Y) in extensional region is smaller; the differences of prediction equation are mainly owe to the differences of tectonic ambient shear stress value. If the factor of tectonic ambient shear stress value is included into the pre-diction equation, and the magnitude is used seismic moment magnitude to express, which is universal used around the world, and the distance is used the distance of fault project, which commonly used by many people, then re-gional differences of prediction equation will become much less, even vanish, and it can be constructed the uni-versal prediction equation proper to all over the world. The error in the earthquake-resistant design in China will be small if we directly use the results of response spectrum of USA (e.g. BJF94 or SEA99).

江汉-洞庭盆地地震精定位及活动性特征

利用江汉-洞庭盆地及其周缘有历史记载以来至2021年的地震资料,分析地震时空特征,通过双差定位法对788个地震进行精定位,获得深部地质构造与地震的关系,并采用P波初动法计算ML≥2.8地震的震源机制解,分析区域构造应力场特征。结果表明,地震在空间上分布较为不均,盆地边界地震活动性强于盆地内部,在时间上地震活动存在明显的平静与活跃交替的周期性规律;精定位后的地震在宁乡、石门、远安-当阳、南漳-荆门和鄂州-黄石等5个地区呈NW和NE向丛集条带状分布,且这些地区的地震成因与断裂构造活动密切相关;盆地震源机制解以逆断型为主,P轴优势方位为近EW向,倾伏角近水平,T轴方位以近SN和NE向为主,倾伏角较高。印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致青藏高原内部形成近EW向拉张应力场,对江汉-洞庭盆地产生东向推挤,加之菲律宾海板块NWW向和太平洋板块西向俯冲运动,导致江汉-洞庭盆地形成近EW向挤压的应力场格局,使得区域断裂构造易发生垂直差异运动,进而导致江汉-洞庭盆地及其周缘地震的孕育和发生。

M油田碳酸盐岩裂缝研究与含水动态分析

M油田为陆上推覆构造背景下的白垩系厚碳酸盐岩储层。复杂的生产历史及微裂缝的发育导致水淹规律比较复杂,因而在后续开发方案动态调整中,需要准确判别开发过程中水淹规律以及水进趋势。利用三维地震多方位角数据分析预测储层裂缝,结合目标地层构造形态与受力变形特征,分析地层裂缝参数以及应力场空间分布,研究储层裂缝发育特征,综合解释碳酸盐岩油藏内部流体运移方向与水驱强弱关系,判别开发过程中油田的水淹规律以及水进趋势。生产动态分析表明,目标储层内注入水流动趋势和水驱速度主要受井点周边的裂缝发育程度和裂缝方向控制。基于对地震各向异性和构造应力场的综合裂缝分析研究,明确了目标层段的裂缝发育强弱、裂缝方向和裂缝联通特征,对各个注水井的不同效率做了进一步解释。如果注水井位于裂缝不发育的区域或水进与裂缝方向垂直,水驱速度则比较稳定,周边受效井效果比较好;反之,受效井含水上升就比较快。裂缝发育特征与含水动态关联分析为后续井位的调整与开发方案的优化提供了具体指导。

覆岩厚度变化应力异常机制及冲击矿压诱发机理

顶板覆岩结构是影响煤矿冲击矿压发生的主要因素之一,在坚硬覆岩厚度变化区也容易诱发冲击矿压,这一现象在内蒙深部矿区逐渐凸显。基于弹性力学理论分析了覆岩厚度变化区煤层应力异常的力学机制,采用FLAC3D数值模拟方法研究了覆岩厚度变化对煤层应力分布特征和能量演化的影响规律,揭示了坚硬覆岩厚度变化区煤层开采诱发冲击矿压的机理。研究结果表明:坚硬覆岩较厚区的构造应力比较薄区大,覆岩厚度变化越大或覆岩性质差异越大,构造应力变化越大;工作面在覆岩厚度变化区开采时,受超前支承压力与突变的构造应力叠加影响,覆岩厚度变化区至较厚区应力集中程度较大,该区域积聚的弹性能主要向工作面前方巷道释放,冲击矿压危险更大。两例覆岩厚度变化区工程案例分析表明,在坚硬覆岩厚度变化区及变化区向较厚区过渡时微震事件分布较多,能量释放剧烈,巷道破坏明显,与理论分析较为吻合。

2018年台湾海峡6.2级地震前地震活动及应力状态研究

通过对2018年台湾海峡6.2级地震震中及邻区地震活动、小震震源机制解、地震视应力等资料进行综合分析,研究了6.2级地震前区域地震活动及应力状态特征,结合大陆和台湾岛GPS测量资料的分析,探讨岛陆两地相对运动对区域应力场等的影响.结果表明:(1)地震前5年起上述区域地震活动明显由弱转强,中小地震及震群活动由海域逐步向粤闽赣湘交界广泛扩散,表明地震活动增强可能是较大范围应力场增强所致;(2)震源机制和应力场的分析表明,区域应力场呈现拉张(震前15年)-挤压(震前5年)-拉张(震前半年)的演化特征;地震视应力计算结果同样显示震前5年开始区域应力水平快速大幅上升并持续至临震前半年转为下降;(3)GPS基线长期观测表明台湾岛相对大陆存在年度"分离-相聚"交替运动,6.2级地震前两岸经历了"分离-相聚-分离"2次明显的倒转运动,运动方式倒转时间与应力场及地震活动变化存在准同步性.分析认为台湾海峡及粤闽赣湘交界等区域应力状态及地震活动可能主要受制于两岸相对运动方式,台湾岛震前持续近5年朝大陆挤压造成区域应力持续增强可能是导致6.2级地震以剪切破裂方式发生的直接因素.菲律宾海板块位于台湾岛东部的动力触角作用可能是造成台湾岛相对大陆往返运动最主要的驱动力.

辽南地区断裂带的断层土壤气地球化学特征及其对区域应力调整的指示

辽南地区历史中强地震活动频繁,尤其是金州断裂与海城河断裂,近代曾发生多次中强地震。对辽南地区金州断裂不同区段与海城河断裂开展多期次构造地球化学土壤气浓度观测,可为查明断层活动状态、区域应力调整与分析地震活动规律及特征起到至关重要的作用。文中对辽南地区2条活动断裂的6条剖面进行了多期跨断层土壤气Rn、CO_(2)与H_(2)浓度观测。测量结果表明,同一剖面、不同期次断层土壤气的浓度变化趋势基本一致,但断层不同区段的土壤气浓度变化存在一定差异,分析认为不同区段的断层性质及地质地貌等特征是造成这种差异性的主要原因之一。各剖面土壤气浓度的时空变化特征显示,金州断裂与海城河断裂土壤气浓度空间变化特征在一定范围内主要受地质构造、地下介质结构与地壳垂直速率变化等因素控制,土壤气浓度的时间变化特征主要与断裂活动性质、地震活动及区域应力调整作用有关。研究结果表明,多期次构造地球化学观测方法可有效反映断层活动状态,对区域应力调整具有良好的指示意义,是进行监视断层活动与地震监测预测的一种有效手段。

基于震源机制解分析邢台地震的发震构造

活动断层几何形状的确定为评估一个地区的地震危险性提供重要的理论依据,邢台老震区内构造背景复杂,前人对邢台地震的发震构造展开大量研究,取得丰富成果。通过震源机制节面聚类得到邢台地震发震断层的走向、倾角及其标准差,综合前人研究结果求取发震断层面的平均解;结合区域地壳应力张量,估计该断层的滑动方向及其误差,分析该区域的地震活动危险性。结果表明:邢台地震发震断层的走向为32.45°,倾角为79.44°,滑动角-153.96°,标准差为4.55°。该断层为走向NNE、倾向NWW的高倾角走滑型断层,而非正断性质的新河断裂。区域地壳应力场在断层面上产生的相对剪应力为0.83,相对正应力为0.59。该断层不是最大剪应力的断层面形状,但剪应力强度仍较大,表明该断层在地震能量积累和释放过程中仍起到必不可少的作用。

川滇交界东段昭通、莲峰断裂带的地震危险背景

川滇交界东段NE向昭通、莲峰断裂带的研究程度较低.为了了解该断裂带是否存在发生强震/大地震的危险背景,我们基于区域活动构造与动力学、重新定位的小震分布和震源机制解、历史地震破裂区、GPS形变场、现代地震活动及其参数图像等多学科的信息进行综合研究.结果表明:昭通、莲峰断裂带是川滇-华南活动块体/地块边界带的一部分,也是活动及变形的大凉山次级块体与相对稳定的华南地块之间的边界带;结构上表现为2个平行展布、朝南东推覆的断裂带,现今运动为带有显著逆冲分量的右旋走滑性质.沿昭通断裂带无大地震的时间至少为1700余年,目前存在地震空区.GPS变形图像反映昭通、莲峰断裂带已不同程度闭锁.另外,昭通断裂带的鲁甸附近以及莲峰断裂带的南段分别存在异常低b值区或高应力区.已由低b值区和小震空白区识别出昭通断裂带上的鲁甸—彝良之间存在高应力闭锁段,并估计出其潜在地震的最大矩震级为MW7.4.本研究因此认为昭通断裂带存在发生强震/大地震的中-长期危险背景,而莲峰断裂带的危险性还需进一步研究.

南北地震带震源机制解与构造应力场特征

南北地震带作为中国大陆地应力场一级分区的边界,其构造应力场的研究对理解大陆强震机理、构造变形和地震应力的相互作用具有重要意义.本文收集南北地震带1970—2014年的震源机制解819条,按照全球应力图的分类标准对震源机制解进行分类,发现其空间分布特征与地质构造活动性质比较吻合.P轴水平投影指示了活动块体的运动方向,T轴水平投影在川滇块体及邻近地区空间差异特征最为突出,存在顺时针旋转的趋势.南北地震带的最大水平主应力方向具有明显的分区特征,北段为NE向走滑类型的应力状态,中段为NEE—EW—NWW向的逆冲类型,南段为SE—SSE—NS—NNE向走滑和正断类型,在川滇块体的北部和西边界应力状态为EW—SE—SSE的正断层类型,表明来自印度板块的NNE或NE向的水平挤压应力和青藏高原物质东向滑移沿大型走滑断裂带向SE向平移的复合作用控制了南北地震带的岩石圈应力场.川滇块体西边界正断层类型应力状态范围与高分辨率地震学观测得到的中下地壳低速带范围基本吻合,青藏高原向东扩张的塑性物质流与横向边界(丽江—小金河断裂带)的弱化易于应变能的释放,在局部地区使NS向拉张的正断层向EW向拉张正断层转变.反演得到的应力状态基本上与各种类型地震的破裂方式比较吻合,也进一步验证反演结果的可靠性,可为地球动力学过程的模拟和活动断层滑动性质的厘定提供参考.

渤海地震活动特征

渤海是我国东部陆缘海湾地震活动性最高的地区。研究渤海的地震活动特征,对探讨我国沿海地震的成因、沿海现代地质构造活动性质以及海洋石油开发都有一定意义。本文研究了渤海的历史地震资料,除中国大地震目录已发表的地震外,本文新增补了2次6—61/2级地震和3次5级左右地震。讨论了1969年渤海大地震的震源深度,大地震目录给出的深度为35公里(位于地壳以下)。根据其他作者的最新测定的结果和作者等人重新测定的微震震源深度,认为1969年渤海大地震的震源深度为25公里较合适,渤海地震都位于地壳以内。渤海地震活动的时间分布与华北地震区完全一致,渤海地震是华北地震区的一部分。渤海内部的现代构造运动是以水平构造应力场作用下的走滑运动为主要特征。渤海地震活动与北北东向的郯庐断裂的右旋走滑活动以及与其共轭的北西西断裂的左旋走滑活动有关。

滇西南地区现代构造应力场分析

利用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法 ,获得滇西南地区 2 0个构造应力张量数据 ,并通过与由震源机制解资料求解该地区平均应力场结果的对比 ,获得了研究区现代构造应力场特征 :镇源—营盘山断裂以西至龙陵断裂带以南地区 ,最大主压应力方向为北北东 ,应力结构以走滑型为主 ;龙陵断裂带及其以北的局部地区 ,最大主压应力方向为近南北或北北西 。

川滇地区重力场动态变化及其强震危险含义

基于川滇地区2011—2014年的重力复测资料,系统分析了区域重力场时-空动态变化及其与2012年云南彝良MS5.7、2013年四川芦山MS7.0、2014年云南鲁甸MS6.5和四川康定MS6.3地震发生的关系.结合GPS、水准观测成果和区域地质构造动力环境,进一步研究了区域重力场变化的时空分布特征及其机理,讨论了近期区域重力场动态变化的强震危险含义.结果表明:1重力变化与川滇地区断裂构造活动存在密切空间联系,重力变化较好地反映了伴随活动断层的物质迁移和构造变形引起的地表重力变化效应.2重力资料对测区内2012年以来发生的4次MS5.7以上强震均有较好反映,地震前震中区及其附近观测到明显的区域性重力异常及重力变化高梯度带,可能是地震孕育过程中观测到的重力前兆信息.3区域重力场动态演化大体反映了青藏高原物质东流的动态效应,龙门山断裂带地壳受挤压隆起、面压缩率和重力上升变化的特征最为显著.4重力场的空间分布及其随时间变化与地壳垂直与水平运动及地质构造活动等观测结果有一定的对应关系,强震易发生在重力变化四象限分布中心地带或正、负异常区过渡的高梯度带上,研究区的一些重力异常部位仍存在中-长期大震危险背景.