Assessment of active tectonics from geomorphic indices and morphometric parameters in part of Ganga basin

Ganga river basins exposed to active erosional and deformational processes. The recurrence of landslides, floods, and seismic activities makes it more susceptible to deformational activities. The tectonic analysis using geomorphic indices and morphometric parameters will help in determining the hazard-prone area of the river basin. Geomorphic indices and morphometric parameters are calculated to investigate the role of neotectonic activities, as it acts as a controlling factor in the development of landforms in the tectonically active terrains. Neotectonic activities influence the terrain topography, which significantly affects the drainage system and geomorphological setup of the area. In this study, the assessment of active tectonics of study area was determined using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model(GDEM) based on Geomorphic Indices(Stream Length Gradient index, Hypsometric integral, Asymmetry factor, Basin shape, Valley floor width to Valley height ratio, Mountain front sinuosity index) cumulatively with Linear, Areal and Relief morphometric parameters on 27 delineated basins of the study area. The combined classification of Relative Tectonic Activity Index(Iat) and morphometric parameters of 27 basins categorized all the zones into four different classes:Class 1 – Very High(<1.97;410 km^2);Class 2 – High(1.97 – 2.05;275 km^2);Class 3 – Moderate(2.05 – 2.21;273 km^2),and Class 4 – Low(>2.21;299 km^2). The basins with tectonic activities have a consistent relationship with structural disturbances, basin geometry, and field studies. The tectonically active zonation of a part of Ganga basin using geomorphic indices and morphometric parameters suggest that it has significant influence of neotectonic activities in a part of Ganga basin.

An Inverse Analysis of the Comprehensive Medium Parameters and a Simulation of the Crustal Deformation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Based on the theory of finite element analysis, an inverse analysis model for the comprehensive medium parameters of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is set up. With the help of GPS velocity field, the comprehensive crustal medium parameters of the plateau are inversely analyzed and the characteristics of the related movement macroscopically simulated. It is then concluded that the tectonic deformation of the plateau is mainly in the form of a N-S compression accompanied by an E-W stretching, and the present tectonic setting of the plateau should be the result of the collision between the Indian and the Eurasian continents during the Cenozoic.

Determination of indices and critical values of gas parameters of the first gas outburst in a coal seam of the Xieqiao Mine

Based on the important role in mine safety played by parameters of the first gas outburst, we propose a method of combining historic data, theoretical analysis and experimental research for the purpose of crit- ical values of gas parameters of the first gas outburst in a coal seam of the Xieqiao Mine. According to a characteristic analysis and a summary of the rules of coal and gas outbursts in the No.8 coal seam of a Hua- inan mine, we have investigated their effect on coal and gas outbursts in terms such as ground stress, gas, and coal structure. We have selected gas parameters and determined the critical values of each of the fol- lowing indices： gas content as 7.7 m^3/t, tectonic coal as 0.8 m thick, the absolute gas emission as 2 m3/min, the rate of change as 0.7 m3/min, the gas desorption index of a drilling chip KI as 0.26 mL/（g min^1/2） and the values of desorption indexes Ah2 as 200 Pa. From a verification of the production, the results indicate that application of each index and their critical values significantly improve the level of safety in the pro- duction process, relieve the burden upon the mine, save much labor and bring clear economic benefits.

Research on the Characteristics of Large Earthquake Activity on the Active Tectonic Boundaries on the Chinese Mainland

Based on the research and the division of the active tectonic blocks and their boundaries on the Chinese mainland, the feature of the large earthquake activities on the 24 boundaries between the 6 active tectonic block regions (grade Ⅰ) and the 22 active tectonic blocks (grade Ⅱ) are studied. The seismicity levels on the active tectonic block boundaries are discussed considering the large earthquake frequency and the released strain energy in unit distance and time. The theoretic maximal magnitude and the recurrence period of each boundary are then calculated from the G-R relation. By comparing this with the actual earthquake records, it is found that the intensities of the earthquake deduced from the seismic activity parameter (a/b) on the main active boundaries on the Chinese mainland are consistent with that of the natural earthquakes. Meanwhile, an inverse relation is found between the recurrence periods of large earthquakes and the tectonic motion rate on the boundaries. These results show that the a, b values of each boundary obtained in this paper are valuable. In addition, the present seismic activities and hazards of these boundaries are also probed into with the historical data and their elapsed time on each boundary based on the hypothesis that the large earthquakes satisfy Poisson distribution.

Study on the Recent Tectonic Stress Field in the “Huoshan Seismic Window” Region

The focal mechanisms of 62 moderate-small earthquakes since 1980 in the ＂ Huoshan seismic window＂ region are calculated with the method developed recently by Snoke, combining the use of the first motion of P, SV and SH waves with their amplitude ratios. Based on these abundant focal mechanisms, the mean tectonic stress field in the ＂Huoshan seismic window＂ region is inverted with the average stress tensor method, and the result shows that the ＂Huoshan seismic window＂ region is horizontally compressed in the near EW direction and horizontally dilated in the near NS direction, which is in accord with statistical results of focal mechanism parameters. We estimate the difference （also referred to as consistency parameter 0） between the force axis direction of the focal mechanism solution and the mean stress tensor, then further analyze the variation characteristics of 0 versus time, and the relationship with moderately strong earthquakes in the east China region. The result indicates that 0 in the ＂ Huoshan seismic window＂ region is in good correspondence with moderately strong earthquakes in the East China region. When 0 is lower than the mean value, corresponding moderately strong earthquakes may occur in the East China region.

Study of Tectonic Activity in Young Eastern Alborz, Central Iran on the Basis of Alluvial Fans in the Shahrud-Bastam Area

Alluvial fans are grouped in buildings which can provide important evidence of tectonic and climatic changes [1], Shahrud-Bastam area as structure point is located between Eastern Alborz structural zones in the north and central Iran structural zone in the south. In this study, we have measured 16 indicators morphotectonic on 79 alluvial fans and 46 catchments, according to the results of the measurements of morphometric parameters of alluvial basins and watershed, we find out that Qods-Armiyan’s fault zone has the most of tectonic activity between Tazareh and Shahrud fault regions. According to the index As, the development of alluvial fans often has a direct relationship with Level rise, which has a particular importance in the study field.

Assessment of Recent Tectonic Activity along the Yamuna Basin, Garhwal Region, NW-Himalaya, India: Based on Morphotectonic Analysis

Decoupling between climate and tectonics, transform the elevation of earth surface regionally by denudation and displacement of land. To extract the tectonic footprints on morphology of landform, geormophometry is widely accepted tool due to visible responses in Drainage architecture to an intense tectonic environment. The present morphology of Yamuna basin in the Garhwal Himalaya, India is a result of continuing crustal deformation;erosion and deposition in the area. The drainage system and geomorphic expression of topography have been significantly influenced by active tectonics in this basin. In present study, for numerical modelling to detect the influence of tectonic signals on landform, we used morphotectonic parameters, to gradient index (SL), valley floor height to width ratio (Vf), asymmetry factor (Af), basin shape index (BS) and hypsometric integral (HI), extracted from SRTM DEM with resolution of 30 m. All these morphotectonic parameters are integrated to produce an index of relative active tectonics (IRAT). The Yamuna basin is classified into three groups based on IRAT, very high (<2.0);moderate (2.0 - 2.25) and low (>2.25) based on the degree of tectonic activity. Result shows approx. 56% of Yamuna basin experience high tectonic activity. This along strike deformation pattern pronouncedly emulates subsurface geometry based tectonic model.

Reconstruction of protoliths of metamorphic rocks and tectonic setting of Wolegen Group

Parametamorphic rocks from Arong County in southeastern Inner Mongolia- Daxinganling district are regarded as Proterozoic in age, belonging to the Wolegen Group and composed of volcanoclastic and sand- stone in origin, and have been disputed in tectonic setting. Because of the stability in metamorphism, the rare earth elements indicate the features of their protoliths. The authors integrated the petrologic methods with the geochemical parameters which include ЕREE, ЕLREE/NHREE, δCe, δEu, La/Yb, Sm/Nd, Th/Sc and the standard values of chondrite. The results show that the protoliths of Wolengen Group may be a group of volcanoclastic and continental margin clastic rocks, and their tectonic setting is the continent island arc.

四川盆地涪陵南地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组页岩古构造应力场及裂缝特征

通过岩石力学实验、声发射实验和地震资料综合解释,利用有限元数值模拟方法,对涪陵南地区奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组海相页岩古构造应力场进行了数值模拟,并结合岩心实测结果,预测了构造裂缝的发育特征。研究结果表明:①涪陵南地区裂缝主要形成期(燕山晚期)构造应力和裂缝的分布受断层、岩石力学性质和构造应力的影响,断层广泛发育的区域容易出现应力集中,并引起较大的应力梯度。②利用库伦-莫尔破裂准则预测了研究区构造裂缝的发育,同时引入剪切破裂指数R定量表征裂缝发育的强度,其值越大反映裂缝发育程度越高。窄陡断背斜和断层附近裂缝发育,以高角度剪切裂缝为主,而在宽缓向斜部位裂缝发育程度最弱,研究区五峰组—龙马溪组底部硅质页岩应力集中,裂缝最发育。③涪陵南地区海相页岩气保存有利区主要为3个区带:远离大断层的凤来向斜内部,主要构造变形期未遭受大的破坏作用,其位于应力低值区,具有良好的保存条件,为Ⅰ类有利区;白马向斜内部小断层发育,应力值位于中等水平,保存条件中等,为Ⅱ类较有利区;石门—金坪断背斜遭受到强烈改造作用,容易产生大规模剪切裂缝,破坏了保存条件,为Ⅲ类不利区。

胶东大尹格庄金矿田构造物理化学参量急变带成矿特征

在金属内生矿矿田地质研究中,构造变形岩相既能反映矿田形成的构造应力场特征,又能揭示其地球化学特征和物理化学条件。胶东金矿集中区在全球金矿中独具特色,其金矿储量规模位居世界第三,大尹格庄金矿田是区内特大型金矿田之一。在矿田构造蚀变岩相研究基础上,厘清矿田成矿构造物理化学参量之间的关系,探讨构造作用通过影响矿田成矿物理化学条件驱动金成矿作用问题显得尤为必要。本文选取代表成矿流体成分、温压、性质和成矿构造等条件的构造物理化学参量,采用因子分析法,探讨矿田构造成岩成矿问题。结果显示:流体包裹体成分CO_(2)/H_(2) O、酸碱度(pH)、氧逸度(lgfO_(2))、构造附加静水压力(Ps)、流体包裹体均一温度以及流体包裹体最小压力(Pmin)等参量代表的构造物理化学条件对成矿的影响较大,CO_(2)/H_(2)O、lgfO_(2)、Ps、均一温度、Pmin所代表的成矿流体成分、性质、温压条件及构造作用的影响是正相关的,而pH影响是负相关的;矿田黄铁绢英岩带、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩带和强钾长石化花岗岩带中,构造附加静水压力(Ps)、流体包裹体成分CO_(2)/H_(2) O、氧逸度(lgfO_(2))、流体包裹体最小压力(Pmin)和均一温度均依次呈现先升高再降低的趋势。流体包裹体成分Na^(+)/K^(+)、F^(-)/Cl^(-)参量代表的成矿物理化学条件对于成矿的影响是负相关的,在黄铁绢英岩带、黄铁绢英岩化花岗质碎裂岩带和强钾长石化花岗岩带中,F^(-)/Cl^(-)依次呈现逐渐降低的趋势,Na^(+)/K^(+)则依次呈现逐渐增大的趋势。构造附加静水压力(Ps)能够促使成矿流体从Ps较高的部位向较低的部位运移并沉淀成矿。构造物理化学参量的高低值之间存在构造物理化学界面,金矿体主要位于界面的构造应力松弛部位。

基于构造地貌学的南盘江与红河分水岭特征分析

红河曾经在古新世—始新世晚期发源于青藏高原内部,大约渐新世开始其流域面积逐渐缩小。自渐新世至今,青藏高原东南缘发育了一系列大规模走滑断裂。走滑断裂能够影响河流的流向、坡度以及河道形态等。在这些走滑断裂影响下,红河的流域面积是否会发生规律性的变化?本文以南盘江和红河流域分水岭为研究对象,探究红河在红河断裂、建水断裂及文麻断裂等走滑断裂的影响下,其分水岭的迁移特征。本文利用90 m分辨率的DEM提取了红河、南盘江的33条子流域,通过计算获得面积高程积分(HI)、谷底宽高比(VF)、河流陡峭指数(K_(sn))和chi(χ)值4个地貌参数,结合野外调查揭示研究区构造活动性差异及分水岭的变化规律。结果显示,研究区分水岭呈分段性变化:龙树村—店房村段向南盘江迁移;店房村—腊梅村段向红河迁移,HI值、VF值及Ksn值三者所得结果与chi(χ)值结果对马鹿山—龙树村段存在不同认识。从整体上看,红河在逐渐失去其流域面积。非构造因素(降雨和岩性)不是控制研究区分水岭迁移的主要因素,研究区分水岭迁移主要受研究区内红河断裂、建水断裂、曲江断裂、文麻断裂及小江断裂南段的构造活动性强弱影响。

胶东牟乳成矿带金青顶矿床构造叠加晕研究

金青顶金矿床是牟平—乳山金成矿带最大的石英脉型金矿床,矿脉严格受构造控制,已探明储量为32 t,平均品位为6.44×10^(-6)。为探讨金青顶金矿床深部成矿潜力,本文在分析矿区成矿地质条件及矿床地质特征的基础上,对金青顶金矿床II号主矿体开展了构造叠加晕研究。结果表明:金青顶金矿床II号矿体的前缘晕特征指示元素组合为As、Sb、Hg,近矿特征指示元素组合为Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn,尾晕特征指示元素组合为Bi、Mo、Co。II号矿体特征指示元素的分带序列由上至下为Sb→Cu、Ni→Au→Sn→W→Hg→As、Co→Ag→Zn→Pb、Mo→Bi,结合地球化学参数确定了II号矿体在-195 m、-435 m和-945 m中段深部存在金成矿作用叠加,并据此建立了II号矿体的构造叠加晕理想模型。综合矿脉品位等值线图、数据统计学分析、元素轴向分带序列、地球化学参数变化规律、构造叠加晕成矿模式以及井下地质现象观察分析,显示出金青顶金矿床II号矿体向深部的延伸较差,说明在深部存在矿体的可能性不是很大。因此,今后在本区开展找矿工作时,应重点关注矿区内的空白区及矿床外围。

喜马拉雅东构造结北缘通麦—波密段现今地应力场特征研究

喜马拉雅东构造结是青藏高原构造演化研究的关键地区,规划有川藏铁路和雅鲁藏布江下游水电开发等重大工程,受限于地质地理条件,其现今地应力场尚不完全清楚。本文利用水压致裂法地应力数据,研究了东构造结北缘通麦—波密段现今地应力场,探讨了其构造应力环境。结果表明,通麦—波密段实测主应力随深度增加而增大,1100 m深度内SH和S_(h)分别为4.87~32.47 MPa和3.05~20.07 MPa,随深度增加梯度分别为2.49 MPa/100 m和1.61 MPa/100 m,略低于青藏地块和东构造结西缘梯度水平,但地应力状态特征参数表明其水平应力作用强度总体上高于青藏地块;SH优势方向为NEE向(N69.2°±11.5°E),相比NNE—NE向区域主压应力方向表现出明显的顺时针偏转特征;现今地应力场由水平向应力作用主导,400 m以浅应力类型为逆冲型,以深转换为走滑型;水平向差应力和构造差应力在600 m深度以下显著增加,构造差应力最大为12.42 MPa,表明通麦—波密段深部存在相对较强的构造应力作用;库伦摩擦失稳准则分析表明,受地形影响较小的200 m以深实测地应力值总体低于摩擦系数取0.6时理论地应力水平,并且430 m深度以下地应力值总体在摩擦系数取0.2~0.4的理论地应力取值范围内,揭示通麦—波密段现今地壳应力强度尚未达到极限水平,目前处于相对稳定的构造应力环境。最后,讨论了现今地应力场对东构造结北缘重大铁路隧道工程的潜在影响,并提出了应对建议。

基于ArcGIS平台的天山北麓活动逆断层智能化提取方法的研究与实现

数字地形分析是活动构造和构造地貌研究中的一种重要手段,目前已被广泛应用于地表过程分析中。随着高精度数字地形数据获取的日益便捷,精细定量化研究地貌参数已成为一个重要趋势。呼图壁断裂和独山子断裂位于天山山脉北麓,地表迹线十分典型而显著。在这2个区域内,前人已经完成了区域大比例尺活动断裂地质地貌填图,并发表了大量研究成果。因此,它们是十分理想的探索断层迹线自动化提取方法的2个区域。在实际提取过程中,根据逆断层陡坎的倾向是否与其所在地貌面坡向一致,文中分别定义了正向和反向逆断层陡坎。基于对这2种不同断层陡坎形态的分析,利用ArcGIS软件平台并选择恰当的地貌参数实现了对断层地表迹线的提取。通过坡度计算、冲沟提取、数据密度分析和流程建模等步骤,建立了2套智能化提取流程。最终提取结果与以往的地质地貌填图和遥感数据目视解译结果基本一致。除此之外,独山子研究区的提取结果还揭露了未曾被识别的反向断层陡坎迹线。这不仅说明文中提出的方法具有很好的适用性,同时也能够提取十分细小的逆断层地表迹线。与传统方法相比,这种人机交互式的半自动化方法大大提高了工作效率。但是,如何真正实现任意地质构造背景中逆断层地表迹线的完全自动化提取,仍然是未来一个重要的研究方向。

Advances in experiments and numerical simulations on the effects of stress perturbations on fault slip

Laboratory experiments and numerical simulations on rock friction perturbations,an important means for understanding the mechanism and influencing factors of stress-triggered earthquakes,are of great significance for studying earthquake mechanisms and earthquake hazard analysis.We reviews the experiments and numerical simulations on the effects of stress perturbations on fault slip,and the results show that stress perturbations can change fault stress and trigger earthquakes.The Coulomb failure criterion can shed light on some questions about stress-triggering earthquakes but cannot explain the time dependence of earthquake triggering nor be used to investigate the effect of heterogeneous stress perturbations.The amplitude and period are important factors affecting the correlation between stress perturbation and fault instability.The effect of the perturbation period on fault instability is still controversial,and the effect of the high-frequency perturbation on earthquakes may be underestimated.Normal and shear stress perturbation can trigger fault instability,but their effects on fault slip differ.It is necessary to distinguish whether the stress perturbation is dominated by shear or normal stress change when it triggers fault instability.Fault tectonic stress plays a decisive effect on the mode of fault instability and earthquake magnitude.Acoustic emission activity can reflect the changes in fault stress and the progression of fault nucleation,and identify the meta-instability stage and precursor of fault instability,providing a reference for earthquake prediction.

2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前龙门山—岷山构造带的地震活动性参数与地震视应力分布

本文利用四川区域台网最近30多年的地震资料,计算了2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震前沿龙门山—岷山构造带的多个地震活动性参数(包括震级-频度关系中的a、b与a/b值,复发间隔T_r值),同时,计算了震前2年多的时间内M_L≥3.5地震的视应力.在此基础上分析了地震活动性参数值和地震视应力的空间分布与汶川主震破裂范围、M_S≥5.0余震分布的关系.主要结果表明:①汶川地震前,沿龙门山岷山构造带的地震活动性参数与地震视应力的分布均存在显著的空间差异.其中,龙门山断裂带中-北段的绵竹茂县段与江油—平武段具有远低于区域平均值的显著异常低b值、低a值、相对较高a/b值以及较小复发间隔T_r值的参数值组合,反映这两个断裂段在汶川主震之前已处于高应力闭锁状态,且发生强震的概率明显高于其他段落.这两个段落成为汶川主震破裂的中心段落和破坏严重的地段;②汶川地震前,位于前述两断裂段之间的龙门山断裂带北川段具有较高的b值与a值、较低a/b值的参数值组合,显示出应力积累水平不高的状态.汶川主震后,北川断裂段的余震强度与频度均偏低,缺少M_S≥5.0的余震;③地震活动性参数与视应力显示汶川地震之前龙门山断裂带南西段的应力积累水平明显低于中-北段,这种差异可能与汶川主震破裂沿断裂带中-北段呈北东向单侧扩展有关.另外,地震活动性参数值组合也反映龙门山断裂带南西段近期发生大地震的可能性较小.

活动构造定量研究与应用

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