Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

Ecological and hydrologic evolution history in the sensitive zone of both East Asian summer monsoon and Westerly since the Last Glacial Maximum

The Qilian Mountains,located in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is a sensitive zone of both East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)and westerly winds(WW).The evolution history and driving mechanism of the ecosystem and hydrologic cycle in this region on long-term timescales have not yet been clarified.In this study,we comprehensively study the hydrologic and ecological evolution history in the sensitive zone since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM)by integrating surface sediments,paleoclimate records,TraCE-21ka transient simulations,and PMIP3-CMIP5 multi-model simulation.Results show that hydrologic and ecological proxies from surface sediments are significantly different from west to east and mainly divided into three sections:the monsoonaffected region in the eastern Qilian Mountains,the intersection region in the central Qilian Mountains,and the westerly-affected region in the western Qilian Mountains.Meanwhile,paleo-ecological and paleohydrologic reconstructions from the surroundings uncover a synchronous climate evolution that the EASM mainly controls the eastern Qilian Mountains and penetrates the central Qilian Mountains in monsoon intensity maximum,while the WW dominates the central and western Qilian Mountains on both glacial-interglacial and millennial timescales.The simulation results further bear out the glacial humid climate in the central and western Qilian Mountains caused by the enhanced WW,and the humidity maximum in the eastern Qilian Mountains controlled by the strong mid-Holocene monsoon.In general,east-west differences in climate pattern and response for the EASM and the WW are integrally stable on both short-term and long-term timescales.

Accumulation Mechanisms and Evolution History of the Giant Puguang Gas Field,Sichuan Basin,China

Solid bitumens were found throughout the carbonate reservoirs in the Puguang gas field, the largest gas field so far found in marine carbonates in China, confirming that the Puguang gas field evolved from a paleo-oil reservoir. The fluid conduit system at the time of intensive oil accumulation in the field was reconstructed, and petroleum migration pathways were modeled using a 3-D model and traced by geochemical parameters. The forward modeling and inversion tracing coincided with each other and both indicated that oils accumulated in the Puguang-Dongyuezhai structure originated from a generative kitchen to the northwest of the Puguang gas field. The deposition of organic-rich Upper Permian source rocks dominated by sapropelic organic matter in the Northeast Sichuan Basin, the development of fluid conduit system that was vertically near-source rock and laterally near-generative kitchen, and the focusing of oils originated from a large area of the generative kitchen, were the three requirements for the formation of the giant paleo-oil reservoir from which the giant Puguang gas field evolved. The Puguang gas field had experienced a three-stage evolution. The post-accumulation processes, especially the organic-inorganic interaction in the hydrocarbon-water-rock system, had not only profoundly altered the composition and characteristics of the petroleum fluids, but also obviously changed the physicochemical conditions in the reservoir and resulted in complicated precipitation and solution of carbonate minerals.

Tectonic-Thermal Evolution History and Its Controls on Petroleum Geology of Weibei Uplift

1 Introduction The Weibei Uplift is located in the southwest of the North China Plate,where is the stable block(the Ordos Block)in the north and the active belt(the QinlingOrogenic Belt)in the south(Ren et al,2014,2015).And the belt is separated from the Weihe basin.The Weibei uplift has a uniform crystalline basement with the North

Evolution History of Gassan Volcano, Northeast Japan Arc

Evolution history of the volcano is essential not only to characterize the volcano, but also consider magma genesis beneath the volcano. Most of the stratovolcanoes in northeast Japan follow a general evolutional course: cone building, horse-shoe shaped caldera forming collapse, and post-caldera stages. However, the detailed history of each stage is not well investigated. We investigated evolution history of young edifice of Gassan volcano, representative stratovolcano in rear side of northeast Japan arc. Most of the products are lavas, which are divided into two groups by geomorphologic and geologic features. The former (Gassan lower lavas) is composed of relatively thin and fluidal lavas, whose original geomorphology remains a little, while the latter (Gassan upper lavas) is composed of relatively thick and viscous lavas, whose original geomorphology is moderately preserved. Based on geologic features, the upper lavas can be further divided into Gassan upper north lavas and upper summit lavas in ascending order. After the formation of the thick lavas, horse-shoe shaped caldera was formed by the instability of the edifice, probably triggered by fault activity. No evidence of post caldera activity inner part of it is observed. Based on K-Ar data, estimated age of Gassan lower lavas is ca. 0.75 to ca. 0.6 Ma, those of Gassan upper north and upper summit lavas are ca. 0.60 to ca. 0.55 Ma and ca. 0.55 to ca. 0.45 Ma. The eruption rate is estimated to be ca. 0.0004 km3/1000 years in Gassan lower lavas and ca. 0.02 km3/1000 years in Gassan upper summit lavas. These values are lower than the eruption rate of representative Japanese stratovolcanoes.

Evolution History of Mantle Peridotites in the Xigaze Ophiolite: Constraints from Whole-rock and Mineral Geochemistry

Ophiolites along the E-W trending Yarlung-Tsangpo Suture(YTS),which separates the Indian plate from the Eurasian plate,have been regarded as relics of the NeoTethyan Ocean.The Xigaze ophiolite in the central YTS

Tectono-Thermal Evolution, Hydrocarbon Filling and Accumulation Phases of the Hari Sag, in the Yingen-Ejinaqi Basin, Inner Mongolia,Northern China

This work restored the erosion thickness of the top surface of each Cretaceous formations penetrated by the typical well in the Hari sag, and simulated the subsidence burial history of this well with software BasinMod. It is firstly pointed out that the tectonic subsidence evolution of the Hari sag since the Cretaceous can be divided into four phases: initial subsidence phase, rapid subsidence phase,uplift and erosion phase, and stable slow subsidence phase. A detailed reconstruction of the tectonothermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation histories of typical well was undertaken using the EASY R% model, which is constrained by vitrinite reflectance(R) and homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions. In the rapid subsidence phase, the peak period of hydrocarbon generation was reached at c.a.105.59 Ma with the increasing thermal evolution degree. A concomitant rapid increase in paleotemperatures occurred and reached a maximum geothermal gradient of about 43-45℃/km. The main hydrocarbon generation period ensued around 105.59-80.00 Ma and the greatest buried depth of the Hari sag was reached at c.a. 80.00 Ma, when the maximum paleo-temperature was over 180℃.Subsequently, the sag entered an uplift and erosion phase followed by a stable slow subsidence phase during which the temperature gradient, thermal evolution, and hydrocarbon generation decreased gradually. The hydrocarbon accumulation period was discussed based on homogenization temperatures of inclusions and it is believed that two periods of rapid hydrocarbon accumulation events occurred during the Cretaceous rapid subsidence phase. The first accumulation period observed in the Bayingebi Formation(Kb) occurred primarily around 105.59-103.50 Ma with temperatures of 125-150℃. The second accumulation period observed in the Suhongtu Formation(Ks) occurred primarily around84.00-80.00 Ma with temperatures of 120-130℃. The second is the major accumulation period, and the accumulation mainly occurred in the Late Cretaceous. The hydrocarbon accumulation process was comprehensively controlled by tectono-thermal evolution and hydrocarbon generation history. During the rapid subsidence phase, the paleo temperature and geothermal gradient increased rapidly and resulted in increasing thermal evolution extending into the peak period of hydrocarbon generation,which is the key reason for hydrocarbon filling and accumulation.

Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution and Uplift in Pamir:Application of Fission Track Thermochronology

The Pamir Plateau can be divided into three secondary tectonic units from north to south:the North,the Middle and the South Pamir Blocks.The North Pamir Block belonged to the southern margin of Tarim-Karakum,thermochronological study of the Pamir structural intersection indicates that accretion of the Middle Pamir Block to the Eurasian Continental Margin and its subduction and collision with the North Pamir Block occurred in the Middle–Late Jurassic.Due to the Neo-Tethys closure in the Early Cretaceous,the South Pamir Block began to collide with the accretion(the Middle Pamir Block)of the Eurasian Continental Margin.Affected by the collision and continuous convergence between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate since the Cenozoic,Pamir is in a multi-stage differential uplift process.During 56.1–48.5 Ma,North Pamir took the lead in uplifting,that is,the first rapid uplift in the Pamir region began there.The continuous compression and contraction of the Indian and Eurasian plates during 22.0–15.1 Ma forced the Pamir tectonic syntaxis to begin its overall uplift,i.e.Pamir began to enter the second rapid uplift stage in the Early Oligocene,which lasted until the Middle Miocene.During 14.6–8.5Ma,South Pamir was in a rapid uplift stage,while North Pamir was in a relatively stable state,showing asymmetry of tectonic deformation in the Pamir region in space.Since 6.5 Ma,Pamir began to rapidly uplift again.

Tectono-thermal evolution of the Liwan Sag, deepwater area in the Zhujiang River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea

The Liwan Sag, with an area of 4 000 km-2, is one of the deepwater sags in the Zhujiang River（Pearl River） Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Inspired by the exploration success in oil and gas resources in the deepwater sags worldwide, we conducted the thermal modeling to investigate the tectono-thermal history of the Liwan Sag,which has been widely thought to be important to understand tectonic activities as well as hydrocarbon potential of a basin. Using the multi-stage finite stretching model, the tectonic subsidence history and the thermal history have been obtained for 12 artificial wells, which were constructed on basis of one seismic profile newly acquired in the study area. Two stages of rifting during the time periods of 49–33.9 Ma and 33.9–23 Ma can be recognized from the tectonic subsidence pattern, and there are two phases of heating processes corresponding to the rifting.The reconstructed average basal paleo-heat flow values at the end of the rifting events are -70.5 and -94.2 mW/m^2 respectively. Following the heating periods, the study area has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase since 23 Ma and the basal heat flow cooled down to -71.8–82.5 mW/m^2 at present.

Tectonic Evolution of the North Depression of the South Yellow Sea Basin Since Late Cretaceous

On the basis of subsidence history analysis and balanced cross-section analysis, the vertical uplift/subsidence history and horizontal extension/compression history of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin are quantitatively studied. The results show that the tectonic evolution of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous can be divided into a rifting phase(late Cretaceous to Paleogene) and a post-rifting phase(Neogene to Quaternary). The rifting phase can be further subdivided into an initial rifting stage(late Cretaceous), an intensive rifting stage(Paleocene), a rifting termination stage(Eocene), and an inversion-uplifting stage(Oligocene). Together, this division shows the characteristics of an episodic-evolved intracontinental rift-depression basin. The deformation of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin since late Cretaceous was mainly fault-related. The horizontal extension and tectonic subsidence were controlled by the activity of faults. The differential evolution of faults also caused variations in local uplift/subsidence movements and the regional heterogeneity in extension. The late Cretaceous initial rifting of the north depression of the south Yellow Sea basin is related to the Pacific-Eurasia convergence. From the Paleocene intensive rifting stage to present, the Pacific-Eurasia convergence and India-Eurasia convergence have played important roles in the evolution of this region.

Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷二叠系下乌尔禾组烃源岩类型与热演化研究

沙湾凹陷下组合油气资源丰富,下乌尔禾组烃源岩被证实是凹陷内主要的油气来源。然而,由于烃源岩埋深较大、勘探程度低,烃源岩类型、热演化以及生烃史尚不清楚,制约了下组合油气成藏规律的认识。本研究基于烃源岩地球化学参数,认识下乌尔禾组烃源岩基本特征,利用盆地模拟恢复烃源岩热演化以及生烃演化史,在此基础上对油气成藏过程进行分析。结果表明:沙湾凹陷下乌尔禾组烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ型为主,平均有机碳含量(TOC)为0.82%,生烃潜量(S_(1)+S_(2))为5.32 mg/g,为中等烃源岩,平均成熟度(Ro)为1.27%,处于成熟—高成熟阶段。热演化模拟显示下乌尔禾组烃源岩于晚三叠世晚期进入生烃门限(Ro=0.5%),晚侏罗世—晚白垩世达到生油高峰(Ro=1.0%)。白垩纪末期,有机质热演化进入了高成熟演化阶段(Ro>1.3%)。沙湾凹陷超深层储层经历多期油气充注,油气的多期混合以及断层活动的不均一性造成不同层位多种相态油气藏共存。研究认识为准噶尔盆地超深层油气成藏过程和机理研究奠定了坚实的基础。

13—18世纪西欧兵击运动演变历程研究

文章以13—18世纪西欧兵击运动演变历程为研究主线,运用历史分析和文献研究等方法,探究该时期西欧兵击运动演变的历史进程。研究发现,西欧兵击运动经历了军事化、市民化、体育化的3种形态,军事化形态的兵击运动与战争关系紧密,后因火器的出现和文艺复兴、宗教改革的共同推进,兵击由战场下移民间。在工业革命、资产阶级新教育体系的牵引下演变为强调规则、公平竞赛的体育竞技项目。兵击运动不同阶段秉持的理念是推动其完成历史转型的内源动力。在这演变历程中,兵击运动表现出的对人的逐渐尊重为西方体育人文主义价值观奠定了思想基础,广泛吸纳自然科学的成果为现代体育精神注入了科技元素,自发运用规则和组织为西方体育现代转型提供给了制度参考,丰富的技术体系为西方格斗对抗类项目多元化发展提供了技术源泉。

从“直接找矿”到“智能找矿”:脉络与启示

本文通过回顾固体矿产找矿的技术逻辑演进历程,指出中国固体矿产找矿经历“直接找矿”“经验找矿”“理论找矿”“信息找矿”“智能找矿”5个层级,“智能找矿”是未来一段时间的发展方向。相比发达国家固体矿产找矿的发展演变情况,中国发展历程虽然后发但基本相似,可以借鉴其夯实基础地质数据、构建精细矿床模型、运用现代勘查技术、积极探索智能找矿等方面的经验做法。着眼于当前新一轮找矿突破战略行动的紧迫需求,就找矿工作提出4方面建议:一是加速推进找矿工作智能化进程,从野外调查、数据处理、系统构建和预测示范进行全方位改造;二是以遥感调查和航空物探为先导,加快西部地区“直接找矿”;三是充分利用新技术新方法,加强中东部地区“信息找矿”;四是精准实施科技攻关,强化大型资源基地找矿科技支撑。

中国共产党领导百年农业现代化的历程、特征与经验

农业现代化是中国式现代化的重要组成部分,是建设中国特色社会主义强国的关键支撑。中国共产党自成立以来,便领导全国人民进行了漫长而曲折的现代化建设探索,并取得了中国特色农业现代化实践的历史性的成就。本研究基于对党领导下我国百年农业现代化历史进程的梳理,系统归纳其在目标指向、施策逻辑和实现路径上的演进特征,并从“目标遵循、思想底色、关键推力、基本方法、路径策略、价值旨归”等六个维度,总结出以坚持“人民至上、自信自立、守正创新、问题导向、系统推进、胸怀天下”等为核心的基本经验,旨在为新时代中国式农业现代化的持续深入推进提供价值参考。

人民民主:一个政治概念的中国化演变

中国的民主是“人民民主”。近代以来,“人民民主”贯穿于整个中国社会的发展变迁,在“民主”—“人民民主”—“全过程人民民主”的话语流变中呈现出不同的概念内涵,蕴含着深刻的历史逻辑。从概念史角度予以透视,“人民民主”概念历经西学东渐、“民主”革命、“民主”建国、“民主”发展、“民主”创新五个阶段,初步建构起中国化的民主话语体系,其演变符合一定的遍在性规律,本质上是对特定时空环境的反射与回应。站在分析视野解构这一演变,“民主”的中国化是必然的历史走向,“全过程人民民主”也内嵌时代要求。正确把握“人民民主”概念的演变规律,俾使“全过程人民民主”理论体系与实践效能得到进一步完善提升。

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘泾河油田长7段烃源岩生、排烃期与油气成藏期对比

泾河油田位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,目前已发现的油气主要位于研究区东北部,前人研究表明原油主要来自延长组长7段油页岩,然而原油到底来自研究区还是其东北部盆地中心的烃源岩还未有定论,从而制约了泾河油田的下一步勘探。利用盆地模拟方法,模拟了研究区和盆地中心长7段烃源岩生、排烃史,确定了泾河油田不同构造部位长7段烃源岩的生、排烃时间,并结合流体包裹体技术厘定了延长组储层原油成藏期次。烃源岩生、排烃时间和储层原油成藏时间以及生、排烃量的计算结果显示,泾河油田长7段烃源岩对本区油气成藏贡献有限,而盆地中心烃源岩生、排烃时间与研究区油气成藏时间具有很好的对应关系,并且本区油气明显具有由东北部向西南部运移的特点。因此与普遍认为的延长组储层以近源短距离垂向运移为主的成藏特征不同,本区已发现油藏可能主要来源于其东北部盆地中心优势生、排烃区,沿走滑断裂带经历了一定距离的侧向运移后聚集成藏。研究结果可为下一步研究区有利运聚方向及成藏区带预测提供重要参考。

常州近代城市规划研究(1840-1949年)

首先阐述了1840-1949年江南地区的发展背景和常州的工业化和城市化。然后分5个时期解析了常州城市规划、城市建设活动和城市规划特点。分析了规划管理机构沿革。最后得出常州近代城市规划的3个结论:路径方面,作为非开埠城市,地方士绅主导的当地经济发展促进了城市规划的近代化,并且不同历史时期,满足城市发展诉求和解决城市问题分别成为城市规划的主要目标。观念方面,常州城市规划经历了由士绅阶层推动到政府行政推广的变化。技术方面,1928年以前,国外城市规划的操作体系和制度框架正在形成,还没有直接的证据显示其对常州的影响;1928年以后,国外城市规划开始通过自上而下的行政推广影响常州,并在规划实践中明显体现。