Detection of Water Meter Digits Based on Improved Faster R-CNN

In order to more accurately detect the accuracy of word-wheel water meter digits, 2000 water meter pictures were produced, and an improved Faster-RCNN algorithm for detecting water meter digits was proposed. The improved Faster-RCNN algorithm uses ResNet50 combined with FPN (Feature Pyramid Network) structure instead of the original ResNet50 as the feature extraction network, which can enhance the accuracy of the model for small-sized digit recognition;the use of ROI Align instead of ROI Pooling can eliminate the error caused by the quantization process of the ROI Pooling twice, so that the candidate region is more accurately mapped to the feature map, and the accuracy of the model is further enhanced. The experiment proves that the improved Faster-RCNN algorithm can reach 91.8% recognition accuracy on the test set of homemade dataset, which meets the accuracy requirements of automatic meter reading technology for water meter digital recognition, which is of great significance for solving the problem of automatic meter reading of mechanical water meters and promoting the intelligent development of water meters.

Magnetized Water and Memory Meter

This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the effect of using the magnetic water conditioner on the properties of water. The water flows through a closed loop, while the pH, TDS, and hardness represent its properties. For magnetic water conditioner with flux density of 170 mT, results showed that pH increased by 15.65% for 820 minutes of non-stop circulation. The increase in pH is divided to 93.5% for the first 360 minutes, and 6.5% for the last 460 minutes. TDS and Hardness of water are not affected by the magnetic water conditioner. Water remembers and keeps the impact of passing through the magnetic field for several hours, and pH decreased by 0.642 in24 hours. While the results lead to introduce and create the magnetized water saturation curve and water memory meter.

Partitioning of Water Distribution Network into District Metered Areas Using Existing Valves

Water distribution network(WDN)leakage management has received increased attention in recent years.One of the most successful leakage-control strategies is to divide the network into District Metered Areas(DMAs).As a multi-staged technique,the generation of DMAs is a difficult task in design and implementation(i.e.,clustering,sectorization,and performance evaluation).Previous studies on DMAs implementation did not consider the potential use of existing valves in achieving the objective.In this work,a methodology is proposed for detecting clusters and reducing the cost of additional valves and DMA sectorization by considering existing valves as much as possible.The procedure of DMAs identification has been divided into three stages,i.e.,a)clusters identification;b)sectorization or boundaries optimization and c)performance evaluation of the partitioned network.The proposed methodology is evaluated on a simple network and a real-world water network with the findings provided and compared to the DMAs,established for a raw water network with no existing valves.It is found that there is an adequate difference in cost of strategy implementation in both the cases for the network under consideration and the existing valve system achieved better network performance in terms of resilience index.

Rapid Sample Product Trial Manufacture Technique for Developing Water Meter New Products

This paper advances the viewpoints and methods of the rapid sample product trial manufacture technique for developing water meter new products by CAD and simulation, computer virtual assembling and optimizing, rapid machining process and measurement etc. as the design and sample product trial manufacture process of water meter new products are long in product development period, and low in product development efficiency in the present time.

Design and Application of Automatic Test System of Soil Water Characteristic Curve

[Objective] In order to better meet the requirement of crops on a more and more accurate water content under various planting environment of modern agri-culture, an automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve was designed by combining the conceptions of soil moisture content and soil water potential. [Method] Electronic soil moisture tension meter was used to determine the real-time tension value of soil moisture in the tested container, and the electronic Weigh sensor was used to determine soil Weigh. Minusing method was used to calculate soil moisture content, based on which the soil water characteristic curve was plotted. [Result] Through the filed survey of 2 different kinds of soil in Jiangsu Province, the results were as fol ows： soil of different composition showed different trend in soil water characteristic curve that the soil water characteristic relation of the sandy soil in the old course of the Yel ow River in Xuzhou was Y=-0.000 2X3＋0.027 7X2-1.644 5X＋38.161, R2=0.991 9; while the soil water characteristic relation of the saline-alkali soil in Jinhai Farm of Dafeng was Y=-0.00 2X2-0.426X＋39.905, R2=0.991 3. [Con-clusion] The automatic test system of soil water characteristic curve soil water char-acteristics curve could reflect soil moisture content and soil water potential, as wel as reflect the effectiveness of soil water to plant growth, providing basis for the sci-entific irrigation.

影响横向力系数测试系统MU METER MK6准确性的原因分析与对策

为提高MU METER MK6测试数据的准确性,对影响MU METER MK6测试精确度的因素进行了分析,提出了在实际检测过程中应采取的对策。

Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems： A Case Study in the Atlanta Region

The increasing pace of urbanization means that cities and global organizations are looking for ways to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions. Combined cooling, heating, and power （CCHP） systems have the potential to improve the energy generation efficiency of a city or urban region by providing energy for heating, cooling, and electricity simultaneously. The purpose of this study is to estimate the water consumption for energy generation use, carbon dioxide （CO2） and NOx emissions, and economic impact of implementing CCHP systems for five generic building types within the Atlanta metropolitan region, under various operational scenarios following the building thermal （heating and cooling） demands. Operating the CCHP system to follow the hourly thermal demand reduces CO2 emissions for most building types both with and without net metering. The system can be economically beneficial for all building types depending on the price of natural gas, the implementation of net metering, and the cost structure assumed for the CCHP system. The greatest reduction in water consumption for energy production and NOx emissions occurs when there is net metering and when the system is operated to meet the maximum yearly thermal demand, although this scenario also results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and, in some cases, cost. CCHP systems are more economical for medium office, large office, and multifamilv residential buildings.

Remote real-time monitoring soil water potential system based on GSM

Aiming at the limitation of traditional measuring soil water potential, the paper presents an information system based GSM to real-time monitor data coming from multiple data sources. The monitoring system, which consisted of monitoring center, GSM transmission channel and data detection terminal, was given. The detection terminal included the measuring station and TS-2 negative pressure meter, which was applied to measure soil water potential. Nowadays the system has been successfully applied to drip irrigation in the cotton field on farm in Xinjiang region. The system provides a feasible technology frame-work for collecting and processing wide geographical distribution data in farmland.

智能水表多场景应用综合测试评估研究

水表是城市供水系统的核心计量设备和信息数据源,对于提高精细化管理水平,缩小产销差至关重要。通过试验比较了机械式水表和智能水表的计量精度,从数据精确度、数据上传率和电池续航力等方面对智能水表性能进行综合测评,结合智能水表在分区计量、水费自动结算、漏损预警、老年人居家安全监测等多场景应用实例,展示了智能水表在智慧水务建设中的推广应用价值。在低流量范围,智能水表的计量精度明显优于机械水表;智能水表以其高精度计量、实时数据传输和智能化管理等特点,更符合超大型城市漏损控制智慧数据监测的应用趋势。

考虑压力均匀性的供水管网独立计量区域(DMA)分区优化研究

独立计量区域(district meteredareas,DMAs)是实现城市供水管网压力管理与漏损控制的重要手段。现有的DMA分区算法无法在分区时保障分区内部的压力均衡。为解决这一问题,本文提出一种基于迭代求解DMA分区方法,在保证分区均匀性的同时,实现分区内部压力均衡。该方法提出融合节点压力分布的节点相似矩阵,建立分区合理性评价指标,用于确定独立计量区域划分方案;在隔离阶段采用改进的多目标遗传算法,对边界管段开展隔离阀与流量计的优化布置;最后通过对上述2个过程进行循环迭代,确保最终分区方案的压力均衡。通过对实例管网的分区研究,验证改进方法的有效性和可行性。

基于CAE的智能水表盖注塑模具设计

结合智能水表复杂结构特征,基于CAE软件对其进行注塑模具设计。通过Moldflow模流分析确定最佳的浇口位置,设计了浇注系统和冷却系统,并通过冷却+填充+保压+翘曲分析验证浇注系统和冷却系统设计的合理性;针对复杂结构特征,基于UG,通过设计斜顶+推杆机构实现侧凹成型,通过设计直顶+斜顶机构实现侧孔成型,通过设计滑块+弹簧的侧向抽芯机构实现侧凸成型。模具结构合理,动作可靠,可为同类设计提供参考。

温度对投入式水位计测量精度的影响研究

小沙湾水厂是黄河地表水给水工程的重要组成部分,是准能集团的重要水源地,而精准的水位数据对泵站取水工作有较大的影响。以浮子式水位计示值为参照,设计了投入式水位计示值的对比试验,对影响传感器精度的主要因素之一温度进行了研究,总结了温度与示值误差之间的关系。结果发现,在10~18℃时,水温对传感器精度影响很小;在18~25℃时,水温越高传感器精度越低;在26~30℃时,传感器精度随温度升高而升高。

供水管网漏损控制方法与应用成效分析

随着经济社会发展,城镇化进程加快,水资源供需矛盾短缺日趋严重,而城市供水管网漏损,是目前困扰节水的难题之一,供水管网漏损控制已成为“十四五”城市供水行业的重点工作之一。文章简要介绍了供水管网漏损的原因和主要控制方法。重点结合水司自身特点,分析了实际工程应用成效,主要包括:推进独立计量区(DMA)进行的夜间最小流量监控;开展日常巡检及周期性检漏;定期开展水表轮换;改造老旧管网;布设管网压力监测点;加装水池水箱远程监控。而通过各种不同控制手段的结合使用,有效地控制了管网漏损,2023年综合漏损率降低为10%,研究成果以期为各水司供水管网的漏损控制提供指导和借鉴。

基于改进YOLOv5s的指针式水表读数检测

针对光照不均匀和水表表盘雾化的指针式水表在读数检测时出现漏检、误检等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv5s的指针式水表读数检测方法。首先,采用Mosaic、Mixup等数据增强方法,提高模型的泛化能力;其次,引入加权双向特征金字塔网络(bilateral feature pyramid network, BiFPN)实现更高层次的特征融合使得水表图像的深层特征图和浅层特征图充分融合,提高网络的表达能力;然后,嵌入卷积注意力机制(convolutional block attention module, CBAM),在通道和空间双重维度上强化指针式水表子表盘示数特征;最后将完全交并比损失函数(complete intersection over union loss, CIoU-Loss)替换为SIoU_Loss(scylla intersection over union loss),提升边界框的回归精度。改进算法的mAP@0.5达到97.8%,比YOLOv5s原始网络提升了3.2%。实验结果表明:该算法能有效提高指针式水表的读数检测精度。

基于深度学习的水管式沉降仪数据采集方法

传统水管式沉降仪主要通过压力传感器来测量水位进而计算坝体内部沉降量,其存在测量稳定性差的问题。针对此弊端,提出一种基于深度学习的水管式沉降仪数据采集方法,包含特制水尺及相应算法。通过摄像机从上至下分段拍摄特制水尺并筛选出水位所在图像;采用二维码标识对图像进行角度校正并切割出水尺及测量管区域,同时读取厘米级水位坐标;基于UNet搭建图像抠图模型精确分割测量管中水位;最后结合水位线坐标,采用YOLOv5模型识别标尺毫米级坐标。试验结果表明,该技术环境适应性强,测量结果与人工读值相比,其误差均小于0.3 mm,满足实际工程的需要。

低含水油水两相流等效介电常数模型

电容法测油水两相流含水率在油田的地面油水计量及井中的产出剖面分层测试中都得到广泛应用。持水率(水相体积分数)的测量需要建立油水两相流持水率与传感器电容的关系,为此需要建立混相等效介电常数与持水率的理论模型或经验模型。由于油井采出的地层水以及地面实验室标定所用的自来水在低频和中频时均具有良好导电性,因此,单纯考虑介电性而不考虑导电性会对持水率测量的准确性产生显著影响。基于电介质极化的有效电场理论,在低含水且油水状态为精细泡状流条件下,将水视为良导体,建立了油水两相流等效介电常数模型。按此模型,油水两相流的等效介电常数只取决于持水率和油相介电常数,与水相介电常数以及水相电导率无关,初步实验验证了模型正确。该研究对于油为连续相时油水两相流的含水率传感器的设计和现场应用具有重要意义。

华北平原城市供水漏损控制策略案例

华北平原城市普遍存在水资源短缺问题,成为制约城市发展的重要因素,城市公共供水管网漏损控制是城市节水的重要内容。研究以A市为例开展华北平原城市供水漏损控制策略案例研究,提出了一套基于供水水量平衡分析与漏损控制潜力预测的漏损控制目标制定方法,并结合华北平原城市供水系统特点制定一套漏损控制系统方案,并重点介绍了A市分区计量管理建设与运维方案。研究结果表明,华北平原城市可从摸清家底、更新设施、调控压力、提升计量、引智赋能、完善机制6个方面开展城市公共供水管网漏损控制工作,对于以小区管网漏损为主的城市应采取自下而上的分区计量建设路线,并完善分区计量平台、建立管理体制、规范工作流程。研究可为同类城市开展城市公共供水管网漏损控制工作提供指导。

相关式油井液相计量系统研究与设计

针对现有油井计量方式自动化程度低,误差较大等问题,利用同轴线相位法含水率计设计了一种相关式油井液相计量系统,该系统以同轴线相位法含水率计为传感器构建了相关流量计,基于互相关法建立了计量模型,实现了流量与含水率的同步测量。通过对不同情况下上、下游含水率计信号的分析可知,两路信号之间具有相关性,满足相关流量计的使用条件。该系统在现场试验的测量结果与涡轮流量计相比,平均误差为11.36%。试验结果证明了相关式油井液相计量系统在实际应用中的可行性。

水表检定的台位差和表位差现象分析

根据测量理论,由于真值不可得,测量误差是不可消除的,两组测量结果之间存在差异不可避免。水表检定过程中产生台位差和表位差是不可避免的,台位差和表位差主要是两组不同测量所对应的测量设备、测量方法以及各种显性的和隐性的测量条件存在一定的差异所致。分析台位差和表位差是否具有显著性,需要确定一个合理的用于判定测量结果一致性的准则,然后再根据实验过程来分析查找导致不合理偏差产生的原因。当测量结果比较表明存在显著的台位差或表位差时,应结合经验进行具体的成因分析,并采取措施加以消除。

基于LabVIEW的油井多相流相关流量计量系统

油井产量计量是油田开发过程中的一项重要工作。针对当前计量方式自动化程度低、实时性差等问题,基于相关流量计理论,以同轴线相位法含水率计为测量传感器,设计了一种油井多相流相关流量计量系统,并基于LabVIEW建立了数据采集计量系统,实现了流量的实时计算。通过开展生产现场试验,该系统的测量结果与涡轮流量计相比,平均误差为11.36%,且流量的变化趋势一致,表明本文提出的油井多相流相关流量计量系统能够对油井产出液进行正确、连续、自动测量,从而为油井多相流计量提供一种新的解决方案。