Genome-wide association study identifies quantitative trait loci affecting cattle temperament

Cattle temperament is an interesting trait due to its correlation with production efficiency,labor safety,and animal welfare.To date,however,its genetic basis is not clearly understood.Here,we performed a genome-wide association study for a series of temperament traits in cattle,assessed with via open field and novel object tests,using autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)derived from the whole-genome sequence.We identified 37 and 29 genome-wide significant loci in the open field and novel object tests,respectively.Gene set analysis revealed the most significant pathway was the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway,which may be essential for emotional control in cattle.Analysis of the expression levels of 18 tissue-specific genes based on transcriptomic data showed enrichment in the brain,with some candidate genes involved in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases in humans.Based on principal component analysis,the first principal component explained the largest variance in the open field and novel object test data,and the most significant loci were assigned to SORCS3 and SESTD1,respectively.Our findings should help facilitate cattle breeding for sound temperament by pyramiding favorable alleles to further improve cattle production.

Effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties

AIM: To determine the effect of refractive error on temperament and character properties using Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality.METHODS: Using the Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), the temperament and character profiles of 41 participants with refractive errors(17 with myopia,12 with hyperopia, and 12 with myopic astigmatism) were compared to those of 30 healthy control participants.Here, temperament comprised the traits of novelty seeking, harm-avoidance, and reward dependence, while character comprised traits of self-directedness,cooperativeness, and self-transcendence.RESULTS: Participants with refractive error showed significantly lower scores on purposefulness,cooperativeness, empathy, helpfulness, and compassion(P 【0.05, P 【0.01, P 【0.05, P 【0.05, and P 【0.01,respectively).CONCLUSION: Refractive error might have a negative influence on some character traits, and different types of refractive error might have different temperament and character properties. These personality traits may be implicated in the onset and/or perpetuation of refractive errors and may be a productive focus for psychotherapy.

Forage and breed effects on behavior and temperament of pregnant beef heifers

Background： Integration of behavioral observations with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.Brahman-influenced（BR;n = 64） and Gelbvieh × Angus（GA;n = 64） heifers consumed either toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（E＋） or one of two nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue（NT） cultivars during two yr.Heifers were weighed at midpoint and termination of grazing.Grazing behavior（grazing,resting in the shade,lying,or standing without grazing） was recorded（n = 13 visual observations per yr in June and July） for each pasture.During yr 2,exit velocity（EV） and serum prolactin（PRL） were determined.Results： Grazing behavior was influenced（P 0.05） by an interaction between fescue cultivar and breed type.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers assigned to E＋ pastures had the lowest percentage of animals grazing and the largest percentage of animals resting in the shade.Brahman-influenced heifers had faster EV（P 0.001） than GA heifers（0.52 vs.0.74 ± 0.04 s/m,respectively）.Body weight（BW） was affected（P 0.01） by an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and d,and an interaction of tall fescue cultivar and breed type.Heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than heifers grazing E＋ pastures at midpoint and termination.Gelbvieh × Angus heifers grazing NT pastures were heavier（P 0.01） than GA and BR heifers grazing E＋ and BR heifers grazing NT pastures.An interaction of forage cultivar and breed type occurred on serum PRL（P 0.01）.Conclusion： Collectively fescue cultivar,EV,and concentrations of serum PRL were associated with grazing behavior.Heifers grazing NT pastures were observed to be grazing more than heifers assigned to E＋ pastures,regardless of breed type,which may have contributed to changes in BW and average daily gain（ADG） in heifers.Integration of behavioral observations along with traditional selection schemes may lead to enhanced animal well-being and more profitable forage-based cattle production systems.

Comparisons of temperament and character between problematic internet users and problematic drug users in Korean adolescents

Objective: It has been suggested that some internet users spend so much time on the internet that their personal and/or professional lives suffer. This study compared the temperament and character of problematic internet users (PIU) with that of problematic drug users (PDU) among Korean adolescents and aimed to examine the personality characteristics of adolescents with internet use problems. Method: We enrolled participants from high schools (n = 487), internet cafés (n = 89), and an adolescent-substance abuse consultation office (n = 45). All subjects were assessed using the Korean Internet Addiction Scale (KIAS), the Korean Adolescent Drug Addiction Screening Test-2 (KOADAST-2), and the Korean version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (K-TCI). Subjects were classified into the following four groups based on the KIAS and KOADAST-2 results: normal controls, pure PIUs, pure PDUs, and dual problematic users. Differences in the subscale scores on the K-TCI were analyzed by group. Results: Scores for Reward dependence (RD) were significantly lower in pure PIUs than in pure PDUs (13.85 ± 4.07 versus 15.44 ± 3.56, p < 0.05). Scores for Self-Directedness (SD) were lower in pure PIUs (18.21 ± 6.90) and pure PDUs (18.22 ± 6.03) than in normal controls (20.88 ± 6.60), although the scores did not differ significantly between pure PIUs and pure PDUs. Scores for Cooperativeness (C) were lower in pure PIUs than in normal controls (23.97 ± 7.02 versus 26.57 ± 6.67, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that PIUs are more socially insensitive and that they may experience more inter-personal problems than PDUs.

Modernist Mode in The Man Without a Temperament

The Man Without a Temperament,one of Katherine Mansfield's classic short stories,is written in the modernist mode,without a set structure,and with many shifts in the narrative.

Patriarchal Tendency IN Willa Catcher's Novel "O Pioneers!":Analysis the Heroine Alexandra's Character and Temperament

Through analyzing the heroine Alexandra's character and temperament in the novel "O Pioneers!"written by American woman writer Willa Cather,the paper is trying to put forward that the heroine Alexandra has a patriarchal tendency in her girlhood.This paper has established a basis for exploring Alexandra's attitude to her own femaleness.

Adolescents’ happiness-increasing strategies, temperament, and character: Mediation models on subjective well-being

In order to predict Subjective Well-Being (SWB) or happiness two of the major determinants may be 1) A genetic set point (which reflects personality) and 2) Current intentional activities (behavioral, cognitive, and motivational). In this context, personality can be considered as psycho-biological—composed of temperament (i.e., what grabs our attention and how intensely we react) and character (i.e., a reflection of personal goals and values). The present study examined how adolescents’ personality and intentional happiness-increasing strategies, measured at one point in time, are related to SWB measured one year later. Results show that temperament (Harm Avoidance) and character dimensions (Self-directedness) predicted SWB. Moreover, strategies such as active leisure (e.g., engaging in sports) and instrumental goal pursuit (e.g., study) also predicted SWB at the end of the school year. The strategy of Mental Control (i.e., an ambivalent effort to both avoid and contemplate negative thoughts and feelings), which was related to Harm Avoidance and Self-Directedness, mediated the relationship between these two personality dimensions and SWB.

STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PRESCHOOLERS＇ BEHAVIOR，TEMPERAMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

The relationships between preschoolers' behavior style, temperament structure and living environment factor were researched using questionnaire. Results showed: the aggregate prevalence of deviant behavior syndrome was 12.7%. Social withdrawal and aggressive behavior were more relative. The main temperament cluster in this group is intermediat-low(39. 91% ) There were no difference behavior disorder prevalence and temperament cluster between boys and girls.Preschoolers' behavior style was influenced by their temperament characteristics and environment factors. Compared with environment factor, temperament character related to behavior style more closely. At the same time, this paper gives some suggestions about child care education.

Prediction of Anxiety and Behavioural Disturbances by Temperamental Characters in Children

Background: Temperament is a predictive factor of child behaviour. Thomas and Chess evaluated relationship of temperamental factor with behavioural disturbance in social milo. Method: In this study, 500 children between 4 to 10 years old, who have been admitted for their behavioural disturbance and anxiety to Dr-Sheikh Children Hospital in Mashhad, Iran, have been chosen. The parents fill Malhotra questionnaire and Conner’s questionnaire. Then subscales of questionnaires are compared together. Result: Power and energy (activity) are the only factors which are in relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Conclusion: Among temperament factor only power and energy (activity) have relation with conduct behaviour, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. Focus of attention (distractibility) is associated with hyperactivity. Sociability has no relationship with hyperactivity.

Study on Temperaments and Spiritual Connotations of Sichuan Gardens

Sichuan gardens consist of various types and forms, showing simple, primitive, peaceful, cultural and inclusive characteristics. These features owe to its special geographical condition, historical background and regional culture. Furthermore, Taoism that originated from the ancient Shu Kingdom influenced the formation of Sichuan garden deeply. Through reviewing its features and formation causes, spiritual connotations of Sichuan garden can be summarized as the worldview of pursuing the nature, the practical values and the philosophy of accommodating.

Validity of determining innate Mizaj (temperament) based on facial characteristics: a comparative study

In traditional Iranian medicine,accurate determination of Mizaj plays a very important role in the etiology and treatment of diseases.There are a lot of evidences and documents in original Iranian traditional medicine books and documents related to the relationship between Mizaj and the facial character and appearance.In this study,we investigated the validity of determining Mizaj based on facial dimensions and characteristics.For this purpose,a software was developed to determine Mizaj based on an algorithm of facial dimensions and appearance.This cross-sectional study investigated the validity of identifying Mizaj based on facial dimensions and appearance(using the facial-based Mizaj recognition software)by comparison with the Mizaj determined by a standardized questionnaire and by using the traditional method of experts’opinion on determining the Mizaj.The inclusion criteria of the study were being healthy,using no medication,and consent to participate in the study.The sample size of the study was 83 people.For analyzing the data,SPSS software version 19 was used.Also,for examining the level of internal agreement of the data,Kappa statistics were used.The results of the study showed that the level of agreement between determining Mizaj by facial characteristics with the experts’distinction of Mizaj is almost complete,and the level of agreement with the Mizaj questionnaire was moderate.The results showed that the facial-based Mizaj recognition software has a good validity to detect the Mizaj of individuals in the study sample.Although,studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the results of this study.

Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Individual Temperament and Somatotype in Young Athletes According to Iranian Traditional Medicine and Heath-Carter Method

Objectives:This study examined the hypothesis that whether any significant differences exist or not in individual temperament and somatotype components in young athletes.Methods:The cross-sectional study was carried out with 202 male athletes(age=23 years±2.7,mean±SE).They were categorized into four groups according to their temperaments by using a questionnaire.Also,the Heath-Carter method was applied to estimate the somatotype components.One-Way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s tests was organized(p<0.05)for data analysis.Results:In this research,the highest mesomorphy,ectomorphy and endomorphy components were observed in the Blood,Yellow Bile and Phlegm temperaments,respectively with means of 6.1±0.28,3.9±0.11,and 5.9±0.32.Also,a significant difference was observed between Blood temperament and mesomorphy component(p<0.001)but Blood temperament had insignificant differences with other studied somatotype components(p>0.05).Ectomorphy and mesomorphy components significantly differ among Yellow Bile temperament(p<0.05),while an insignificant difference was found between Yellow Bile temperament and endomorphy component(p>0.05).Significant differences also were showed between Black Bile temperament and all somatotype components(p<0.05).Among Phlegm temperament and endomorphy component was a significant difference(p<0.001),but there were no significant differences between the Phlegm temperament and the other two somatotype components(p>0.05).Conclusions:Given the importance of body type in sports performance,current findings suggest that coaches should be aware of the individual temperaments which could serve as a guide to design special training schedules for athletes.

A Comparative Study on The Personality Differences Between Tibetan and Chinese College Students——Look at Temperament Types in Paintings

Objective:To explore new ideas by comparing the individual differences reflected in the paintings of Tibetan and Han college students,in order to better carry out the mental health education of Tibetan college students to accumulate information.Methods:Firstly,according to the four temperament types,the painting characteristics were classified.Secondly,by comparing and analyzing the painting characteristics of 1221 college students’HTP test(including 704 Han people,517 Tibetan people,403 male students and 818 female students),it is found that there are significant differences in the characteristics of line,disorder degree and facial features emphasis in the paintings of Han and Tibetan college students.Results:There are significant differences between Han and Tibetan college students in Sanguine temperament dimension(t=-5.066,P<0.05).Conclusion:People with different temperament types often have different thinking and behavior styles,Tibetan college students have been influenced by their own culture and traditional habits since they were young,with obvious personality characteristics,therefore,it is better to carry out ideological and political education or psychological assistance on the basis of understanding their psychological and behavioral characteristics and combining their personality characteristics.

Is There an Association between Temperament and Apolipoprotein E? A Replication of a 1993 Young Finns Study

Background: An association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphism and temperament has been found in the Young Finns cohort. Motor activity in childhood and mental vitality, sociability and positive emotionality in adolescence were associated with apoE. Two research groups have attempted to replicate these findings but no associations have been found. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to confirm the original findings with new and more reliable genotyping from a larger sample derived from the same Young Finns Study as the original finding.Methods: The study included 2808 participants aged 3 - 18 years in 1980. The same methods in assessing temperament were used as in the original study. Temperament was operationalized as motor activity, cooperativeness, negative emotionality, mental vitality, sociability and positive emotionality. Temperament was assessed by participants’ mothers in 1980 and 1983 and self-rated in 1983 by adolescent participants. Results: Motor activity was not associated with apoE polymerphisms. All other previous results were replicated. Adolescents’ positive emotionality, mental vitality and sociability were associated with apoE. Conclusions: The results indicated that there is an association between temperament and apoE. The previous absence of association between temperament and apoE in the replication studies may be due to the fact that researchers used different dimensions of temperament and thus probably studied different phenomena. Cultural differences in personality assessment might also explain the contradictory findings.

Temperament and character as predictor of health related quality of life after metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty ——Personality and MCP joint arthroplasty outcome

Purpose: To evaluate personality characteris- tics’ impact upon outcome after silicone-based MP arthroplasty in RA patients. Methods: 40 RA patients who had undergone operations on their MP joints were investigated in a one-year fol- low-up. Objective measurement to assess grip strength and active range of motion—Paper- pencil-tests to assess pain during activity and at rest performance, QoL, and personality. Results: Significant improvement was observed in func- tion and pain related scores except for the pain related VAS and in several QoL facets and do- mains. Patients who experienced improvement reported higher scores on the activities of daily living facet of the WHO QoL questionnaire. Those with lower pain showed more independ- ence. The variance of the QoL domain scores, other than social and physical domains, could substantially and meaningfully be explained by variance of objective measures combined with personality scores. Conclusions: Most RA pa- tients’ QoL can be improved by MP arthroplasty despite remaining substantial level of pain. NS and HA seem to play an important role in the adaptation process during the long term, chronic illness;whereas SD represents a tool of coping with the burden of pain and disability. Personal- ity characteristics are highly predictive for QoL suggesting their important mediating role be- tween experienced pain and disability and HR QoL.

Are early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character dimensions correlated?

Objective: Aim of the study is to examine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas and the character and temperament aspects of personality, which are known as two approaches to the understanding of personality structure. Methods: We conducted the study using the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in 122 university students from different schools. Results and Conclusion: Results demonstrated that there are high level of positive as well as negative correlations between most of TCI items and some of the sub-scales of the YSQ, including vulnerability, social isolation and defectiveness. In consistent with the Halvorsen et al.’s findings, our study demonstrated that harm avoidance had a positive relationship with several EMSs, including emotional deprivation, deficiency, dependence, failure, subjugation and selfsacrifice. More importantly, we obtained the results consistent with theirs regarding the negative correlations between self-directedness and almost all of EMSs, with the exception of the schema of subjugation. We concluded that although some of the personality characteristics contained in the YSQ and the TCI are appeared to be related to each other, we need more studies to support the Young et al.’s suggestion that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are likely to reflect underlying characterological factors of personality.

Relationship between Temperaments of Medicinal Plants and Their Major Chemical Compounds

Objective: To determine any relationship between temperaments of medicinal plants referred to traditional Iranian manuscripts and their major chemical compounds. Methods: Plants used in traditional Iranian medicine were categorized based on their major chemical compounds including alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils. Their temperaments were extracted from traditional herbal pharmacopeias of Iran. The possible relationship between major chemical compounds and temperaments of each group were evaluated. Results: Plants containing phenolic compounds as their major constituents are hot and dry temperaments except those contain tannins with cold and dry temperaments. Plants containing essential oils have hot and dry temperaments except those whose major essential oils with alcoholic structure which have cold and dry temperaments. Alkaloid-containing plants have cold and dry or hot and dry temperaments based on their alkaloidal structures. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between major chemical compounds of medicinal plants and their temperaments mentioned in traditional Iranian manuscripts.

Microstructural brain abnormalities,affective temperaments,and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression

According to magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)studies,brain white matter(WM)abnormalities have been suggested to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder(MDD)and related suicidal behavior.However,MRI findings may be limited by low spatial resolution;therefore,an important contribution to the understanding of the role and significance of WM alterations derived by the development of the most recent magnetic resonance techniques,such as diffusion tensor imaging(DTI).Several DTI studies reported an association between altered WM integrity and MDD/suicidal behavior.Microstructural WM abnormalities may be located in neural circuits critically implicated in emotional processes and mood regulation resulting in enhanced vulnerability to psychiatric morbidity.WM abnormalities detected using DTI may contribute to functional deficits and help to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MDD as well as suicidal behavior.By a clinical point of view,research also suggested that affective temperaments may play a relevant role in the psychopathological characteristics of mood disorders,clinical trajectory of episodes and polarity,long‑term outcome and suicidality.Unfortunately,only few studies investigated the association between affective temperaments and WM abnormalities and discussed their possible implications in patients with MDD and suicidal behavior.Using a comprehensive search of Medline database,the aim of the present study was to critically review the current literature on the association between WM alterations as assessed by MRI and DTI techniques,affective temperaments,MDD and suicidal behavior.

Floristic composition,growth temperament and conservation status of woody plant species in the Cameroonian tropical rainforests

Introduction:Cameroon’s tropical rainforests are nowadays strewn with rural forests maintained by local popula‑tions;however,these forests are not officially recognized in the non‑permanent forest domain.Rural forests are non‑delimited riparian areas within the dense moist forest,reserved for rural housing,agricultural activities and agroforestry practices,freely exploited by the local communities for their livelihood without them having any rights to artisanal and commercial logging.This study aimed at contributing to the flora knowledge and the conservation state of woody plant species in rainforests.The study was carried out in two rural forests located in the Eastern and Southern agroforestry zones of Cameroon.Methods:The method adopted for floristic inventories combined a fixed area sampling unit and a variable area sampling unit.Woody individuals with diameter at breast height(dbh)<3.2 cm were counted and shrubs of 3.2≤dbh<10 cm were measured to analyse the understorey,while trees with dbh≥10 cm were measured and identified to characterize the canopy.Results:In the Essiengbot‑Mbankoho rural forest in Eastern Cameroon,468 species belonging to 61 families were recorded in the understory while 227 species belonging to 53 families were identified at the canopy level.A total of 40(7.68%)threatened species,18(3.45%)Near Threatened species and 408(78.31%)Least Concern species were recorded.In the Nbgwassa‑Opkweng rural forest in Southern Cameroon,534 species belonging to 64 families were identified in the understory while 225 species belonging to 43 families were recorded in the canopy.A total of 54(9.69%)threatened species,25(4.49%)Near Threatened species and 421(75.58%)Least Concern species were identified in this forest.Shannon’s diversity indices were above five in the understories and canopies of both forests.Shade‑bearer species were the most represented in the understories while the non‑pioneer light‑demanding and shade‑bearer species were the most abundant in the canopies.Conclusions:Despite the influence of slash‑and‑burn agriculture and subsistence farming practices,rural forests managed by local populations provide opportunities for preserving plant biodiversity.However,the presence of threatened species,pioneer species and non‑pioneer light‑demanding species in these forests is an indicator of mod‑erate and man‑induced disturbances that,in the absence of a forest management plan or sustainable management,may threaten this biodiversity.Legal management of rural forests could help in limiting the anthropogenic activities and pressures on community forests.

老年糖尿病患者气质性乐观与疾病适应的相关性分析

目的调查老年糖尿病患者疾病适应现状,探讨其与气质性乐观之间的相关性。方法本研究选取山东省泰安市3所社区医院288例老年糖尿病患者作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、简明糖尿病疾病适应能力量表(SF-DAAS)和乐观主义-悲观主义量表(OPS)收集数据并进行分析。结果SF-DAAS总分为(65.81±6.98)分,处于中等水平,在性别、婚姻状况、居住方式、定期监测血糖、病程上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);OPS总分为(39.85±6.41)分,经Pearson相关分析显示,老年糖尿病患者疾病适应与气质性乐观呈正相关(r=0.367,P<0.01)。结论老年糖尿病患者普遍存在疾病适应不良,气质性乐与疾病适应呈正相关关系。医护人员应注重指导患者建立气质性乐观人格特质,提高疾病适应能力,促进身心健康。