Simulation of water temperature distribution in Fenhe Reservoir

In order to evaluate the need of controlling the temperature of water discharged from the Fenhe Reservoir, the reservoir water temperature distribution was examined. A three-dimensional mathematical model was used to simulate the in-plane and vertical distribution of water temperature. The parameters of the model were calibrated with field data of the temperature distribution in the Fenhe Reservoir. The simulated temperature of discharged water is consistent with the measured data. The difference in temperature between the discharged water and the natural river channel is less than 3 ℃ under the current operating conditions. This will not significantly impact the environment of downstream areas.

Study on the Reservoir Water Quality Change Rule in Northern China

Water quality index of reservoir source water were tracked during three years in a north frigid area,the effect on supplied water quality was also studied.Based on the analysis of the monitoring data during the same season,the reservoir source water had typical and seasonal variation characteristics that was divided into four periods including the icebound period,spring period(or peach blossom period),stable period in summer and autumn and winter period.The icebound period was charactered by the typical low temperature and turbidity,pH and oxygen consumption decreased gradually showed that the gradually anaerobic trend existed in the reservoir.In May as the reservoir completely thawed,upstream water inflow and the total pollutant in the reservoir gradually increased,but the bottom of reservoir bottom was stable in the anaerobic state temporarily.The state completely disappeared,various index increased significantly in the middle of July.The water had high chroma characteristics,chroma and turbidity increased significantly in the summer and autumn(7-11months),but stability of water quality was poor because of rainfall.The reservoir gradually froze after the middle of November and the flow of water decreased.The peak of chroma appeared a month later than the water temperature.Due to the water turbidity was low,and the floc was small and light,the conventional water purification process design based on removal of turbidity achieved removal of chroma through a lot dosing of coagulant.

PROBLEMS OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION IN CHINA

As there are many heavily sedimentladen rivers in China, with high sediment concentration and a large quantity of sediment load, the sedimentation problems of the reservoirs built on those rivers are so serious that the amount of sediment deposited in the reservoirs is great and the rate of sedimentation is accelerated. According to the statistics, up to the end of 1981, a total amount of 11.5×109m3 of sediment were accumulated in those reservoirs, i.e. 14.2% of the total designed capacity were lost. The average annual loss in storage capacity reached 2.3 percent, being the highest in the world. Silting of impounding lakes not only has an effect on the benefits of the reservoirs and seriously threatens the life of reservoirs, but also results in many environmental problems which were not fully estimated in the planning of the reservoirs. In this paper, the situation of reservoir deposition in China are described from the following aspects: 1) the characteristics of hydrology and sediment of the rivers; 2) the seriousness of reservoir sedimentation in China; 3) problems caused by reservoir deposition; 4) the methods of minimizing sediment deposition, etc.

Towards full predictions of temperature dynamics in McNary Dam forebay using OpenFOAM

Hydroelectric facilities impact water temperature; low velocities in a reservoir increase residence time and enhance heat exchange in surface layers. In this study, an unsteady three-dimensional model was developed to predict the temperatm＇e dynamics in the McNary Dam forebay. The model is based on the open-source code OpenFOAM. RANS equations with the Boussinesq approximation were used to solve the flow field. A： realizable k-ε model that accounts for the production of wind turbulence was developed. Solar radiation and convective heat transfer at the free surface were included. The result of the model was compared with the field data collected on August 18, 2004. Changes in diurnal stratification were adequately predicted by the model. Observed vertical and lateral temperature distributions were accurately captured. Results indicate that the model can be used as a numerical tool to assess structural and operational alternatives to reduce the forebay temperature.

Development and application of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial apparatus for soil

The increasing severity of ground subsidence,ground fissure and other disasters caused by the excessive exploitation of deep underground resources has highlighted the pressing need for effective management.A significant contributing factor to the challenges faced is the inadequacy of existing soil mechanics experimental instruments in providing effective indicators,creating a bottleneck in comprehensively understanding the mechanisms of land subsidence.It is urgent to develop a multi-field and multi-functional soil mechanics experimental system to address this issue.Based soil mechanics theories,the existing manufacturing capabilities of triaxial apparatus and the practical demands of the test system,a set of multi-field coupled high-pressure triaxial system is developed tailored for testing deep soils(at depths of approximately 3000 m)and soft rock.This system incorporates specialized design elements such as high-pressure chamber and horizontal deformation testing devices.In addition to the conventional triaxial tester functions,its distinctive feature encompass a horizontal deformation tracking measuring device,a water release testing device and temperature control device for the sample.This ensemble facilitates testing of horizontal and vertical deformation water release and other parameters of samples under a specified stress conditions,at constant or varying temperature ranging from-40℃–90℃.The accuracy of the tested parameters meets the requirements of relevant current specifications.The test system not only provides scientifically robust data for revealing the deformation and failure mechanism of soil subjected to extreme temperature,but also offers critical data support for major engineering projects,deep exploration and mitigation efforts related to soil deformation-induced disaster.

Three-dimensional prediction of reservoir water temperature by the lattice Boltzmann method: Validation

The water temperature stratification in large reservoirs might have serious ecological and environmental consequences. The modeling of the temperature distribution and its history is of great importance both for studying the underlying mechanisms and for controlling the adverse effects. To develop an effective and efficient method for simulation of temporal and spatial temperature variations, a lattice Boltzmann method（LBM） model for 3-D thermal buoyancy flows is proposed and validated by the temperature data measured in a model reservoir. This paper discusses important aspects of the LBM and its turbulence model, analyzes the gravity sinking mechanism of cold currents, and demonstrates the complexity of the temperature redistribution process. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results shows that the newly developed method is feasible and powerful, and it will be used for the water temperature prediction in actual reservoirs in a near future.

A new method of inhibiting pollutant release from source water reservoir sediment by adding chemical stabilization agents combined with water-lifting aerator

Source water reservoirs easily become thermally and dynamically stratified. Internal pollution released from reservoir sediments is the main cause of water quality problems. To mitigate the internal pollution more effectively, a new method, which combined chemical stabilization with water lifting aerator （WLA） technology, was proposed and its effciency in inhibiting pollutant release was studied by controlled sediment-water interface experiments. The results showed that this new method can inhibit pollutant release from sediment effectively. The values of mean effciency （E） in different reactors 2#–5# （1# with no agent, 2# 10 mg/L polymeric aluminum chloride （PAC） was added, 3# 20 mg/L PAC was added, 4# 30 mg/L PAC was added, 5# 20 mg/L PAC and 0.2 mg/L palyacrylamide （PAM） were added） for PO43- were 35.0%, 43.9%, 50.4% and 63.6%, respectively. This showed that the higher the PAC concentration was, the better the inhibiting effciency was, and PAM addition strengthened the inhibiting effciency significantly. For Fe2＋, the corresponding values of E for the reactors 2#–5# were 22.9%, 47.2%, 34.3% and 46.2%, respectively. The inhibiting effect of PAC and PAM on Mn release remained positive for a relatively short time, about 10 days, and was not so effective as for PO43- and Fe2＋. The average effciencies in inhibiting the release of UV254 were 35.3%, 25.9%, 35.5%, 38.9% and 39.5% for reactors 2#–5#, respectively. The inhibiting mechanisms of the agents for different pollutants varied among the conditions and should be studied further.

HPAM/酚醛凝胶体系的低温成胶性能改进

水溶性酚醛树脂与部分聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)在低温环境需要促交剂配合才能反应形成冻胶,但是现有促交剂成胶速率过快且成胶强度远不及铬离子冻胶。本文通过实验筛选出含有大量伯、仲胺的阳离子聚合物GY,与甲醛、弱碱等物质复配得到促交剂GY-2;通过提高酚醛交联剂合成过程中的酚醛比、降低合成反应温度得到酚醛交联剂FQ-1;实验研究了矿化度对HPAM/FQ-1/GY-2凝胶体系成胶强度的影响,并考察了该凝胶体系的封窜能力及现场应用情况。GY的阳离子与HPAM的阴离子、交联剂中游离醛、低聚合度的羟甲基酚以离子吸附作用形成反应体系的微交联结构;GY中低温活性强的伯、仲胺可与HPAM中的部分酰胺基发生反应,增强HPAM低温下的共价交联反应活性;FQ-1更低聚合度的羟甲基酚可减缓酚醛交联剂树脂化自聚反应速率。HPAM/FQ-1/GY-2凝胶体系在矿化度3000数10000 mg/L下的成胶强度为20000数80000 mPa·s,成胶时间为24数120 h可调,抗盐性能较好。该凝胶体系在现场矿场应用效果良好,现场调剖10口井,12个月平均单井累计增油350 t。

基于CE-QUAL-W2模型的三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性分析

三峡水库蓄水以来,库区干、支流水文水动力变化显著。通过现场观测和构建三峡水库神农溪支流库湾立面二维水动力模型(CE-QUAL-W2),对比研究了三峡水库不同时期水流、水温时空分布特征。研究结果表明:神农溪库湾水体整体流速缓慢,不同时期均存在不同强度的异重流现象,包括干流倒灌异重流和上游入流底部顺坡异重流;枯水运行期和汛前消落期干流水体从表层潜入库湾,强度较弱;汛期和汛末蓄水期存在中层倒灌并且强度较大,影响整个库湾;上游入流处由于来流水温一般低于库湾,存在入流底部顺坡异重流现象。库湾水温呈春夏升温、秋冬降温的变化趋势,一年四季均存在水温分层现象;但冬季分层相对较弱,其它季节水温分层明显;水温分层模式因异重流的存在,明显不同于一般水库的水温分层。对比分析表明,CE-QUAL-W2模型可较为准确地反映神农溪库湾水流及水温时空分布特性。研究可为更细化分析三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性、开展水华预报提供技术支撑。

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐NNA系列高温高盐条件下界面活性研究

实验考察了作为驱油表面活性剂合成的氧乙基数n为7,8,9,12,15的十二烷醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐NNA-n在高温高盐条件下的界面张力性质。实验中使用华北油田晋45断块脱水脱气原油,实验温度70℃。用含钙镁离子0.6g/L的模拟水配制的NNA溶液,随矿化度增大(20120g/L),油水(平衡)界面张力显现低谷区,其中NNA-9和NNA-12显现较宽的超低界面张力区(10-3mN/m)。当矿化度分别为60、80、100g/L,钙镁离子浓度由0增至1.2g/L时,NNA-9和NNA-12在中间钙镁浓度区也显现界面张力低谷区;NNA-9的低谷区随矿化度加大而变深,在矿化度20g/L、钙镁浓度约为0.30.8g/L区间有超低值;NNA-12的界面张力则在矿化度80g/L时最低,超低值出现在钙镁浓度0.40.9g/L区间。NNA-9在矿化度40g/L模拟水中的1g/L溶液,在110℃老化192小时后,有效物含量为42%,界面张力为8.94×10-3mN/m。

中低温水基强凝胶堵剂CSAM的研制

水基凝胶CSAM由淀粉接枝聚丙烯酰胺 (S g PAM )、间苯二酚 (R)和六次甲基四胺 (U)水溶液生成。通过80℃下的组分浓度筛选得到了堵剂配方 :S g PAM ,6 g/L ;R ,4 g/L ;U ,0 .2 g/L。当pH值为 3～ 4时 ,配方溶液在<30℃可长期放置而不凝胶化 ,在 30～ 6 0℃下在 2 4～ 10h形成含有气泡的白色有弹性的强凝胶 ,在 >6 0℃成胶时间进一步缩短。配方溶液在pH >8时不形成强凝胶 ,在 pH为 8～ 1时成胶时间随 pH值减小而延长 ,最佳pH值为2～ 5。pH值 <1时形成的凝胶易失水收缩。配制水矿化度 (最高为 2 5 0 g/L)对凝胶的最终强度无影响 ,但影响处于可流动状态的凝胶粘度。强凝胶形成时间可根据地层温度通过组分配比调节。在 80℃下形成的凝胶 ,在 80℃下放置 3个月不破胶 ,不开裂。在岩心实验中水测渗透率为 0 .4 8和 1.1μm2 的填砂管在注入CSAM并在 80℃形成强凝胶后 ,水的突破压力达 4 3.3和 35 .4MPa/m ,注水 5 0PV后注入压差仍高达 4 1.6和 33.8MPa/m。图 2表 6参 4。

氨水吸收式制冷GAX循环中临界热源温度的理论分析

对氨水吸收式制冷GAX循环进行了理论分析,阐述了GAX循环存在临界热源温度的原因,编制了计算机模拟程序,分别对氨水吸收式制冷GAX循环与一般循环系统进行了理论计算与比较.得出了GAX循环性能与热源温度之间的变化关系:在蒸发温度为3℃、冷却水为32℃的条件下,GAX循环系统最低临界热源温度为110℃;在蒸发温度为3℃时,GAX循环系统最低临界热源温度值随冷却水温度的提高而升高;只有热源温度高于临界温度值时,GAX循环性能系数才能得到提高.所得结论为在实际氨水吸收式制冷系统中是否采用GAX循环提供了决策依据.

Boosting spring runoff into the sea by reservoir regulation and its potential for estuarine fishery recovery

With global surge in reservoir construction over the past decades,river systems worldwide have been profoundly fragmented.Consequently,flow manipulation by reservoirs has altered the natural hydrological processes,resulting in extensive modifications of fluvial-marine ecosystems.Mitigating the adverse ecological consequences of reservoirs has become a global concern and has garnered increasing attention.The Yellow River,as one of the most extensively manipulated river systems globally,has experienced substantial changes in the amount and timing of water discharge due to the presence of numerous reservoirs scattered throughout its catchment area.These alterations have caused physicochemical changes in the estuary and subsequent modifications to the estuarine ecosystem.In recent years,the Yellow River Conservancy Committee initiated the release of water through the Xiaolangdi Dam during the major spawning period of fisheries,specifically in the spring,with the aim of improving the estuarine ecological environment.From 2011 to 2020,a total of 84.05 km^(3)of water was discharged from the Xiaolangdi Reservoir during spring seasons,of which 40%(33.16 km^(3))constituted water impounded within the reservoir during preceding months.Correspondingly,the spring water discharge from the Yellow River to the sea increased significantly from 1.50 km^(3)/yr to 3.46 km^(3)/yr in the past decade,leading to a decrease in estuarine salinity by 1.6 PSU.The estuarine fishery resources,such as fish eggs in the Yellow River estuary,have demonstrated evident improvement.The reservoir regulation in the Yellow River,which has successfully enhanced spring water discharge and subsequently restored estuarine fishery resources,presents an effective attempt for mitigating the adverse ecological effects associated with reservoirs.

Na-K-Mg三角图修正与Na-K温标选取

Na-K-Mg三角图作为水–岩平衡状态初步判定的方法,未考虑具体温标公式和矿物成分对平衡状态的影响,因此通过基于不同Na-K温标公式修正后的Na-K-Mg三角图判断水岩平衡状态,并利用适合的Na-K温标公式计算地下热储温度,对划分地热系统成因类型和开发利用地热资源具有重要意义。研究发现,修正后的Na-K-Mg三角图中任意一点,对某种温标公式确定的曲线处于平衡状态,对另一温标公式确定的曲线则有可能处于部分平衡状态;且温度越低,这种现象越显著。最贫Mg上边界和最富Mg下边界是由不同的温标公式确定的,随温度具有明显的分段性。利用各Na-K温标公式作出T–lg(Na/K)曲线图,绘制曲线交点对应的基于各"完全平衡曲线"的Na-K-Mg三角图,得出温标公式的选取方法,并以西藏盐井地区为例计算热储温度。

耐温抗盐APR堵剂在英买力气藏的应用

针对塔里木油田英买力气藏产水严重的开发现状,创新性地提出了控水疏气一体化技术,并通过室内实验研制了适用于“三高”气藏控水疏气的APR堵剂体系,由1%丙烯酰胺/丙烯酰吗啉/乙烯吡咯烷酮三元共聚物(APR)+0.6%聚乙烯亚胺+0.6%改性氧化铝纳米颗粒+0.2%硫脲复配而成,考察了该冻胶体系的耐温耐盐性及长期稳定性,并通过物理模拟实验对堵剂的封堵能力进行了评价。结果表明:APR堵剂具有良好的耐温性和长期热稳定性,在107~150℃的地层水条件下(矿化度为23.33×10^(4)mg/L),成胶时间在2~14 h内可调可控,冻胶强度保持在G级,180 d脱水率最大仅为7.1%,且具有良好的封堵性能。在控水疏气一体化方式上,先注入0.5 PV的成胶液,再注入6 PV的N2,待成胶液固化交联后,冻胶的堵水疏气能力最强,此时冻胶对水的封堵能力是对气的封堵能力的9倍。该控水疏气APR堵剂体系为高温高压高盐气藏的高效开发提供了技术支持,具有广阔的应用前景。

低温调堵剂SAMG-Ⅰ的岩心封堵特性

针对油藏注水开发中后期常出现的高渗条带或窜流通道难以封堵的问题,用新研制的SAMG-Ⅰ低温调堵剂进行了室内高渗透岩心封堵特性实验研究.SAMG-Ⅰ调堵剂由5%～7%的淀粉,4.5%～7%的丙烯酰胺,0.05%～0.2%的有机交联剂,0.1%～1%的引发荆,0.1%～0.5%的缓聚剂以及吉林油田地层水配制而成,在30℃地层温度下,具有成胶时间可调,凝胶强度大,成胶稳定性好、抗剪切、抗老化能力强等特性.SAMG-Ⅰ调堵剂在高渗透岩心中运移特性好,运移深度可控,与砂岩孔隙骨架粘结强度大,封堵强度高,段塞厚度达10cm时测得突破压力为2.5 MPa,封堵率达99.91%.SAMG-Ⅰ调堵剂具有较好的封堵选择性,适用于低温油藏大孔道、窜流通道的封堵.图2表2参6.

Impacts of water release operations on algal blooms in a tributary bay of Three Gorges Reservoir

Water release operation is crucial for water quality in large reservoirs such as Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR),because it determines the hydrodynamics and hence the self-purification capability.As algal blooms were often observed in some tributary bays of TGR during the release periods,high frequency field observations were carried out in a typical eutrophic tributary bay(Xiangxi River) from February 9 to May 10,2009.In this paper we assess the hydrodynamic behaviour,density stratification,and trophic status in this bay,respectively using a series of observations for flow,physical,chemical and biological parameters.Then,we analyze the effects of reservoir release operations on algal blooms using correlation analysis method.An empirical prognosis is concluded for the likelihood of algal bloom occurrence as a function of daily fluctuation of water level(DFWL) and water temperature.Our results indicate that during the release period,the algal bloom occurrences are closely tied to the DFWL in that if the ratio of DFWL to total water depth ranges from -10×10-4 to 0,the possibility of algal blooms may reach up to 70%,and if the ratio is less than -10×10-4,then that risk can be significantly reduced to less than 10%.This paper finally suggests that a wave-type water release operation should be beneficial in reducing bloom frequencies in the tributary water bodies,which is helpful for TGR water quality management,especially for the water release operation optimization.

Modeling of thermodynamics of ice and water in seasonal ice-covered reservoir

A width-averaged 2-D numerical model for simulating vertical distributions of flow and water temperature in reservoirs with an ice cover is developed. In this model, the 2-D flow and water temperature distributions are solved by the finite volume method with the k-？ turbulent model. The heat conduction in the ice cover is modeled by the vertical heat transfer and the heat exchanges through the air-ice and ice-water interfaces. The model is applied to a 153 km long reservoir in Songhua River and the simulated results are in a good agreement with the field data of both the vertical water temperature and the ice thickness. The simulated results show that the ice cover thickness in the reservoir is not uniform, the maximum thickness appears in the middle reach, the outflow temperature has an obvious variation as compared with the natural temperature, and a buoyant flow occurs in the reservoir surface at the freeze-up and break-up periods. The model can effectively simulate the water temperature and the ice conditions of large reservoirs in cold regions.

基于CE-QUAL-W2模型的功果桥水库与景洪水库水温模拟对比

为探究地理位置(纬度)差异对库区水温的影响,以规模和运行方式相似的温带功果桥水库和热带景洪水库为研究对象,基于原型观测数据和CE-QUAL-W2模型,对比分析功果桥和景洪水库库区水温分布特征。结果表明,CE-QUAL-W2模型适用于温带及热带水库水温模拟,且能明晰不同气候带水库水温变化差异;景洪库区表层水温升温与降温过程明显滞后于功果桥库区表层水温;功果桥水库和景洪水库均为弱分层型水库,功果桥水库春、夏季呈弱分层状态,秋、冬季的分层现象不明显;景洪水库夏、秋季呈弱分层状态,春、冬季的分层现象不明显。研究结果可为澜沧江类似规模电站的水温研究提供参考。

The different responses of planktonic bacteria and archaea to water temperature maintain the stability of their community diversity in dammed rivers

Background Planktonic bacteria and archaea play a key role in river nutrient biogeochemical cycling;however,their respective community assembly and how to maintain their diversity are not well known in dammed rivers.Therefore,a seasonal survey of planktonic bacterial and archaeal community compositions and related environmental factors was conducted in 16 cascade reservoirs and corresponding river waters on the Wujiang River and the Pearl River in southwest China to understand the above mechanisms.Results Deterministic processes dominated bacterial and archaeal community assembly.The structural equation models showed that water temperature can directly or indirectly affect the microbial diversity.Interestingly,planktonic bacterial diversity increased with increasing water temperature,while archaea showed the opposite trend;the overall diversity of bacteria and archaea was no significant changes with changeable water temperature.Abundant microbes had a stronger distance–decay relationship than middle and rare ones,and the relationship was stronger in winter and spring than in summer and autumn.Conclusions Planktonic bacteria and archaea in dammed rivers had different biogeographic distributions,and water temperature was a key controlling factor.The different responses of planktonic bacterial and archaeal diversity to water temperature could be due to their different phylogenetic diversity.This ultimately maintained the stability of total microbial community diversity.This study reveals the different responses of planktonic bacteria and archaea to water temperature and perfects the theoretical framework for planktonic microbial biogeography in dammed rivers.