Improvement of a temperature response function for divertor heat flux monitoring in fusion devices

Temperature response functions have been developed to investigate sensor design and divertor heat flux estimation in magnetically confined plasmas. The time-dependent heat flux can be derived by fitting the response function to experimental thermocouple(TC) data. Because the TC signals have a time delay to transit events such as discharge start or confinement transition, the time delay is taken into account in a temperature response function. Such a function accurately describes the signal from each TC channel with time delay in a sensor test using a neutral beam injection. Measurement for commercial TCs shows that the time delay is caused by the finite heat capacity of TC wire and contact heat resistance between TC and target surface.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES ON TEMPERATURE RESPONSE AND OPTIMUM DESIGN OF C/M FGMS UNDER THERMAL CYCLIC LOADING

The influence of temperature-dependent properties on temperature response and optimum design of newly developed ceramic-metal functionally graded materials under cyclic thermal loading and high temperature gradient environment is studied. The thermal conductivity of the material is considered to be dependent on the temperature. In this paper, the temperature response of the material is calculated using a nonlinear finite element method. Emphasis is placed on the influence of temperatue-dependent properties on the thermal response and insulation property of the material render the different graded compositional distributions and different heat flux magnitudes. Through the analysis, it is suggested that the influence of temperature-dependent properties can not be neglected in the temperature response analysis and the optimum design process of the material must be based on the temperature-dependent temperature analysis theory.

Study on temperature response of the HERD calorimeter cell

Purpose To derive the temperature response of the basic unit of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the high energy cosmic-radiation detection(HERD)facility.Method Tested a method to measure HERD calorimeter cell(HCC)light yield using an ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode with a wavelength of 300 nm,and established an experimental setup and tested the light yield of the HCC at different temperatures in a thermal chamber.Results and conclusions The result showed that the signal amplitudes variation of the HCC reached up to 10.2% with temperature ranging from 0 to 60℃,if we narrow the temperature range to 0-35℃,the variation was about 3.7% and it showed much better linearity.This result provides a good instruction on the thermal control of the HERD calorimeter(CALO)to improve its performance.

Diphylleia Grayi-Inspired Intelligent Temperature-Responsive Transparent Nanofiber Membranes

Nanofiber membranes(NFMs) have become attractive candidates for next-generation flexible transparent materials due to their exceptional flexibility and breathability. However, improving the transmittance of NFMs is a great challenge due to the enormous reflection and incredibly poor transmission generated by the nanofiber-air interface. In this research, we report a general strategy for the preparation of flexible temperature-responsive transparent(TRT) membranes,which achieves a rapid transformation of NFMs from opaque to highly transparent under a narrow temperature window. In this process, the phase change material eicosane is coated on the surface of the polyurethane nanofibers by electrospray technology. When the temperature rises to 37 ℃, eicosane rapidly completes the phase transition and establishes the light transmission path between the nanofibers, preventing light loss from reflection at the nanofiber-air interface. The resulting TRT membrane exhibits high transmittance(> 90%), and fast response(5 s). This study achieves the first TRT transition of NFMs, offering a general strategy for building highly transparent nanofiber materials, shaping the future of next-generation intelligent temperature monitoring, anti-counterfeiting measures, and other high-performance devices.

Temperature Responses to External Heat Fluxes of the Power Distribution System on Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

High-temperature warnings frequently occurred at the Power Distribution System(PDS)of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer(AMS).To investigate the fundamental reasons,a theoretical model for the AMS PDS was established under the International Space Station(ISS)normal and special operating conditions.With the model,the study investigated the external heat fluxes and the temperature responses of the PDS.The effects of ISS special operations on the PDS’s thermal environment were also investigated.Results reveal that the total external heat flux at the PDS reaches its maximum value when the angleβis around–25°,where high-temperature warning frequently occurs.Under the ISS normal operating condition,the temperature response hysteresis at the PDS varies from 116 s to 230 s.When the ISS performed special operations,locking the ISS solar arrays had the greatest influence on the PDS’s external heat fluxes,and the average temperature at the PDS fell by 1.7°C.When the ISS performed multiple special operations,simultaneously locking the ISS solar arrays and adjusting the ISS flight attitude were the most frequent operations,of which the influences on the PDS temperature were the largest,i.e.,the changes in peak temperature reached up to+2.5°C.

Physiological Response to High Temperature and Evaluation of Heat Tolerance of Different Grape Cultivars

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the differences in the physiological responses of different grape cultivars to high temperature.[Methods]The 19 tested cultivars were selected from the grape germplasm resources pool of Turpan Research Institute of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Twelve physiological indexes including gas exchange parameters,chlorophyll content,antioxidant enzyme activity and proline content were determined in grape leaves under field conditions during the middle period of local natural high temperature period(July,daily maximum air temperature>35℃).The heat tolerance of different cultivars was evaluated by fuzzy membership function analysis and optimum partitioning clustering of ordered samples.[Results](1)Under natural high temperature conditions in Turpan,the 19 tested grape cultivars responded differently to high temperature.‘Red Globe’,‘Fujiminori’,‘Beta’,‘Hetianhuang’had strong heat tolerance,while‘Thompson Seedless’,‘Hongqi Tezaomeigui’,‘Shuijing Wuhe’,‘Victoria’,‘Yatomi Rosa’and‘Crimson Seedless’had weak heat tolerance.(2)Among the 12 physiological indexes,malondialdehyde content and antioxidant enzyme activity were mostly different among various grape cultivars.The grape cultivars with strong heat tolerance,‘Red Globe’and‘Fujiminori’,had relatively lower malondialdehyde contents,while‘Beta’and‘Hetianhuang’had relatively higher malondialdehyde contents.But they had higher activity of antioxidant enzymes.(3)The results of fuzzy membership function analysis showed that the cumulative membership value(AR)of each physiological index was consistent with its apparent heat tolerance performance,suggesting that AR can be a potential index for the evaluation of heat tolerance of grape cultivars.Further cluster analysis classified the tested cultivars as strong,medium and weak.‘Red Globe’,‘Fujiminori’,‘Beta’and‘Hetianhuang’had strong heat tolerance.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for grape cultivation under high temperature and stress and breeding of heat-tolerant varieties.

Response of Sample Temperature during Straight-Line Ion Implantation

A theoretical model for calculation of the sample temperature during straight-line nitrogen ion implantation was established based on the results of experiment in this paper. Taking the pure aluminum as the samples, and from the transformation of electric energy into thermal energy, the calculated values of the temperature were in good agreement with the measured values in the experiment. According to the simulation, this technology can be applied to the control of specimens temperature during the implantation.

THE STUDY OF THE NON-STEADY KINETICS OF THE OXYDEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE TO ETHYLENE OVER THE CATALYST OF Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 BY THE TECHNIQUE OF TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMED TRANSIENT RESPONSE AND ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY

In this paper, instead of with the more expensive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR) a new technique of Temperature Programmed Transient Response(TP-TR) has been used with gas chromatography. Therefore, the TP-TR will be applied more widespreadly than ever before. With the technique of TP-TR and electric conductivity, the study is on the reaction mechanism and the adsorption behavior of the reactants and products to the present catalyst Mo-V-Nb/Al_2O_3 in the reaction from ethane through oxydehydrogenation to ethylene as the product. By Range-Kutta-Gill and Margarat methods, the kinetic parameters of the reaction elementary steps (i.e. rate constants, active energies and frequency factors) have been evaluated. The mathematical treatment coincides with the experimental results.

Using a process-oriented methodology to precisely evaluate temperature suitability for potato growth in China using GIS

A process-oriented methodology to conduct precise evaluation temporally and spatially on temperature suitability for potato growth was applied in China. Arable lands in China were gridded with 1 km×1 km geographic units, and potential potato phenology in each unit was automatically identified in terms of the potato planting initial temperature and effective accu- mulated temperature. A temperature thermal response coefficient model was used to compute a temperature suitability value for each day of potato phenology in each geographic unit. In addition, five temperature suitability ranking methods were applied to define suitable areas： （1） upper fourth quantile, （2） median, （3） expected value＋1/4 standard deviation, （4） expected value＋1/2 standard deviation, （5） expected value＋1 standard deviation. A validation indicator was innovated to test the effectiveness of the five ranking methods. The results showed that from a strict degree point of view, the five methods sequence was as follows： 1=3〉4〉2〉5, with a and c determined as the two best ranking methods. For methods 1 and 3, the suitable potato growing area was 1 of 57.76× 10^4 km2. In addition, the suitable, areas were spatially coincident with the main potato producing counties. The study output technically supports the proposal from China＇s government that there is a large potential area to grow winter-ploughed potato in South China because the potential suitable area for growing potato is approximately 2×10^7 ha. In southeast Heilongjiang and east Jilin, where it is hilly and mountainous, there are still some potentially suitable areas for potato growing accounting for nearly 2.32×10^6 ha. The authors suggest to optimize the agricultural regionalization and layout in China and to adjust the cropping pattern structure.

Mixed-Alkali Effect on Thermal Property and Elastic Behavior in Borosilicate Glasses

We investigated the mixed alkali effect on the thermal properties and elastic response to temperature in the borosilicate glasses system with the composition of 70.65Si O_(2)·21.09B_(2)O_(3)·1.88Al_(2)O_(3)·(6.38-x)Li_(2)O·x Na_(2)O glasses,where x=0.00,1.595,3.19,4.785,and 6.38.Except for the expected positive and negative deviations from linearity for the coefficients of thermal expansion,room temperature E and G,we observed a new mixed alkali efiect on the response of elastic moduli to temperature.Fourier transform infrared spectra were obtained to elucidate the possible structural origin of the mixed alkali efiects.This work provides a valuable insight into the structural and mechanical properties of mixed-alkali borosilicate glasses.

Manipulating the Phase Transition Behavior of Dual Temperature-Responsive Block Copolymers by Adjusting Composition and Sequence

Temperature-responsive polymers have garnered significant attention due to their ability to respond to external stimuli.In this work,dual temperature-responsive block copolymers are synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization(RAFT)polymerization utilizing zwitterionic monomer methacryloyl ethyl sulfobetaine(SBMA) and N-isopropyl acrylamide(NIPAAm) as monomers.The thermal responsive behaviors can be easily modulated by incorporating additional hydrophobic monomer benzyl acrylate(BN) or hydrophilic monomer acrylic acid(AA),adjusting concentration or pH,or varying the degree of polymerization of the block chain segments.The cloud points of the copolymers are determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry,and these copolymers exhibit both controlled upper and lower critical solu bility temperatures(LCST and UCST) in aqueous solution.This study analyzes and summarizes the influencing factors of dual temperature responsive block copolymers by exploring the effects of various conditions on the phase transition temperature of temperature-sensitive polymers to explore the relationship between their properties and environment and structure to make them more selective in terms of temperature application range and regulation laws.It is very interesting that the introduction of poly-acrylic acid(PAA) segments in the middle of di-block copolymer PSBMA_(55)-b-PNIPAAm_(80) to form PSBMA_(55)-b-PAA_(x)-b-PNIPAAm_(80) results in a reversal of temperature-responsive behaviors from 'U'(LCST UCST) type,while the copolymer PSBMA_(55)-b-P(NIPAAm_(80)-co-AA_(x)) not.This work provides a clue for tuning the phase transition behavior of polymers for manufacture of extreme smart materials.

Molecular Regulation of Plant Responses to Environmental Temperatures

Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development,distribution,and seasonal behavior of plants.The entireplant life cycle is affected by environmental temperatures.Plants grow rapidly and exhibit specific changes in morphology under mild average temperature conditions,a response termed thermomorphogenesis.When exposed to chilling or moist chilling low temperatures,flowering or seed germination is accelerated in some plant species;these processes are known as vernalization and cold stratification,respectively.Interestingly,once many temperate plants are exposed to chilling temperatures for some time,they can acquire the ability to resist freezing stress,a process termed cold acclimation.In the face of global climate change,heat stress has emerged as a frequent challenge,which adversely affects plant growth and development.In this review,we summarize and discuss recent progress in dissecting them olecular mechanism sregulating plant thermomorphogenesis,vernalization,and responses to extreme temperatures.We also discuss the remaining issues that are crucial for understanding the interactions between plants and temperature.

Thermal behavior of materials in laser-assisted extreme manufacturing:Raman-based novel characterization

Laser-assisted manufacturing(LAM)is a technique that performs machining of materials using a laser heating process.During the process,temperatures can rise above over 2000°C.As a result,it is crucial to explore the thermal behavior of materials under such high temperatures to understand the physics behind LAM and provide feedback for manufacturing optimization.Raman spectroscopy,which is widely used for structure characterization,can provide a novel way to measure temperature during LAM.In this review,we discuss the mechanism of Raman-based temperature probing,its calibration,and sources of uncertainty/error,and how to control them.We critically review the Raman-based temperature measurement considering the spatial resolution under near-field optical heating and surface structure-induced asymmetries.As another critical aspect of Raman-based temperature measurement,temporal resolution is also reviewed to cover various ways of realizing ultrafast thermal probing.We conclude with a detailed outlook on Raman-based temperature probing in LAM and issues that need special attention.

Temperature and structural responses of a single-section utility tunnel throughout fire exposure

In this study,fire tests of four single-section scaled-down utility tunnels were conducted.By analyzing temperature and structural responses of the utility tunnel throughout the fire exposure,the effects on the fire behavior of two different construction methods,cast-in-situ and prefabricated,and of two different materials,ordinary concrete and full lightweight concrete,were explored.The results of the study showed that the shear failure of the cast-in-situ utility tunnel occurred at the end of the top or bottom plate,and the failure of the prefabricated utility tunnel occurred at the junction of the prefabricated member and post-cast concrete.As the temperature increased,the temperature gradient along the thickness direction of the tunnel became apparent.The maximum temperature difference between the inner and outer wall surfaces was 531.7°C.The highest temperature occurred in the cooling stage after stopping the heating,which provided a reference for the fire protection design and rescue of the utility tunnel.The displacement of the top plate of the prefabricated utility tunnel was 16.8 mm,which was 41.8%larger than that of the cast-in-situ utility tunnel.The bearing capacities of the ordinary concrete utility tunnel and full lightweight concrete utility tunnel after the fire loss were 27%and 16.8%,respectively.The full lightweight concrete utility tunnel exhibited good ductility and fire resistance and high collapse resistance.

Molecular mechanisms governing plant responses to high temperatures

The increased prevalence of high temperatures （HTs） around the world is a major global concern, as they dramatically affect agronomic productivity. Upon HT exposure, plants sense the temperature change and initiate cellular and metabolic responses that enable them to adapt to their new environmental conditions.Decoding the mechanisms by which plants cope with HT will facilitate the development of molecular markers to enable the production of plants with improved thermotolerance. In recent decades, genetic, physiological, molecular, and biochemical studies have revealed a number of vital cellular components and processes involved in thermoresponsive growth and the acquisition of thermo- tolerance in plants. This review summarizes the major mechanisms involved in plant HT responses, with a special focus on recent discoveries related to plant thermosensing, heat stress signaling, and HT-regulated gene expression networks that promote plant adaptation to elevated environmental temperatures.

Temperature Modulates Tissue-Specification Program to Control Fruit Dehiscence in Brassicaceae

Plants respond to diurnal and seasonal changes in temperature by reprogramming vital developmental pathways. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that define environmental modulation of plant growth and reproduction is critical in the context of climate change that threatens crop yield worldwide. Here, we report that elevated temperature accelerates fruit dehiscence in members of the Brassicaceae family including the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and important crop species. Arabidopsis fruit development is controlled by a network of interacting regulatory genes. Among them, the INDEHISCENT （IND） gene is a key regulator of the valve-margin tissue that mediates fruit opening, hence facilitating fruit dehiscence. We demonstrated that the valve-margin development is accelerated at higher temperature and that IND is tar- geted for thermosensory control. Our results reveal that IND upregulation is facilitated via temperature- induced chromatin dynamics leading to accelerated valve-margin specification and dispersal of the seed. Specifically, we show that temperature-induced changes in IND expression are associated with ther- mosensory H2A.Z nucleosome dynamics. These findings establish a molecular framework connecting tis- sue identity with thermal sensing and set out directions for the production of temperature-resilient crops.

Temperature-mediated regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana

Throughout a plant's life cyde,temperature plays a major role in development.Regulatory modules use temperature cues to control gene expression,facilitating physiological change from germination to flowering.These regulatory modules control morphological and molecular responses to temperature changes caused by seasonal changes or by temporary fluctuations,providing a versatile plasticity of plants.In this review,we outline how temperature changes affect the regu latory modules that induce and repress flowering,in addition to general temperature regulation.Recent studies have identified several regulatory modules by which floral transition and growth responses are controlled in a tem-perature-dependent manner.This review will report on recent studies related to floral transition and ambient temperature response.

Response of soil CO_2 efflux to precipitation manipulation in a semiarid grassland

Soil CO_2efflux（SCE） is an important component of ecosystem CO_2 exchange and is largely temperature and moisture dependent, providing feedback between C cycling and the climate system. We used a precipitation manipulation experiment to examine the effects of precipitation treatment on SCE and its dependences on soil temperature and moisture in a semiarid grassland. Precipitation manipulation included ambient precipitation, decreased precipitation（- 43%）, or increased precipitation（＋ 17%）. The SCE was measured from July2013 to December 2014, and CO_2 emission during the experimental period was assessed.The response curves of SCE to soil temperature and moisture were analyzed to determine whether the dependence of SCE on soil temperature or moisture varied with precipitation manipulation. The SCE significantly varied seasonally but was not affected by precipitation treatments regardless of season. Increasing precipitation resulted in an upward shift of SCE–temperature response curves and rightward shift of SCE–moisture response curves,while decreasing precipitation resulted in opposite shifts of such response curves. These shifts in the SCE response curves suggested that increasing precipitation strengthened the dependence of SCE on temperature or moisture, and decreasing precipitation weakened such dependences. Such shifts affected the predictions in soil CO_2 emissions for different precipitation treatments. When considering such shifts, decreasing or increasing precipitation resulted in 43 or 75% less change, respectively, in CO_2 emission compared with changes in emissions predicted without considering such shifts. Furthermore, the effects of shifts in SCE response curves on CO_2 emission prediction were greater during the growing than the non-growing season.

A smart MXene-copolymeric molecularly imprinted hydrogel with dual-response and photothermal conversion performance for specific recognition of cis-diol compounds

In this work,a novel MXene-copolymeric molecularly imprinted hydrogel(FMMIH)with temperature/pH dual response and photothermal conversion performance for selective recognition of cis-diol compounds is successfully prepared.Functionalized MXene becomes an important part of the hydrogel’s skeleton by participating in the free radical polymerization reaction.Therefore,FMMIH exhibits improved mechanical properties and great photothermal conversion performance.Furthermore,based on the temperature/pH dual response,FMMIH can realize the controllable capture and release of ginsenoside Rb1 with cis diol structures through dual recognitions of functional groups and geometric space.Under the conditions of pH 8.5 and 25℃,the adsorption capacity of FMMIH is 26.3 mg·g^(-1) and the imprinting factor is 16.4,showing a good imprinting effect.It is worth noting that the volume shrinkage caused by photothermal conversion of the hydrogel is conducive to the elution of template molecules and greatly saves the time of desorption(the desorption efficiency is as high as 89.4%under light conditions for 30 min,which is 3.7 times in dark conditions).These excellent properties make it possible to have broad prospects in many fields such as separation of cis-diol compounds,drug delivery systems,and biosensors.

Regulated extravascular microenvironment via reversible thermosensitive hydrogel for inhibiting calcium influx and vasospasm

Arterial vasospasm after microsurgery can cause severe obstruction of blood flow manifested as low tissue temperature,leading to tissue necrosis.The timely discovery and synchronized treatment become pivotal.In this study,a reversible,intelligent,responsive thermosensitive hydrogel system is constructed employing both the gel–sol transition and the sol–gel transition.The“reversible thermosensitive(RTS)”hydrogel loaded with verapamil hydrochloride is designed to dynamically and continuously regulate the extravascular microenvi-ronment by inhibiting extracellular calcium influx.After accurate implantation and following in situ gelation,the RTS hydrogel reverses to the sol state causing massive drug release to inhibit vasospasm when the tissue tem-perature drops to the predetermined transition temperature.Subsequent restoration of the blood supply allevi-ates further tissue injury.Before the temperature drops,the RTS hydrogel maintains the gel state as a sustained-release reservoir to prevent vasospasm.The inhibition of calcium influx and vasospasm in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated using vascular smooth muscle cells,mice mesenteric arterial rings,and vascular ultrasonic Doppler detection.Subsequent animal experiments demonstrate that RTS hydrogel can promote tissue survival and alleviate tissue injury responding to temperature change.Therefore,this RTS hydrogel holds therapeutic po-tential for diseases requiring timely detection of temperature change.