Temperature-dependent sex determination（TSD） is a type of environmental sex determination in which the sex of the embryos depends on the ambient temperature; however,the molecular mechanisms governing this process r...Temperature-dependent sex determination（TSD） is a type of environmental sex determination in which the sex of the embryos depends on the ambient temperature; however,the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain unknown.Aromatase,encoded by the cyp19a1 gene,which converts androgens into estrogens in animals,was considered to be the key gene for TSD.In this study,the 5＇-flanking region of the cyp19a1 gene in Reeves＇ turtle（Mauremys reevesii） was cloned,and the promoter region was identified using the luciferase reporter assay.Then the eggs of Reeves＇ turtle were incubated at different temperatures（26°C： male-biased temperature; 29°C： non-sex-biased temperature and 32°C： female-biased temperature）.During the thermosensitive period,the adrenal kidney gonad complexes（AKG） were sampled.DNA methylation analysis of the AKG samples showed that the promoter region of the cyp19a1 gene was significantly de-methylated in the female-biased temperature regime（P＆lt;0.01）.Quantitative analysis of the cyp19a1 gene and estrogen by q PCR and Elisa assay showed that the expression level of the cyp19a1 gene and estrogen content were both upregulated significantly at the female-biased temperature（P＆lt;0.01）.These results indicated that the de-methylation response of the cyp19a1 gene to incubation temperature,especially at the female-biased temperature,could lead to temperature-specific expression of aromatase and increased estrogen levels,which may further determine gonadal development in Reeves＇ turtle.These findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying TSD.展开更多
Cnidarians, being regarded as ‘basal' metazoan animals, are considered to have relatively high plasticity in terms of sex reversal. In this study we used an experimental approach to demonstrate sexual diff erenti...Cnidarians, being regarded as ‘basal' metazoan animals, are considered to have relatively high plasticity in terms of sex reversal. In this study we used an experimental approach to demonstrate sexual diff erentiation and plasticity in benthic polyps and pelagic medusae of A urelia sp.1 maintained at dif ferent temperatures. Results indicated that in A urelia sp.1, sex diff erentiation has been determined at the polyp stage and that all medusae originating from a given polyp are, phenotypically, of the same sex. In addition, the sex of polyps budding from the same clone(either male or female) at dif ferent temperatures appears to be the same as that of the parent. The sex of medusae that had originated from a known-sex polyp was observed to remain the same as that of the parent, irrespective of differences in strobilation or rearing temperatures. These results indicate that the mechanism of sex determination of Aurelia sp.1. is not influenced by prevailing temperature regimes. A comparison of variability in terms of sexual plasticity of A urelia sp.1 with that of Hydrozoa and Anthozoa suggests that species characterized by a free-swimming medusa life stage have a high dispersal potential, which probably results in a lower rate of sex reversal.展开更多
罗非鱼染色体遗传型性别决定机制(Chromosomal genetic sex determination,GSD)的研究开展较早,目前利用种间杂交的方法得到全雄罗非鱼在生产上已广泛应用,而对影响罗非鱼性别决定的环境因素研究开展较晚。研究证实罗非鱼确实存在温度...罗非鱼染色体遗传型性别决定机制(Chromosomal genetic sex determination,GSD)的研究开展较早,目前利用种间杂交的方法得到全雄罗非鱼在生产上已广泛应用,而对影响罗非鱼性别决定的环境因素研究开展较晚。研究证实罗非鱼确实存在温度依赖型性别决定机制(Temperature-dependent sex determination,TSD),而且这种温度依赖型性别决定机制只出现在性别发育的某一特定时期。近年来,研究者们开始尝试用分子生物学手段来研究罗非鱼性别决定及分化机制,寻找影响性别决定的基因位点、研究位点之间的相互关系及其相互作用,以及外界因素是如何通过调控性别决定位点来影响鱼类性别分化的等。目前研究的主要功能基因有DMRT基因家族、DAX1、SHP、AMH、oP450arom等。最新研究结果表明,tDMRT1可作为尼罗罗非鱼精巢分化的分子标记。展开更多
在一些爬行动物中,个体的性别完全取决于胚胎发育过程中的环境温度,称之为温度依赖型性别决定(temperaturedependent sex determination,TSD).TSD的分子机制长期是个谜,特别是调控早期性腺分化的分子基础仍不清楚.本文通过表达分析和基...在一些爬行动物中,个体的性别完全取决于胚胎发育过程中的环境温度,称之为温度依赖型性别决定(temperaturedependent sex determination,TSD).TSD的分子机制长期是个谜,特别是调控早期性腺分化的分子基础仍不清楚.本文通过表达分析和基因敲低手段研究了Sox9基因在红耳龟雄性性腺分化中的生物学功能,为TSD动物的性别决定和性腺发育的分子机制的研究奠定了基础.qRT-PCR显示,从性腺分化前的17期起,Sox9呈现产雄温度(male-producing temperature,MPT)性腺特异性高表达,而在产雌温度(female-producing temperature,FPT)性腺中表达水平极低.免疫组化进一步证实了SOX9蛋白的MPT特异性表达趋势,其定位于Sertoli前体细胞核中.温度置换实验显示,与MPT性腺相比,MPT→FPT性腺中(16期置换)的Sox9表达量从17期起就显著降低,表明Sox9能快速响应温度变化.同时MPT性腺经过雌激素处理后,Sox9表达量亦快速下调.功能缺失研究显示,经过Sox9-RNAi处理后,90.9%(20/22)的MPT性腺结构明显雌性化,皮质区高度发育,髓质区退化,揭示Sox9的敲低能导致雄性向雌性性逆转.上述研究表明,Sox9是红耳龟早期睾丸分化的关键调控因子,参与TSD的雄性分化通路.展开更多
爬行动物性别决定方式主要有遗传依赖型性别决定(genetic sex determination,GSD)和环境依赖型性别决定(environmental sex determination,ESD),而ESD又以温度依赖型性别决定(temperature sex determination,TSD)为主。研究爬行动物TSD...爬行动物性别决定方式主要有遗传依赖型性别决定(genetic sex determination,GSD)和环境依赖型性别决定(environmental sex determination,ESD),而ESD又以温度依赖型性别决定(temperature sex determination,TSD)为主。研究爬行动物TSD有助于人们弄清楚环境条件对物种表型的影响,从而更好地利用环境条件和遗传基础的共同机制来人为的改善或者诱导具TSD型物种的进化方向,以实现自然和人类的最大利益。该篇综述从母系活动、气候变化(全球气候变暖)、类固醇以及TSD机制四个方面总结了近年来关于爬行动物TSD的最新研究。展开更多
为研究Amh基因在TSD(Temperature-dependent sex determination,温度依赖型性别决定)中的功能,文章以红耳龟Trachemys scripta为TSD动物模型,分析了Amh在胚胎性腺中的精细表达特征和细胞定位;通过基因功能缺失和获得研究手段,验证了Amh...为研究Amh基因在TSD(Temperature-dependent sex determination,温度依赖型性别决定)中的功能,文章以红耳龟Trachemys scripta为TSD动物模型,分析了Amh在胚胎性腺中的精细表达特征和细胞定位;通过基因功能缺失和获得研究手段,验证了Amh在TSD中的具体功能。表达分析结果显示,Amh基因在性腺分化启动前的第15期便已呈现产雄温度(Male-producing temperature,MPT)性腺高表达;AMH蛋白主要定位在MPT性腺sertoli前体细胞上,而在各个发育时期的FPT(Female-producing temperature,产雌温度)性腺中仅检测到极其微弱的Amh mRNA和蛋白表达信号。RNA干扰实验显示,敲低Amh后的MPT性腺出现了雄性向雌性完全性逆转,雄性分化因子Sox9明显下调,雌性分化因子Foxl2和Cyp19a1显著上调;相反地,异位表达Amh后的FPT性腺则转向睾丸方向分化,Foxl2和Cyp19a1表达被抑制,Sox9表达上升。上述研究表明,Amh是启动红耳龟早期睾丸分化必需且充分的关键因子,处于TSD雄性分化分子通路上游。展开更多
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31401053 and 31471966)Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2015A030313903)+1 种基金GDAS Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2017GDASCX-0107)the Funds for Environment Construction and Capacity Building of GDAS’Research Platform(2016GDASPT-0107)
文摘Temperature-dependent sex determination（TSD） is a type of environmental sex determination in which the sex of the embryos depends on the ambient temperature; however,the molecular mechanisms governing this process remain unknown.Aromatase,encoded by the cyp19a1 gene,which converts androgens into estrogens in animals,was considered to be the key gene for TSD.In this study,the 5＇-flanking region of the cyp19a1 gene in Reeves＇ turtle（Mauremys reevesii） was cloned,and the promoter region was identified using the luciferase reporter assay.Then the eggs of Reeves＇ turtle were incubated at different temperatures（26°C： male-biased temperature; 29°C： non-sex-biased temperature and 32°C： female-biased temperature）.During the thermosensitive period,the adrenal kidney gonad complexes（AKG） were sampled.DNA methylation analysis of the AKG samples showed that the promoter region of the cyp19a1 gene was significantly de-methylated in the female-biased temperature regime（P＆lt;0.01）.Quantitative analysis of the cyp19a1 gene and estrogen by q PCR and Elisa assay showed that the expression level of the cyp19a1 gene and estrogen content were both upregulated significantly at the female-biased temperature（P＆lt;0.01）.These results indicated that the de-methylation response of the cyp19a1 gene to incubation temperature,especially at the female-biased temperature,could lead to temperature-specific expression of aromatase and increased estrogen levels,which may further determine gonadal development in Reeves＇ turtle.These findings provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying TSD.
基金Supported by the Key Research Project of Hainan Province(No.ZDKJ2016011)the Key Laboratory of Mariculture&Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China(No.2014-MSENC-KF-01)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(No.20163054)the Special Scientific Research Funds for Central Non-profit Institutes,Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institutes(No.20603022015011)
文摘Cnidarians, being regarded as ‘basal' metazoan animals, are considered to have relatively high plasticity in terms of sex reversal. In this study we used an experimental approach to demonstrate sexual diff erentiation and plasticity in benthic polyps and pelagic medusae of A urelia sp.1 maintained at dif ferent temperatures. Results indicated that in A urelia sp.1, sex diff erentiation has been determined at the polyp stage and that all medusae originating from a given polyp are, phenotypically, of the same sex. In addition, the sex of polyps budding from the same clone(either male or female) at dif ferent temperatures appears to be the same as that of the parent. The sex of medusae that had originated from a known-sex polyp was observed to remain the same as that of the parent, irrespective of differences in strobilation or rearing temperatures. These results indicate that the mechanism of sex determination of Aurelia sp.1. is not influenced by prevailing temperature regimes. A comparison of variability in terms of sexual plasticity of A urelia sp.1 with that of Hydrozoa and Anthozoa suggests that species characterized by a free-swimming medusa life stage have a high dispersal potential, which probably results in a lower rate of sex reversal.
文摘罗非鱼染色体遗传型性别决定机制(Chromosomal genetic sex determination,GSD)的研究开展较早,目前利用种间杂交的方法得到全雄罗非鱼在生产上已广泛应用,而对影响罗非鱼性别决定的环境因素研究开展较晚。研究证实罗非鱼确实存在温度依赖型性别决定机制(Temperature-dependent sex determination,TSD),而且这种温度依赖型性别决定机制只出现在性别发育的某一特定时期。近年来,研究者们开始尝试用分子生物学手段来研究罗非鱼性别决定及分化机制,寻找影响性别决定的基因位点、研究位点之间的相互关系及其相互作用,以及外界因素是如何通过调控性别决定位点来影响鱼类性别分化的等。目前研究的主要功能基因有DMRT基因家族、DAX1、SHP、AMH、oP450arom等。最新研究结果表明,tDMRT1可作为尼罗罗非鱼精巢分化的分子标记。
文摘在一些爬行动物中,个体的性别完全取决于胚胎发育过程中的环境温度,称之为温度依赖型性别决定(temperaturedependent sex determination,TSD).TSD的分子机制长期是个谜,特别是调控早期性腺分化的分子基础仍不清楚.本文通过表达分析和基因敲低手段研究了Sox9基因在红耳龟雄性性腺分化中的生物学功能,为TSD动物的性别决定和性腺发育的分子机制的研究奠定了基础.qRT-PCR显示,从性腺分化前的17期起,Sox9呈现产雄温度(male-producing temperature,MPT)性腺特异性高表达,而在产雌温度(female-producing temperature,FPT)性腺中表达水平极低.免疫组化进一步证实了SOX9蛋白的MPT特异性表达趋势,其定位于Sertoli前体细胞核中.温度置换实验显示,与MPT性腺相比,MPT→FPT性腺中(16期置换)的Sox9表达量从17期起就显著降低,表明Sox9能快速响应温度变化.同时MPT性腺经过雌激素处理后,Sox9表达量亦快速下调.功能缺失研究显示,经过Sox9-RNAi处理后,90.9%(20/22)的MPT性腺结构明显雌性化,皮质区高度发育,髓质区退化,揭示Sox9的敲低能导致雄性向雌性性逆转.上述研究表明,Sox9是红耳龟早期睾丸分化的关键调控因子,参与TSD的雄性分化通路.
文摘爬行动物性别决定方式主要有遗传依赖型性别决定(genetic sex determination,GSD)和环境依赖型性别决定(environmental sex determination,ESD),而ESD又以温度依赖型性别决定(temperature sex determination,TSD)为主。研究爬行动物TSD有助于人们弄清楚环境条件对物种表型的影响,从而更好地利用环境条件和遗传基础的共同机制来人为的改善或者诱导具TSD型物种的进化方向,以实现自然和人类的最大利益。该篇综述从母系活动、气候变化(全球气候变暖)、类固醇以及TSD机制四个方面总结了近年来关于爬行动物TSD的最新研究。
