Effect of Landform on Seasonal Temperature Structures across China in the Past 52 Years

The data of 16o national meteorological observatory stations including the long-term monthly temperature data in China were analyzed to study the seasonal variation of the spatial temperature structures across China in the past half century. It is found that temperature structures differ between seasons： a latitude temperature pattern in winter and a landform temperature pattern in summer, which indicate that the effect of landform on temperature structure is much stronger in summer than that in winter and the effect of latitudinal temperature is much stronger in winter than that in summer. The mechanisms of the seasonal difference in temperature structures are also discussed in this paper.

Inversion of the three-dimensional temperature structure of mesoscale eddies in the Northwest Pacific based on deep learning

Mesoscale eddies,which are mainly caused by baroclinic effects in the ocean,are common oceanic phenomena in the Northwest Pacific Ocean and play very important roles in ocean circulation,ocean dynamics and material energy transport.The temperature structure of mesoscale eddies will lead to variations in oceanic baroclinity,which can be reflected in the sea level anomaly(SLA).Deep learning can automatically extract different features of data at multiple levels without human intervention,and find the hidden relations of data.Therefore,combining satellite SLA data with deep learning is a good way to invert the temperature structure inside eddies.This paper proposes a deep learning algorithm,eddy convolution neural network(ECN),which can train the relationship between mesoscale eddy temperature anomalies and sea level anomalies(SLAs),relying on the powerful feature extraction and learning abilities of convolutional neural networks.After obtaining the temperature structure model through ECN,according to climatic temperature data,the temperature structure of mesoscale eddies in the Northwest Pacific is retrieved with a spatial resolution of 0.25°at depths of 0–1000 m.The overall accuracy of the ECN temperature structure is verified using Argo profiles at the locations of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies during 2015–2016.Taking 10%error as the acceptable threshold of accuracy,89.64%and 87.25%of the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddy temperature structures obtained by ECN met the threshold,respectively.

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea: focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system, the diel vertical migration （DVM） of the sound-scatteringlayer （SSL） in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water （YSBCW） of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April （spring） and August （summer） of 2010 and 2011. For each survey, 13-27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station. The acoustic volume scattering strength （Sv） data were analyzed with temperature profile data. In the spring of both 2010 and 2011, the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column, moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day. Conductivity, temperature, and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8℃. However, the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011. In the summer of 2010 （≈28℃ at the surface）, the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day, but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10-30 m at night. In the summer of 2011 （≈20℃ at the surface）, the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night, possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area. It was cancluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.

A STUDY ON THE ESTIMATION OF TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE PARAMETER IN ABL WITH ELEVATED INVERSION

Temperature structure parameter in the vertical is estimated once by using the turbulence outer scale approximation and another by using the Obukhov similarity relationship during the formation of an elevated inversion.A comparison of the profiles drawn using both the methods is done for the pur- pose of assessing the accuracy of the similarity method when applied to levels above the surface-based layer.The profiles obtained by both the methods are also compared with a similar profile obtained af- ter considering a bulk shear between the ground and top of the elevated layer.

Lattice Boltzmann Study of Flow and Temperature Structures of Non-Isothermal Laminar Impinging Streams

Previous works on impinging streams mainly focused on the structures of flow field,but paid less attention to the structures of temperature field,which are very important in practical applications.In this paper,the influences of the Reynolds number(Re)and Prandtl number(Pr)on the structures of flow and temperature fields of non-isothermal laminar impinging streams are both studied numerically with the lattice Boltzmann method,and two cases with and without buoyancy effect are considered.Numerical results show that the structures are quite different in these cases.Moreover,in the case with buoyancy effect,some new deflection and periodic structures are found,and their independence on the outlet boundary condition is also verified.These findings may help to understand the flow and temperature structures of non-isothermal impinging streams further.

Influence of Deposition Temperature and Pressure on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Arc Ion Plated Ag Films

The films deposited at low temperature（LT-films） have increasingly attracted theoretical and technical interests since such films exhibit obvious difference in structure and performances compared to those deposited at room temperature.Studies on the tribological properties of LT-films are rarely reported in available literatures.In this paper,the structure,morphology and tribological properties of Ag films,deposited at LT（166 K） under various Ar pressures on AISI 440C steel substrates by arc ion plating（AIP）,are studied by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,atomic force microscopy（AFM） and a vacuum ball-on-disk tribometer,and compared with the Ag films deposited at RT（300 K）.XRD results show that（200） preferred orientation of the films is promoted at LT and low Ar pressure.The Crystallite sizes are 70 nm-80 nm for LT-Ag films deposited at 0.2 Pa and 0.8 Pa and larger than 100 nm for LT-Ag films deposited at 0.4 Pa and 0.6 Pa,while they are 55 nm-60 nm for RT-Ag films deposited at 0.2 Pa-0.6 Pa and 37 nm for RT-Ag films deposited at 0.8 Pa.The surfaces of LT-Ag films are fibre-like at 0.6 Pa and 0.8 Pa,terrace-like at 0.4 Pa,and sphere-like at 0.2 Pa,while the surfaces of RT-Ag films are composed of sphere-like grains separated by voids.Wear tests reveal that,due to the compact microstructure LT-Ag films have better wear resistances than RT-Ag film.These results indicate that the microstructure and wear resistance of Ag films deposited by AIP can be improved by low temperature deposition.

Effect of temperature and stress on molecular structure and carbon monoxide generation of lignite from Kailuan mining area

In order to analyze the origin of carbon monoxide(CO) in coal seams, stress–strain experiments under temperature of 50, 150 and 250 °C were conducted using lignite from Kailuan mining area. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis were carried out before and after deformation of the samples. The results indicated that CO generated at 150 and 250 °C; the gas component was mostly oxygen(O_2), with small amount of carbon dioxide(CO_2), methane(CH_4) and hydrogen(H_2). At 50 °C, O_2 and a little CO_2 were observed and no CO was found. The carbon content of the coal samples increased slightly after deformation, and the oxygen content, H/C ratio, and O/C ratio decreased. The molecular structure of coal displayed different evolution characteristics at various temperatures. At 50 and 150 °C, the falling off of side chains, broken of ether bond and directional realignment of the aliphatic chains resulting in the formation of long chains were the main performance of coal molecular structure evolution. While at 250 °C, the side chains fell off and short chains formed. Furthermore, at both 150 and 250 °C, condensed degree of aromatic ring increased. Under the action of temperature and pressure, CO forms in two ways.The first is that ether bond breaks, oxygen and carbon atoms combine together and forms CO, or O_2 forming in the broken of ether–oxygen bond leads to the oxidation of free radicals and resulting in the formation of CO. And the second is that CO derives from falling off of C=O group.

A STUDY ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POLYBUTYLALDEHYDE FORMED IN LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA

The polybutylaldehyde obtained by plasma polymerization was investigated by means of IR, X-ray diffraction, GC-MS, elementary analysis, TEM, electron diffraction and contact angle measurements etc. The results showed that the polymer formed in plasma is amorphous crosslinked polymer, and its backbone is made of carbon atoms. The surface energy of the polymer film is independent of the polymerization conditions. No addition reaction has taken place in the carbonyl group of butylaldehyde in the plasma condition. The result of the wettability measurements showed that the polymer film is generally hydrophobic and the surface energy of the film is about 41 dyn/cm, in which the dispersion force contribution is the majority. The electron diffraction proved that some crystal substance, even the single crystals were present in the polymer. X-ray diffraction also proved the presence of crystal and showed about 15% crystaUinity fraction.

Measurement and theoretical analysis of solar temperature field in steel-concrete composite girder

The solar temperature field of a large three-span continuous bridge with steel-concrete composite box girder and variable cross-section is measured to verify a calculation method for the temperature field of steel-concrete composite beams. The test results show that the temperature of an external steel web- plate is higher than that of an internal web-plate due to the difference in solar radiation. Air temperature inside the box matches the average temperature of the whole steel box. Based on actual measurements, a transient thermal analysis with multiple boundary conditions is also carried out by a software program ANSYS. Convective boundary situation and states of solar radiation on steel web plates in different situations are determined in the analysis. The feature of the temperature field is preliminarily achieved through a comparative study between the actual measurement and the finite element analysis. The computed results are in good consistence with the actual measurement results, with the maximum difference within 2 ℃. This indicates that the theoretical calculation method is reliable and it provides a foundation for further research on temperature field distribution in the steel-concrete composite box girder.

A research on the geothermal structure in Yanqing-Huailai Basin and its neighbouring region

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Structure and Performance of Fe-N_x-C Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Prepared by Vacuum Casting Method and the Second Pyrolysis

Affordable non-precious metal（NPM） catalysts played a vital role in the wide application of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells（PEMFC）. In current work, a facile vacuum casting reacting method based on vacuum casting was introduced to prepare Fe-N_x-C oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） catalysts with high efficient in acid medium. The catalysts were prepared with ammonium ferrous sulfate hexahydrate（AFS） and 1,10-phenanthroline monohydrate utilizing homemade mesoporous silica template. The heat treatment and its influence on structure and performance were systematically evaluated to achieve superior ORR performance and some clues were found. And 850 ℃ was found to be the best temperature for the first and second pyrolysis. The linear sweep voltammetry（LSV） results showed that there were only 18 mV slightly negative shifts of half-wave potential（E_（1/2）） of the optimal catalyst（749 mV） compared with the commercial Pt/C（20 μg·Pt·cm^-2）. Besides, I850 R also showed better electrochemical stability and methanol-tolerance than that of Pt/C. All evidences proved that our vacuum casting reacting strategy and heat treatment process were prospective for the future R＆D of high performance Fe-N_x-C ORR catalysts.

Genes encoding heat shock proteins in the endoparasitoid wasp,Cotesia chilonis,and their expression in response to temperatures

Five genes encoding heat shock proteins（HSPs）, Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70, Cchsc70 and Cchsp90, were cloned and sequenced from Cotesia chilonis using RT-PCR and RACE. The c DNA sequences of Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70, Cchsc70 and Cchsp90 were 1 265, 2 551, 2 094, 2 297 and 2 635 bp in length, respectively, with a molecular weight（MW） of 39.1, 60.6, 71.45, 70.19 and 82.92 k Da, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequences of these proteins showed high similarities with published HSPs of other insects in Hymenoptera. Analysis of genomic DNAs indicated that Cchsp40, Cchsp60, Cchsp70 and Cchsp90 lacked introns, but Cchsc70 contained an intron. The results also suggested that CcH SP40 in C. chilonis was the Type II HSP40, Cc HSP60 was a member of the mitochondrial HSP60 family, and Cc HSP90 was a part of cytoplasmic HSP90 A family. Expression patterns varied in the five Cchsps in response to temperature. Expression of Cchsp40 and Cchsp60 was induced significantly by cold but not heat stress. Cchsp70 and Cchsc70 showed similar response to the thermal stress and could be induced by both cold and heat, but their expression levels were consistently lower than that of Cchsp40 and Cchsp60. Cchsp90 could be induced by heat stress and mild cold, but not cold stress. In addition, the results demonstrated Cchsc70 might be constitutive and inducible protein that was expressed during normal cell functioning and also up-regulated in response to stressful stimuli while Cchsp70 was solely inducible protein induced by temperature changes. Overall, results generated from this study could significantly advance the understanding of Cchsps in response to temperature and provide important biological information for C. chilonis insects that reared under different temperatures.

Effect of temperature on the compressive behavior of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss cores sandwich panels with reinforced frames

This paper focuses on the effect of temperature on the out-of-plane compressive properties and failure mechanism of carbon fiber/epoxy composite pyramidal truss cores sandwich panels （CF/CPTSP）. CFJCPTSP with novel reinforced frames are manufactured by the water jet cutting and interlocking assembly method in this paper. The theoretical analysis is presented to predict the out-of-plane compressive stiffness and strength of CFJCPTSP at different ambient temperatures. The tests of composite sandwich panels are per- formed throughout the temperature range from -90℃ to 180℃. Good agreement is found between theo- retical predictions and experimental measurements. Experimental results indicate that the low tempera- ture increases the compressive stiffness and strength of CF/CPTSP. However, the high temperature causes the degradation of the compressive stiffness and strength. Meanwhile, the effects of temperature on the failure mode of composite sandwich panels are also observed.

Effect of Sulfurization Temperature on Thioetherification Performance of Mo-Ni/Al_2O_3 Catalyst

The Mo modified Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared and sulfided at different temperatures, and their catalytic activity for thioetherification of mercaptans and olefins(or dienes), hydrogenation of dienes and olefins in the thioetherification process using fluidized catalytic cracking(FCC) naphtha as the feedstock was investigated. In order to disclose the correlation between the physicochemical characteristics of catalysts and their catalytic activity, the surface structures and properties of the catalysts sulfided at different temperatures were characterized by the high resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and H2-temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR) technique. The results showed that an increase of sulfurization temperature not only could promote the sulfurization degree of active metals on the catalysts, but also could adjust the micro-morphology of active species. These changes could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification, and hydrogenation of dienes and olefins. However, an excess sulfurization temperature was more easily to upgrade the ability of the catalyst for hydrogenation of olefins, which could lead to a decrease of the octane number of the product. It was also showed that a moderate sulfurization temperature not only could improve the catalytic performance of thioetherification and hydrogenation of dienes but also could control hydrogenation of olefins.

Effect of Pre-heating Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of Sol-gel Derived Zn_(0.8)Cd_(0.2)O Thin Films

Zn_（0.8）Cd_（0.2）O thin films prepared using the spin-coating method were investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were employed to illustrate the effects of the pre-heating temperature on the crystalline structure, surface morphology and transmission spectra of Zn_（0.8）Cd_（0.2）O thin films. When the thin films were pre-heated at 150 ℃, polycrystalline Zn O thin films were obtained. When the thin films were pre-heated at temperatures of 200 ℃ or higher, preferential growth of Zn O nanocrystals along the c-axis was observed. Transmission spectra showed that thin films with high transmission in the visible light range were prepared and effective bandgap energies of these thin films decreased from 3.19 e V to 3.08 e V when the pre-heating temperature increased from 150 ℃ to 300 ℃.

A Realistic Interpretation of Quantum Wavefunctions as Temperature Dependent Vacuum Polarization Waves

We discuss in this paper a novel interpretation of Born rule as an approximated thermodynamic law which emerges from the interaction of a quantum system with a non-stationary thermal bath associated to vacuum fluctuations induced by external environment radiation. In particular we assume that vacuum polarization is a real non relativistic phenomena caused by hidden vacuum charge oscillations which diffuses heat energy in a dispersive and dissipative dielectric medium with a temperature dependent speed of propagation. We propose a model which couples vacuum wavefunctions to vacuum charge fluctuations and we deduce a temperature dependent running fine structure constant function proportional, at first approximation, to the squared of the effective electron charge and compatible with known experimental data. We interpret the vacuum symmetry breaking energy fluctuations induced in scattering experiments of particle physics and in laser assisted nuclear reactions as thermal quasi-monochromatic beams produced by the decay of hidden non equilibrium massive photons propagating with a variable light speed. We suggest, exploiting an old analogy between plasmons and pseudo Goldstone bosons, to interpret heat diffusion of this non relativistic polarized vacuum as a real De Broglie electromagnetic scalar wave associated to the radiation emitted by the hidden massive photons with acceleration proportional to vacuum Unruh like temperature. We predict a temperature dependent deviation from Coulomb law and a generalized dispersive law of these hidden unstable photons that could be revealed as not stationary coloured noise in experiments on anomalous heat diffusions associated to the decay of unstable accelerated pairs produced in nuclear physics experiments. We discuss then how our proposal of a temperature dependent non relativistic vacuum polarization might be applied to deduce a dynamic generalization of Born rule based on a realistic interpretation of quantum wavefunctions as averaged electromagnetic waves of hidden massive photons. Finally we suggest to test our time asymmetric model looking for very fast oscillating polarization thermal waves emitted during the not instantaneous wavefunction collapse and revealed as not stationary bulk heating effects in experiments on accelerated conductors and nanoconductors.

Analysis of the Structure of the Temperature Field in Relation to the Persistent Snowy and Cold Weather in South China in Early 2008

In early 2008, a persistent cold and snowy weather process occurred in South China. Severe freezing rain （FR） and blizzards hit the region, which was not seen in the past 50 years. This work studied the disaster at its most severe stage （25 January 2 February 2008） and addressed the reason for the occurrence of three rainfall types and particularly the FR that resulted from the temperature inversion and low sur- face temperature. Evidence suggests that the south-to-north distribution of rainfall, FR, and snowfall was determined by the surface temperature conditions and the stratification features of the northward-tilting front in the mid-lower troposphere over different parts of South China. Under the above frontal conditions, the temperature inversion in the mid-lower troposphere and the cold ground temperature took place and the FR formed. The temperature layer （〉 0℃） inside the inversion in this region depended on necessary intensity, depth, and height of the inversion, i.e., the depth of the inversion can be neither too thick or low nor too thin or high. For those too thick and low （too thin and high） inversions, the precipitation fell as rain （snow and ice pellets）. In the early 2008 case, the 0 6℃ layer occupied 650-850 hPa, below which was the sub-freezing level with temperature 〈 0℃. With the presence of the low sub-freezing level, FR or ice damage could occur even at the 0-1℃ surface temperature condition. Besides, even in the absence of a suitable inversion, a low ground temperature might have made ice-covered water and supercooled drops or water from melted ice freeze rapidly into ice at the surface, and the ground ice maintained and accumulated, which resulted in the severe disaster.

Effect of Morphology for Novel Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel on Its Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility

With TEM、SEM, various high temperature deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel were investigated. The sub structures,recrystallized nuclei, as well as the dynamic precipitation were also studied and analyzed. The relationship between recrystallized structures and dynamic precipitation was discussed. The results showed that the deformed structures in W9Mo3Cr4V steel are more complicated than those in low alloy steels. Because W9Mo3Cr4V steel is a high speed steel, there are a large number of residual carbides on the matrix. Also, much dynamic precipitating carbides will precipitate during deformation at high temperature.

Simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature based on twisted fiber structure

In this Letter, an alternative solution is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous measurement of axial strain and temperature. This sensor consists of two twisted points on a commercial single mode fiber introduced by flame-heated and rotation treatment. The fabrication process modifies the geometrical configuration and refractive index of the fiber. Different cladding modes are excited at the first twisted point, and part of them are coupled back to the fiber core at the second twisted point. Experimental results show distinct sensitivities of 34.9 pm/με with 49.23 pm/℃ and -36.19 pm/με with 62.99 pm/℃ for the two selected destructive interference wavelengths.

Research on the temperature characteristic of Love wave device with structure of multi-waveguides used for gas sensor

This paper aimed at extracting optimal structural parameters for Love wave device with structure of multi-waveguides to improve its temperature stability. The theoretical model dealing with the Love wave propagation in multi-waveguides was established first, the dispersion characteristic is depicted by the acoustic propagation theory of stratified media and boundary conditions. Combing with the dispersion characteristics and Tomar＇s method, the optimal structural parameters for the Love wave device with zero temperature coefficient were extracted, and confirmed by the following experimental results. Excellent temperature coefficient of the Love wave device with SU-8/SiO2 on ST-90°X quartz substrate was evaluated experimentally as only 2.16 ppm/℃, which agrees well with the calculated results. The optimized Love wave device is very promising in gas sensing application.