Changes in snow cover extent in the Central Taurus Mountains from 1981 to 2021 in relation to temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric teleconnections

The snow cover over the Taurus Mountains affects water supply, agriculture, and hydropower generation in the region. In this study, we analyzed the monthly Snow Cover Extent(SCE) from November to April in the Central Taurus Mountains(Bolkar, Aladaglar, Tahtali and Binboga Mountains) from 1981 to 2021. Linear trends of snow cover season(November to April) over the last 41 years showed decreases in SCE primarily at lower elevations. The downward trend in SCE was found to be more pronounced and statistically significant for only November and March. SCE in the Central Taurus Mountains has declined about-6.3% per decade for 2500-3000 m in November and about-6.0% per decade for 1000-1500 m and 3000+ m in March over the last 41 years. The loss of SCE has become evident since the 2000s, and the lowest negative anomalies in SCE have been observed in 2014, 2001, and 2007 in the last 41 years, which are consistent with an increase in air temperature and decreased precipitation. SCE was correlated with both mean temperature and precipitation, with temperature having a greater relative importance at all elevated gradients. Results showed that there is a strong linear relationship between SCE and the mean air temperature(r =-0.80) and precipitation(r = 0.44) for all elevated gradients during the snow season. The Arctic Oscillation(AO), the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO), and the Mediterranean Oscillation(MO) winter indices were used to explain the year-to-year variability in SCE over the Central Taurus Mountains. The results showed that the inter-annual variability observed in the winter SCE on the Central Taurus Mountains was positively correlated with the phases of the winter AO, NAO and MO, especially below 2000 m elevation.

R_nFe_m化合物H_R／M_（Fe）的温度关系

利用两格点分子场理论计算了ＲＦｅ３（Ｒ：稀土元素）、Ｒ２Ｆｅ１４Ｂ和ＲＦｅ１０Ｖ２化合物的ＨＲ（Ｔ）／ＭＦｅ（Ｔ）在不同温度下的数值。计算表明，ＨＲ（Ｔ）／ＭＦｅ（Ｔ）的数值随温度的升高而单调减小（Ｓｍ除外）。并给出了ＨＲ（Ｔ）／ＭＦｅ（Ｔ）的温度曲线用最小二乘法拟合的结果。

Historical Trends in Surface Air Temperature Estimated by Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Least Squares Linear Fitting

Ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) and least squares linear fitting(LSLF) are applied to estimate the historical trends of surface air temperature(SAT) from observations and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) simulations during the period 1901–2005. The magnitudes of trends estimated by the two approaches are comparable. The trend calculated by the EEMD approach is larger than that by the LSLF approach in most(23/27) of the models during 1901–2005. During the slow warming period, the EEMD trend is smaller than the LSLF trend. The rootmean-square errors(RMSEs) between the raw and reconstructed times series by the LSLF approach are larger than those by the EEMD trend component and multi-decadal variability components during 1901–2005 in most of the models and observations. During 1901–70(or 1971–2005), the RMSEs between the raw and reconstructed times series by LSLF are larger than those by the EEMD trend component. In this sense, the EEMD trend is a better choice to obtain the climate trends in observations and CMIP5 models, especially for short time periods. This is because the trend estimated by LSLF cannot capture the internal variability and the cooling in some years. The estimated global warming rates(trend) are consistently larger(smaller) than those from observations in 11 of 27 CMIP5 models during 1901–2005 in the slow and rapid warming periods. This implies these 11 models have consistent responses to greenhouse gases for any period.

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonium Excretion Rate of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatus Juveniles

The impact of water temperature(24, 27, 30 and 33℃) and salinity(15, 20, 25, 30 and 33) on oxygen consumption(OCR) and ammonium excretion rate(AER) of ♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ×♂ E. lanceolatus hybrid grouper juveniles(9.39 ± 0.07 g) were investigated under the fed and un-fed conditions. The results showed that the OCR and AER were significantly(P < 0.05) affected by temperature and salinity under both fed and un-fed conditions. When temperature was 24–33℃, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 85.68%–129.52% and 125.78%–287.63%, respectively, higher than those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio, protein use(P_u), Q_(10)(respiration) and Q_(10)(excretion) of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.43–24.01, 28.35% – 48.48%, 1.69 and 3.01, respectively. The O/N ratio, P_u, Q_(10)(respiration), Q_(10)(excretion) of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79, 22.16% – 34.34%, 1.23 and 1.17, respectively. When salinity was 15–33, the OCR and AER of fed hybrid grouper juveniles increased by 87.42% – 116.85% and 215.38% – 353.57%, respectively, over those of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles. The O/N ratio and P_u of fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 14.48 – 17.78, 39.36% – 49.43%, respectively. The O/N ratio and Pu of un-fed hybrid grouper juveniles were 20.39 – 31.79 and 22.16% – 34.34%, respectively. The specific dynamic action(SDA) of hybrid grouper juveniles was mainly related to protein metabolism. The results had a guiding significance to the large-scale intensive aquaculture of hybrid grouper juveniles.

Effect of ageing temperature on precipitation of A1-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr alloy

The precipitation behaviors of an A1-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr alloy at different ageing temperatures （120, 160 and 200 ~C） were investigated using Vickers hardness measurements and transmission electron microscopy （TEM） characterization. Age hardening curves show an increase in precipitation kinetics with increasing ageing temperature. The results of TEM show that for the samples peak aged at 120 ~C, the amount of g＇ （A13Li）, GP zones/0＇ （A12Cu） and Z （A15Cu6Li2） phases is obviously higher than that of T1 （A12CuLi） precipitates; while the samples peak aged at 160 and 200 ~C are usually dominated by T1 phase with a minor fraction of GP zones/0＇ and g＇, and the Z phase almost does not form. In addition, quantitative analysis on the T1 platelets demonstrates that the samples peak aged at 200 ~C have larger plate diameter and smaller area fraction of T1, as compared to the samples peak aged at 160 ~C. Correspondingly, the possible reasons for such phenomena are discussed.

Research progress of high temperature resistant nylon 10T

Researches about synthesis and modification of nylon 10T(PA10T)in domestic universities and scientific research institutions are reviewed in this paper.The results show that,due to the different performance requirements,PA10T is studied from the co-polymerization,blending modification and filling modification of these three aspects.Meanwhile,the existing problems are analyzed and the development prospect of PA10T is predicted.

A RESEARCH ON THE MEDIUM TEMPERATURE SINTERED BaTiO_3-BASE CERAMIC MATERIAL FOR MLC WITH X7R BEHAVIOR

采用加入Ｂｉ２Ｏ３＿ＰｂＯ＿ＺｎＯ玻璃及Ｂｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｂ掺杂的方法，使ＢａＴｉＯ３基铁电瓷料中温烧结（１０８０～１１４０℃）。在实验结果的基础上，探讨Ｘ７Ｒ铁电瓷料中的第二相和晶粒尺寸对ＭＬＣ的ε＿ｔ性能的影响，并研究其烧结机制。

Numerical simulation of temperature fields for T-joint during TIG welding of titanium alloy

Three-dimensional finite element model was established to simulate temperature fields of T-joint titanium sheets during TIG welding with finite element method （FEM） software. Temperature dependent material properties and the effect of latent heat were considered. A technique of element birth and death was used to simulate the process of welded metal filling. Dynamic variation process of temperature fields during T1G welding was achieved. The simulated results agreed well with the measured results.

Effect of Aging Temperature on Erosion-Corrosion Behavior of 17-4PH Stainless Steels in Dilute Sulphuric Acid Slurry

The effect of aging temperature on erosion corrosion （E-C） behavior of 17-4PH stainless steels in dilute sulphuric acid slurry containing solid particles was studied by using self-made rotating E-C apparatus. The effect of impact velocity on EC behavior of 17 4PH steels at different aging temperatures was analyzed. Surface micrographs of the specimens after E C test were observed by using scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that under the condition of the same solution heat treatment, when aging temperature ranged from 400 ℃ to 610℃, the hardness reached the highest value near the temperature 460℃. The characteristics of E-C for 17-4PH stainless steels at different aging temperatures were as follows： pure erosion （wear） was dominant, corrosion was subordinate and at the same time corrosion promoted erosion. The effect of aging temperature on E-C rate of 17-4PH steels was not significant at low impact velocity, but it was found that E-C resistance of 17-4PH steels aged near 460℃ was the most excellent due to the best precipitation strengthening effect of fine and dispersed e-Cu phase. With a prerequisite of appropriate corrosion resistance, the precipitation hardening could significantly improve the E-C resistance of the materials.

Sea surface temperature anomalies in the South China Sea during mature phase of ENSO

Based on the 18-year （1993-2010） National Centers for Environmental Prediction optimum interpolation sea surface temperature （SST） and simple ocean data assimilation datasets, this study investigated the patterns of the SST anomalies （SSTAs） that occurred in the South China Sea （SCS） during the mature phase of the E1 Nifio/Southem Oscillation. The most dominant characteristic was that of the out- of-phase variation between southwestern and northeastern parts of the SCS, which was influenced primarily by the net surface heat flux and by horizontal thermal advection. The negative SSTA in the northeastern SCS was caused mainly by the loss of heat to the atmosphere and because of the cold-water advection from the western Pacific through the Luzon Strait during E1 Nifio episodes. Conversely, it was found that the anomalous large-scale atmospheric circulation and weakened western boundary current during E1 Nifio episodes led to the development of the positive SSTA in the southwestern SCS.

Applications of AMSR-E Measurements for Tropical Cyclone Predictions PartⅠ: Retrieval of Sea Surface Temperature and Wind Speed

Existing satellite microwave algorithms for retrieving Sea Surface Temperature （SST） and Wind （SSW） are applicable primarily for non-raining cloudy conditions. With the launch of the Earth Observing System （EOS） Aqua satellite in 2002, the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer （AMSRoE） onboard provides some unique measurements at lower frequencies which are sensitive to ocean surface parameters under adverse weather conditions. In this study, a new algorithm is developed to derive SST and SSW for hurricane predictions such as hurricane vortex analysis from the AMSRoE measurements at 6.925 and 10.65 GHz. In the algorithm, the effects of precipitation emission and scattering on the measurements are properly taken into account. The algorithm performances are evaluated with buoy measurements and aircraft dropsonde data. It is found that the root mean square （RMS） errors for SST and SSW are about 1.8 K and 1.9 m s^- 1, respectively, when the results are compared with the buoy data over open oceans under precipitating clouds （e.g., its liquid water path is larger than 0.5 mm）, while they are 1.1 K for SST and 2.0 m s^-1 for SSW, respectively, when the retrievals are validated against the dropsonde measurements over warm oceans. These results indicate that our newly developed algorithm can provide some critical surface information for tropical cycle predictions. Currently, this newly developed algorithm has been implemented into the hybrid variational scheme for the hurricane vortex analysis to provide predictions of SST and SSW fields.

Effect of E-44 Epoxy Resin and Pyrolysis Temperature on the Adhesion Strength of SiBCN Ceramic

An adhesive of the SiBCN ceramic was synthesized through the polymer derived ceramics(PDC)route.Meanwhile with higher adhesion strength and simpler process condition,the polyborosilazane(PSNB)was modified by E-44 epoxy resin.The E-44 epoxy resin was used to promote the oxidation process of SiBCN,in other words,to produce more amount of SiO2-B2O3 glasses.The phase composition,elemental analysis,chemical bonds and microstructure were investigated by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and scanning electron microscope(SEM)measurements.The E-44 modified adhesives were cured at 120℃in air for 2 h,and were pyrolyzed at 1200,1400,and 1500℃for 2 h in air,respectively.The highest adhesion strength of the modified adhesive was up to 5.33,12.23,and 12.50 MPa after being heat treated at 1200,1400,and 1500℃,respectively.Finally,we proposed an adhesion model and revealed the adhesion mechanism of SiBCN ceramic.

Impermeability of Tunnel Structural material after Exposure to High Temperature

Impermeability of tunnel structural material after exposure to high temperature determines residual service life and security. The present study explores impermeability deterioration and water absorption change (expressed as w(T, t)) of tunnel structural material after exposure to 200℃, 300℃, 400℃, 500℃, and 600℃respectively. Structural cementitious material was devised according to the requirements of segment used in Yangtze River tunnel of Wuhan which has been in constructing. Effect of high temperature on impermeability is evaluated by impermeability deterioration factor (abbr. IDF) and w(T, t).Testing results indicate that impermeability of concrete decreases with the increase of temperature up to 600℃, and serious impermeability deterioration occurs at temperature above 300℃. Furthermore, concrete with higher impermeability is more sensitive to high temperature above 400℃.

Structures and Low Temperature Magnetic Anomalies of High Pressure RE_2CuO_4

A series of oxygen-doped RE_2CuO_4 (RE=Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) was synthesized using high-pressure/oxygen-doped technique. The structures and low temperature magnetic properties were investigated. The XRD patterns indicate that the structures of high oxygen pressure RE_2CuO_4 (only for RE=Sm, Eu) samples are pure T′ phase, but when RE= Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, the structures turn to disorder. The magnetic anomalies that occurred at T^30 K are observed in high oxygen pressure RE_2CuO_4. It is found that the transition temperatures of weak ferromagnetic anomalies are nearly independent of the rare-earth components. Thus, the O-doping plays an important role in anomalous magnetic properties of RE_2CuO_(4+δ). The magnetic anomalies in RE_2CuO_4 are considered to be due to ferromagnetic clusters formed in the Cu-O plane after the oxygen doping.

THE CALCULATING EQUATIONS OF THE THERMOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF THE MOIST AIR AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

By using compression factors of real gas and the Vilia equations and considering the variation of the thermophysical parameters of the mois air with its temperature, this paper develops the calculating equations of the thermophysical para leters of the moist air at high temperature ranging from 100℃- 200℃. It is convenient to calculate the thermophysical parameters and the thermophysical processes of the moist air at high temperature.

益胃解毒方治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎的效果及对Cyclin E、Th17/Treg比值的影响分析

目的分析益胃解毒方治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎中的效果及对细胞周期蛋白E(Cyclin E)水平、辅助性T细胞(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)比值的影响。方法选取2019年6月至2022年6月在河北省石家庄市中医院确诊的150例慢性萎缩性胃炎患者作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为益胃解毒方组、六君子汤组、益胃解毒方+六君子汤组,每组50例。益胃解毒方组使用益胃解毒方治疗,六君子汤组使用六君子汤治疗,益胃解毒方+六君子汤组使用益胃解毒方联合六君子汤治疗,均连续治疗24周。比较3组治疗效果、中医证候积分、Cyclin E水平、Th17/Treg比值、不良反应发生情况。结果益胃解毒方组治疗总有效率高于六君子汤组和益胃解毒方+六君子汤组,且益胃解毒方+六君子汤组高于六君子汤组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后3组各项中医证候积分低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后益胃解毒方组各项中医证候积分低于六君子汤组和益胃解毒方+六君子汤组,且益胃解毒方+六君子汤组低于六君子汤组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后3组Cyclin E水平、Th17/Treg比值均低于治疗前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后益胃解毒方组Cyclin E水平、Th17/Treg比值低于六君子汤组和益胃解毒方+六君子汤组,且益胃解毒方+六君子汤组低于六君子汤组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。益胃解毒方组总不良反应发生率低于六君子汤组和益胃解毒方+六君子汤组,且益胃解毒方+六君子汤组低于六君子汤组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论益胃解毒方治疗慢性萎缩性胃炎效果显著,不仅能够改善患者临床症状,调节Cyclin E、Th17/Treg表达,还能减少不良反应发生,值得临床推广应用。

Utilizing a new soil effective temperature scheme and archived satellite microwave brightness temperature data to estimate surface soil moisture in the Nagqu region, Tibetan Plateau of China

Since the early 2000s, many satellite passive microwave brightness temperature （BT） archives, such as the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System （AMSR-E） BTs, have become the useful resources for assessing the changes in the surface and deep soil moistures over both arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we used a new soil effective temperature （T scheme and the archived AMSR-E BTs to estimate surface soil moisture （SM） over the Nagqu region in the central Tibetan Plateau, China. The surface and deep soil temperatures required for the calculation of regional-scale T were obtained from outputs of the Community Land Model version 4.5 （CLM4.5）. In situ SM measurements at the CEOP-CAMP/Tibet （Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau） experimental sites were used to validate the AMSR-E-based SM estimations at regional and single-site scales. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of monthly mean surface SM over the Nagqu region was obtained from 16 daytime AMSR-E BT observations in July 2004 over the Nagqu region. Results revealed that the AMSR-E-based surface SM estimations agreed well with the in situ-based surface SM measurements, with the root mean square error （RMSE） ranging from 0.042 to 0.066 m3/m3 and the coefficient of determination （R2） ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 during the nighttime and daytime. The regional surface soil water state map showed a clear spatial pattern related to the terrain. It indicated that the lower surface SM values occurred in the mountainous areas of the northern, mid-western and southeastern parts of Nagqu region, while the higher surface SM values appeared in the low elevation areas such as the Tongtian River Basin, Namco Lake and bog meadows in the central part of Nagqu region. Our analysis also showed that the new T^scheme does not require special fitting parameters or additional assumptions, which simplifies the data requirements for regional-scale applications. This scheme combined with the archived satellite passive microwave BT observations can be used to estimate the historical surface SM for hydrological process studies over the Tibetan Plateau regions.

Study on Damage of High Temperature Plastic Deformation for Al-Li A lloy

The security of use for Al-Li alloy will be greatly influenced by the damage degree of plastic deformation within i t at high temperature . Based on continuum damage mechanics theory, the damage e volution of Al-5.44Mg-2.15Li-0.12Zr alloy during plastic deforming at high te mperature is simulated by using the damage evolution model of high temperature p lastic deformation. The changing rule of its inner damage with deformation tempe rature, strain rate and strain is gained in this paper. The equation of damage e volution for high temperature plastic deformation is developed, providing an aca demic basis for the technology of plastic process of Al-Li alloys.

The effects of temperature and substrate on ontogenetic behavior of bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus (T. et S.)

The effects of temperature and substrate on ontogenetic patterns and settlement behavior of bastard halibut, Paralichthys olivaceus (T. et S.) were studied in a series of laboratory experiments. Analysis on stage-based data revealed that except for settlement, and compared to the substrate, the ambient temperature dominantly controlled the hatch success and subsequent development of the species. The oosperm optimum survival rate of 60% during hatching occurred at 20℃, and survival rate of 29%, at 18℃ for larval rearing. The survival rate of larvae reared under variable temperature of 3.5–4.5℃ was higher than that of those reared under stable temperature. The maximum survival rate of 29%, corresponded to variation at temperature of 4℃. With increase in age newly settled juveniles preferred to lie on the fine substrate and gradually moved on the coarse substrate. GLM (general linear model) analysis showed that the combination of temperature and substrate had no significant impact on the survival of settling larvae, but definitely affected the duration of settlement.

Thermal Modeling of a Multilayer Integrated LC Filter for Temperature Distribution Calculation

Thermal behavior of integrated passive components has become an important issue when designing these components. This paper presents the thermal modeling of a multilayer integrated LC filter used in DC-DC step-down converter for temperature distribution calculation. The approach used for this analysis is based on thermal equivalent circuit. Temperature distribution is obtained from algebraic equation, which is in vector and matrix form. The results of analytical calculation are compared with simulation results from finite element method. These results showed a good correlation.