Ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of aromatic amines in water samples

In this work, a new microextraction method termed ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction （IL-DLLME） was demonstrated for the extraction of 2-methylaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 1-naphthylamine and 4-aminobiphenyl in aqueous matrices. After extraction the ionic liquid （IL） phase was injected directly into the high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） system for determination. Some parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linear relationship, sensitivity and reproducibility were obtained. The limits of detection （LOD, S/N = 3） for the four analytes were in the range of 0.45-2.6 μg L^-1. The relative standard deviations （R.S.D., n = 6） were in the range of 6.2-9.8%. This method was applied for the analysis of the real water samples. The recoveries ranged from 93.4 to 106.4%. The main advantages of the method are high speed, high recovery, good repeatability and volatile organic solvent-free.

Evaluation of Response Surface Methodology in Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for Lead Determination Using Ionic Liquids

This paper describes a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry detection with microsample intro-duction system capable of quantifying trace amounts of lead. In the proposed approach, ammonium pyr-rolidine dithiocarbamate (APDC) was used as a chelating agent and 1-hexyl-3-methylimmidazolium bis (trifluormethylsulfonyl)imid as an extraction solvent was dissolved in acetone as the disperser solvent. The binary solution was then rapidly injected by a syringe into the water sample containing Pb2+ complex. Some factors influencing the extraction efficiency of Pb2+ and its subsequent determination, including extraction and dispersive solvent type, pH of sample solution, concentration of the chelating agent and salt effect were inspected by a full factorial design to identify important parameters and their interactions. Next, a central composite design was applied to obtain the optimum points of the important parameters. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 μg/L. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was 1.4% for 5 μg/L of Pb2+ (n = 7). The relative recovery of lead in seawater, blood, tomato and black tea samples was measured.

Novel method for the determination of five carbamate pesticides in water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography

A novel method for the determination of five carbamate pesticides （metolcarb, carbofuran, carbaryl, isoprocard and diethofencard） in water samples was developed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction （DLLME） coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector （HPLC-DAD）. Some experimental parameters that influence the extraction efficiency were studied and optimized to obtain the best extraction results. Under the optimum conditions for the method, the calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 5 to 1000 ng mL^-1 for all the five carbamate pesticides, with the correlation coefficients （r^2） varying from 0.9984 to 0.9994. Good enrichment factors were achieved ranging from 80 to 177- fold, depending on the compound. The limits of detection （LODs） （S/N = 3） were ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ng mL^-1. The method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the pesticide residues in environmental water samples.

Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction Combined with High-performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Clozapine and Chlorpromazine in Urine

A simple method has been proposed for the determination of clozapine （CLZ） and chlorpromazine （CPZ） in human urine by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction （DLLME） in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector （HPLC-UV）. All important variables influencing the extraction efficiency, such as pH, types of the extraction solvent and the disperser solvent and their volume, ionic strength and centrifugation time were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection （LODs） and quantification （LOQs） of the method were 13 and 39 ng/mL for CLZ, and 2 and 6 ng/mL for CPZ, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of the targets were less than 5.1% （C=0.100 μg/mL, n=9）. Good linear behaviors over the tested concentration ranges were obtained with the values of R20.999 for the targets. The absolute extraction efficiencies of CLZ and CPZ from the spiked blank urine samples were 98.3% and 97.8%, respectively. The applicability of the technique was validated by analyzing urine samples and the mean recoveries for spiked urine samples ranged from 93.3% to 105.0%. The method was successfully applied for the determination of CLZ and CPZ in real human urine.

Utilization of Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with HPLC-UV as a Sensitive and Efficient Method for the Extraction and Determination of Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Chinese Medicinal Herbs

Isomeric triterpenic acids of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) both have very low ultraviolet absorption and always exist in the same plant, so the separation and simultaneous determination of them have been a difficult task. In this study, a sensitive method combining dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with HPLC-UV was developed for the extraction and determination of OA and UA in traditional Chinese medicinal herbs (CMHs). Variables influencing DLLME such as type and volume of extraction solvent, volume of dispersive solvent, ionic strength, aqueous phase pH, extraction time, centrifugation speed and time, and sample volume were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, both OA and UA attained favorable extraction efficiencies with enrichment factors 1378 and 933, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges of 0.07 - 30.4 μg?mL–1 for OA and 0.08 - 33.6 μg?mL–1 for UA were obtained with square correlation coefficients of 0.9963. The detection limits of OA and UA were both 0.02 μg?mL–1. The method recoveries ranged between 88.2% - 116.2% for OA and 85.7% - 108.2% for UA with the RSDs (n = 5) lower than 8.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied to concentrate and simultaneously determine these two triterpenic acids in Hedyotis diffusa and Eriobotrya japonica samples.

Temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction combined with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography for the rapid determination of triclosan,triclocarban and methyl-triclosan in aqueous samples

As extraction solvents,ionic liquids have green characteristics.In this study,an environmentally benign analytical method termed temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction (TIL-DLME) combined with ultra-highpressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-tunable ultraviolet detection (TUV) was developed for the pre-concentration and determination of triclosan (TCS),triclocarban (TCC) and methyl-triclosan (M-TCS) in water samples.Significant parameters that may affect extraction efficiencies were examined and optimized,including the types and amount of ionic liquids,volume of the diluent,heating temperature,cooling time,salt effect and pH value.Under the optimum conditions,linearity of the method was observed in the ranges of 0.0100-100 μgL-1 for TCS and M-TCS,and 0.00500-50.0 μgL-1 for TCC with correlation coefficients (r2) 】 0.9903.The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 1.15 to 5.33 ngL-1.TCS in domestic water and TCC in reclaimed water were detected at the concentrations of 1.01 and 0.126 μgL-1,respectively.The spiked recoveries of the three target compounds in reclaimed water,irrigating water,waste water and domestic water samples were obtained in the ranges of 68.4%-71.9%,61.6%-87.8%,58.9%-74.9% and 64.9%-92.4%,respectively.Compared with the previous dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (DLLME) about the determination of TCS,TCC and M-TCS,this method is not only more environmentally friendly but also more sensitive.

Orthogonal array optimization of ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for toxic anilines in foods

A simple and rapid method of ionic liquid based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction （DLLME） combining with high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was developed for the analysis of four toxic anilines in flour steamed bread and maize steamed bread. Several possible influential factors such as the type of ionic liquid and disperser solvent, extraction time, sample pH, ionic strength and the volume of ionic liquid and disperser solvent were optimized using single factor experiments and orthogonal array design （OAD） with OA25（54） matrix. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） and percent contribution （PC） were used to investigate the significance of the factors of OAD. Sample pH and ionic strength are statistically demonstrated two chief factors. Under the optimum condition, the method exhibits a good linearity （r2 〉 0.99） over the studied range （50-1000 ng g-l） for anilines. The extraction factors and recoveries for the anilines in two kinds of steamed breads ranged between 34.1%-73.3% and 44.3%-95.3%, respectively. The limit of detections （LODs） and limit of quantitations （LOQs） ranged be- tween 10-15 ng g-1 and 30--45 ng g-1.

Trace determination of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers in water samples with temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction

A novel temperature controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextracfion （TCIL-DLPME） coupled with rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry （RRLC-ESI-MS-MS） has been developed for the enrichment and determination of three hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers （HBCDs） in water samples. Green solvent ionic liquid （IL） was used as extraction solvent instead of toxic organic solvents. This technique also avoided the usage of dispersive solvent. Some important parameters that might affect the extraction efficiency were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linear relationship, sensitivity and reproducibility were obtained. All the limits of detection for the three diastereomers were 0.1 ng/ mL. The linear range was obtained in the range of 1-100 ng/mL for the total amount of three HBCD diastereomers. It was satisfactory to analyze real environmental water samples with the recoveries ranging from 77.2% to 99.3%. The main advantage of the method is toxic organic solvent-free.

Combination of ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of triazine herbicides in water samples

A temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction in combination with high performance liquid chromatography was developed for the enrichment and determination of triazine herbicides such as cyanazine,simazine,and atrazine in water samples.1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate（[C8MIM][PF6]） was selected as the extraction solvent.Several experimental parameters were optimized.Under the optimal conditions,the linear range for cyanazine was in the concentration range of 0.5–80 mg/L and the linear range for simazine and atrazine was in the range of1.0–100 mg/L.The limit of detection（LOD,S/N = 3） was in the ranges of 0.05–0.06 mg/L,and the intra day and inter day precision（RSDs,n = 6） was in the ranges of 3.2%–6.6% and 4.8%–8.9%,respectively.Four real water samples were analyzed with the developed method,and the experimental results showed that the spiked recoveries were satisfactory.All these exhibited that the developed method was a valuable tool for monitoring such pollutants.

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of silver nanoparticles in water using ionic liquid1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

Using the ionic liquid（IL）1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as the extractant and methanol as the dispersion solvent,a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method was developed to extract silver nanoparticles（AgN Ps）from environmental water samples.Parameters that influenced the extraction efficiency such as IL concentration,pH and extraction time were optimized.Under the optimized conditions,the highest extraction efficiency for AgN Ps was above 90% with an enrichment factor of 〉90.The extracted AgN Ps in the IL phase were identified by transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy,and quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion,with a detection limit of 0.01 μg/L.The spiked recovery of AgN Ps was 84.4% with a relative standard deviation（RSD）of 3.8%（n = 6）at a spiked level of 5 μg/L,and 89.7% with a RSD of 2.2%（n = 6）at a spiked level of 300 μg/L,respectively.Commonly existed environmental ions had a very limited influence on the extraction efficiency.The developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of Ag NPs in river water,lake water,and the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant,with recoveries in the range of 71.0%–90.9% at spiking levels of 0.11–4.7 μg/L.

Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Liquid-liquid Microextraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Sulfonamides from Animal Oils

The authors performed ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction（IL-based MALLME） coupled with high performance liquid chromatographic separation for the determination of 6 sulfonamides （SAs） from animal oils. The target analytes were extracted from animal oil samples with sodium hydroxide solution containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborateand as the extraction solvent under microwave irradiation. The experimental parameters of the IL-based MALLME, including types of ILs, volume of IL, amount of ion-pairing agent（NHaPF6）, pH value of sample solution, and extraction temperature and time were evaluated. The limits of detection and quantification obtained were in a range of 0.4--0.5μg/kg and a range of 1.2--1.8μg/kg, respectively. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing five spiked animal oil samples at two fortified levels（5 and 50μg/kg）, and the recoveries of SAs varied from 81.4% to 114.5% with relative standard deviations ranging from 0.8% to 9.0%.

离子液体-分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速分析茯苓中氰戊菊酯和联苯菊酯农药残留

离子液体-分散液液萃取法被成功地应用于萃取和富集中药材茯苓中氰戊菊酯和联苯菊酯。1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C_8mim][PF_6])作为萃取溶剂,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([C_4mim][BF_4])为分散剂。整个萃取过程不需要加入任何有机溶剂,萃取过程快速,3min内就可以达到萃取平衡。茯苓中目标化合物的加样回收率在95.7%~98.3%之间,检出限为0.50和0.40 ng·mL^(-1)之间,结果令人满意,说明该实验方法适用于检测中药材中氰戊菊酯和联苯菊酯农药残留。

抽拔辅助分散固相微萃取技术用于饮料中5种杀菌剂残留检测研究

为了快速检测葡萄汁和苹果汁两种果汁,以及绿茶和红茶两种茶饮料样品中嘧菌酯、三唑酮、百菌清、嘧菌环胺和肟菌酯5种杀菌剂的残留,本研究开发了一种绿色、经济易行的抽拔辅助分散固相微萃取方法,通过在β-环糊精/坡缕石上涂覆离子液体,制备了一种新型的萃取材料,并设计了一系列针对目标杀菌剂萃取条件的优化试验,采用液相色谱检测。结果表明:在萃取材料为40 mg、洗脱液丙酮为600μL、进行6次分散循环、7次洗脱循环的条件下,化合物的检出限(LOD)为0.03~0.38μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为0.09~1.15μg/L,富集因子为121~201。对于5种杀菌剂,可检测的线性范围为5~500μg/L,决定系数(R2)在0.9982~0.9999之间,回收率在91%~102%之间。该方法具有较高的精密度和正确度。实际样品测试结果表明,抽拔辅助分散固相微萃取技术可用于饮料中杀菌剂残留的萃取。

基于双阳性离子液体-原位转化盐析增强型微萃取技术在液体基质宽极性激素类污染物检测中的应用

本研究利用亲水性双阳性离子液体[C_(6)(MIM)_(2)]Br_(2),以丙酮作为双功能溶剂,LiNTf_(2)作为亲-疏水转化试剂,开发了一种基于原位转化双阳性离子液体的盐析增强型分散微萃取方法,实现了离子液体一次萃取,可同时高效富集和提取多种宽极性激素和酚类污染物的目的。该方法成功地应用于检测环境水样和人体尿样中7种宽极性(logK_(ow)=1.61~5.00)激素和酚类污染物,对7种目标物(氢化可的松、雄烯二酮、雌酮、炔雌醇、雌二醇、三氯生及双酚Z)的检出限为0.028~0.43μg/L,加标回收率为72.5%~112.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.8%~6.2%。本研究可减少环境水样及尿液样品检测的工作量,是一种绿色、高效和简易的宽极性污染物前处理方法,在复杂液体基质样品领域显示出较好的应用前景。

离子液体分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法测定番茄中的氨基甲酸酯类农药

将离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIm][PF6])作为萃取剂,采用分散液相微萃取-高效液相色谱法分析番茄样品中的4种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,并考察了不同缓冲溶液浓度、pH值及萃取时间等因素对分散液相微萃取效果的影响。在优化实验条件下,该方法对涕灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威的富集倍数分别为317、430、545、625,且具有良好的线性范围(0.01～10mg/L)和较低的检出限(0.12～0.43μg/L),对涕灭威、克百威、甲萘威、异丙威测定5次的相对标准偏差为5.3%～5.5%,用于示范区采集的番茄样品分析,平均加标回收率为75%～120%。研究表明[BMIm][PF6]可有效地萃取番茄中的氨基甲酸酯类农药残留,具有萃取效率高、灵敏度高、操作简单、绿色环保等优点,可以满足番茄样品中氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测要求。

温控离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测脐橙中染色剂残留

建立了QuEChERS-温控离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法快速检测脐橙中5种染色剂残留的分析方法。 QuEChERS前处理步骤：样品用乙腈快速提取,NaCl 和无水MgSO4除水后,经N-丙基乙二胺净化。温控离子液体分散液液微萃取步骤：QuEChERS前处理的净化液（1 mL）为分散剂,1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体（60μL）为萃取剂,55℃水浴12 min,将目标物富集。用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器分析,检出样品用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱确证。在0.01和0.05 mg/kg的添加水平下,5种染色剂的平均回收率为70.3%～93.6%,相对标准偏差为3.5%～9.2%,定量限为1.1～2.8μg/kg。

离子液体自分散液-液微萃取测定食品中的柠檬黄与亮蓝

采用离子液体分散液液微萃取法研究了几种离子液体对软饮料、硬糖、果冻3种食品中柠檬黄与亮蓝的萃取作用,发现离子液体[C8MIM][BF4]能高选择性地富集这两种色素,且两者的一阶导数光谱互不干扰。在最佳条件下,柠檬黄和亮蓝的线性范围分别为20～1 000μg·L-1和3～150μg·L-1,检出限分别为6.60μg·L-1和0.84μg·L-1。该方法已成功用于食品中柠檬黄与亮蓝含量的测定且不受食品中杂质的干扰。

两种离子液体-分散液液微萃取方法富集水中4种胺类化合物的比较

建立了温度控制/超声辅助-离子液体-分散液液微萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测水中4种胺类化合物的方法,并对两种前处理方法的优化参数进行了详细比较,最终证明超声辅助方法具有更高的回收率。水样在调节pH之后加入[C8MIM][PF6]和乙腈,通过水浴控温/超声辅助的方法促进萃取,冷却后离心分离,即可进入超高效液相色谱串联质谱检测。超声辅助方法中,4种胺类物质线性良好,相关系数范围在0.9969-0.9991,检出限范围为5.0-50 ng/L。在3个浓度水平6次平行加标实验中,4种胺类物质平均回收率为81.5%-106.9%。日内相对标准偏差和日间相对标准偏差分别为7.6%-15.7%和14.7%-22.9%。本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,适用于大批量样品的快速分析。

功能化离子液体/离子液体分散液-液微萃取测定水中苯氧羧酸类除草剂

建立了功能化离子液体/离子液体分散液-液微萃取（FIL/IL-DLLME）测定水中4种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的农药残留分析方法。离子液体[C4MIMBF4]有助于难溶于水的[C6Hy MIMTf2N]在水相中形成液滴。离子对[Li Tf2N]的引入有利于提高功能离子液体对分析物的提取效率,对影响萃取效率的重要因素进行选择和优化,最佳条件为：100μL[C6Hy MIMTf2N]）作为提取剂,100μL[C4MIMBF4]作为分散剂,在30℃下超声5 min,[Li Tf2N]浓度为5%和样品溶液的p H=2。在最佳优化条件下,5~500μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9953~0.9996;对自来水、河水、田间水进行浓度为10和20μg/L添加回收实验,回收率为70.2%~107.5%,相对标准偏差RSD〈10%,检出限为0.05~0.2μg/L,得到满意的结果,说明本方法对于实际样本的检测具有可行性。

离子液体[C4 mim][PF6]超声辅助萃取/LC-MS/MS法测定水中痕量溴敌隆及溴鼠灵

建立了离子液体超声辅助萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用测定水中溴敌隆和溴鼠灵的方法。采用疏水性离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[C4mim][PF6]萃取样品,考察了试样体积、pH值、温度、超声萃取时间和无机盐含量等因素对萃取效率的影响。待测物在XDB C18（150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm）色谱柱上,以甲醇-0.2%乙酸（85∶15）为流动相,电喷雾（ESI）电离负离子多反应监测模式（MRM）进行测定。在优化萃取条件下,溴敌隆和溴鼠灵在0.005～1.0μg·L-1范围内具有良好线性,相关系数（r）大于0.999,回收率为91.0%～97.8%,日内相对标准偏差为1.1%～6.6%,日间相对标准偏差为2.5%～9.1%,定量下限为0.005μg·L-1。建立的方法简便、干扰少、特异性强,可用于环境水样中痕量溴敌隆和溴鼠灵的测定。