Subsea Compensation of Pressure Based on Reducer Bellows

In this study,the pressure compensation mechanism of a reducer bellows is analyzed.This device is typically used to reduce the size of undersea instruments and improve related pressure resistance and sealing capabilities.Here,its axial stiffness is studied through a multi-fold approach based on theory,simulations and experiments.The results indicate that the mechanical strength of the reducer bellows,together with the oil volume and temperature are the main factors influencing its performances.In particular,the wall thickness,wave number,middle distance,and wave height are the most influential parameters.For a certain type of reducer bellows,the compensation capacity attains a maximum when the wave number ratio is between 6:6 and 8:4,the wall thickness is 0.3 mm,and the wave height is between 4–5 mm and 5–6 mm.Moreover,the maximum allowable ambient pres-sure of the optimized reducer bellows can reach 62.6 MPa without failure,and the maximum working water depth is 6284 m.

Study on Pressure-reducer in Hydrodynamic Deep Drawing

In the ligh of the features of a superpressure system for hydrodynamic deep drawing (HDD) and the need of CNC, a pressure-reducer is applied. The dynamic performane’s stability of pressure-reducer,strength and sealing structure of cylinder are devised. The dynamic response of the pressure contro system is analyzed, based on which the sultable control pattern can be chosen.

Pneumatic resistance network analysis and dimension optimization of high pressure electronic pneumatic pressure reducing valve

The structure and working principle of a self-deigned high pressure electronic pneumatic pressure reducing valve (EPPRV) with slide pilot are introduced.The resistance value formulas and the relationship between the resistance and pressure of three typical pneumatic resistances are obtained.Then,the method of static characteristics analysis only considering pneumatic resistances is proposed,the resistance network from gas supply to load is built up,and the mathematical model is derived from the flow rate formulas and flow conservation equations,with the compressibility of high pressure gas and temperature drop during the expansion considered in the model.Finally,the pilot spool displacement of 1.5 mm at an output pressure of 15MPa and the enlarging operating stroke of the pilot spool are taken as optimization targets,and the optimization is carried out based on genetic algorithm and the model mentioned above.The results show that the static characteristics of the EPPRV are significantly improved.The idea of static characteristics analysis and optimization based on pneumatic resistance network is valuable for the design of pneumatic components or system.

Study on Reducing Injection Pressure of Low Permeability Reservoirs Characterized by High Temperature and High Salinity

In view of the problems of high injection pressure and low water injection rate in water injection wells of low permeability reservoirs featuring high temperature and high salinity,two new surfactants were synthesized,including a quaternary ammonium surfactant and a betaine amphoteric surfactant.The composite surfactant system BYJ-1 was formed by mixing two kinds of surfactants.The minimum interfacial tension between BYJ-1 solution and the crude oil could reach 1.4×10^(-3) mN/m.The temperature resistance was up to 140℃,and the salt resistance could reach up to 120 g/L.For the low permeability core fully saturated with water phase,BYJ-1 could obviously reduce the starting pressure gradient of low permeability core.While for the core with residual oil,BYJ-1 could obviously reduce the injection pressure and improve the oil recovery.Moreover,the field test showed that BYJ-1 could effectively reduce the injection pressure of the water injection well,increase the injection volume,and increase the liquid production and oil production of the corresponding production well.

Comparative Observation of Ar,Ar-H_2 and Ar-N_2 DC Arc Plasma Jets and Their Arc Root Behaviour at Reduced Pressure

Results observed experimentally are presented, about the DC arc plasma jets and their arc-root behaviour generated at reduced gas pressure without or with an applied magnetic field. Pure argon, argon-hydrogen or argon-nitrogen mixture was used as the plasma-forming gas. A specially designed copper mirror was used for a better observation of the arc-root behaviour on the anode surface of the DC non-transferred arc plasma torch. It was found that in the cases without an applied magnetic field, the laminar plasma jets were stable and approximately axisymmetrical. The arc-root attachment on the anode surface was completely diffusive when argon was used as the plasma-forming gas, while the arc-root attachment often became constrictive when hydrogen or nitrogen was added into the argon. As an external magnetic field was applied, the arc root tended to rotate along the anode surface of the non-transferred arc plasma torch.

Reducing intrathecal pressure after traumatic spinal cord injury: a potential clinical target to promote tissue survival

Spinal cord injury （SCI） is an unexpected event that is both devastating and debilitating, resulting in not just motor and sensory loss, but also autonomic dysfunction of the bladder, bowel and sexual organs. Currently, there are no treatments available to improve outcome follow- ing SCI, leaving individuals with permanent and lifelong physical disability. Worldwide it is estimated that more than 500,000 people sustain a SCI each year, with average lifetime cost of paraplegia and quadriplegia estimated at $5 million and $9.5 million respectively. We therefore urgently need effective therapies to improve quality of life following SCI, and this requires a greater understanding of how cell and axonal injury develops after the traumatic event.

Synthesis of condensed polynuclear aromatic resin from furfural extract oil of reduced-pressure route Ⅱ

As an industrial byproduct of oil refining,furfural extract oil from reduced-pressure route Ⅱ with high aromatic content was used to prepare heat-resistant condensed polynuclear aromatic（COPNA） resin for the first time.The basic properties of furfural extract oil and the resultant COPNA resin were characterized by infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy（1H-NMR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） and elemental analysis（EA）.The result showed that heat treated furfural extract oil was successfully used for the synthesis of heat-resistant COPNA resin.The average structural parameters of raw materials and prepared resin were calculated by the improved Brown-Ladner method,and the averaged molecular structure of the resin was obtained.The reaction mechanism for the synthesis of COPNA resin was suggested as an acid-catalyzed positive ion type polymerization.

Suppressing secondary reactions of coal pyrolysis by reducing pressure and mounting internals in fixed-bed reactor

Pyrolysis of Shenmu coal was performed in fixed-bed reactors indirectly heated by reducing operating pressure and mounting internals in the reactor to explore their synergetic effects on coal pyrolysis. Mounting internals particularly designed greatly improved the heat transfer inside coal bed and raised the yield of tar production.Reducing pressure further facilitated the production of tar through its suppression of secondary reactions occurring in the reactor. The absolute increase in tar yield reached 3.33 wt% in comparison with the pyrolysis in the reactor without internals under atmospheric pressure. The obtained tar yield in the reactor with internals under reduced pressure was even higher than the yield of Gray–King assay. Through experiments in a laboratory fixed bed reactor, it was also clarified that the effect of reducing pressure is related to volatile release rate in pyrolysis. It did not obviously vary tar yield at pyrolysis temperatures below 600 ℃, while the effect was evident at 650 and 700 ℃ but became limited again above 800 ℃. Under reduced pressure the produced tar contained more aliphatics and phenols but less aromatics.

Room Temperature and Reduced Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Carbide on Various Materials Surface

At room temperature, 300 K, silicon carbide film was formed using monomethylsilane gas on the reactive surface prepared using argon plasma. Entire process was performed at reduced pressure of 10 Pa in the argon plasma etcher, without a substrate transfer operation. By this process, the several-nanometer-thick amorphous thin film containing silicon-carbon bonds was obtained on various substrates, such as semiconductor silicon, aluminum and stainless steel. It is concluded that the room temperature silicon carbide thin film formation is possible even at significantly low pressure, when the substrate surface is reactive.

Survey-Based Analysis of Water Consumption Law in High-Rise Public Buildings and Water-Saving Performance of Pressure-Reducing Measures

Facing the contradiction of water scarcity and water wastage in most cities of China, this study aims at probing into the factors influencing water-use efficiency and assessing water-saving potential by adopting pressure control measures based on field survey conducted in 23 high-rise buildings in Suqian, China and laboratory tests. Results showed that per capita water consumption (PCWC) exceeding water consumption norms is common in these buildings. The hourly water consumption variation law is quite different among different types of buildings. These differences should be considered in designing building water supply systems to lower water and energy consumption. On the basis of correlation analysis, the order of factors influencing the PCWC follows average tap water pressure, percapita building area, and building age, suggesting pressure management in high-rise buildings is a key water-saving measure. Field tests of outflow characteristics under different water pressures indicated that over-pressure outflow (OPO) is a common cause of water wastage in buildings, however, no branch pipe pressure control measures were found in all the surveyed buildings. Laboratory tests showed that branch pipe pressure-reducing measures can lower water consumption and improve the comfortability of use as well. Therefore, in addition to applying high efficiency water-saving devices, we strongly recommend that branch pipe pressure-reducing measures should be strictly implemented in designing new building water supply systems and reconstruction of existing old building water supply systems, thereby, promoting water, energy saving and development of green building.

A two-dimensional air streamer discharge modified model based on artificial stability term under non-uniform electric field at low temperature and sub-atmospheric pressure

In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed in the previous paper are applied to the calculation of photoionization rate. Based on the modified model, the characteristics of low temperature subatmospheric air discharge under 13 kV direct current voltage are discussed, including needle-plate and needle-needle electrode structures. Firstly, in order to verify the reliability of the model, a numerical example and an experimental verification were carried out for the modified model respectively. Both verification results show that the model can ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the calculation. Secondly, according to the calculation results of the modified model, under the same voltage and spacing, the reduced electric field under low temperature subatmosphere pressure is larger than that under normal temperature and atmospheric pressure. The high electric field leads to the air discharge at low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure entering the streamer initiation stage earlier, and has a faster propagation speed in the streamer development stage, which shortens the overall discharge time. Finally, the discharge characteristics of the two electrode structures are compared, and it is found that the biggest difference between them is that there is a pre-ionization region near the cathode in the needle-needle electrode structure. When the pre-ionization level reaches 1013 cm-3, the propagation speed of the positive streamer remains unchanged throughout the discharge process, and is no longer affected by the negative streamer. The peak value of electric field decreases with the increase of pre-ionization level, and tends to be constant during streamer propagation. Based on the previous paper, this paper constructs the air discharge model under non-uniform electric field, complements with the previous paper, and forms a relatively complete set of air discharge simulation system under low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure, which provides a certain reference for future research.

比例减压阀控缸输出力的非线性自适应控制

针对所研制的一款采用双直动式三通比例减压阀控非对称液压缸驱动的刮板型输送带清扫器进行研究,提出了一种基于PI(Prandtl-Ishlinskii)逆模型前馈补偿的自适应控制算法,改善了比例减压阀固有的压力滞环、死区、增益等非线性,保证了清扫器刮板驱动扭矩的精度,实现了以恒定扭矩在刮板全寿命周期内的高效清洁.针对比例减压阀的滞环特性,采用带遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法在线辨识比例减压阀的PI模型参数,进而求解其逆模型作为线性自抗扰控制器的前馈补偿.仿真和实验结果表明,所提算法有效减小了比例减压阀的滞环、死区和增益等非线性,改善了比例减压阀控缸的动态响应,相较于PID算法,跟踪速度提升了65%,在100~700N·m范围内刮板驱动扭矩误差可控制在±2N·m以内.

超深、特深碳酸盐岩多场-损伤耦合破裂压力计算

超深、特深碳酸盐岩储层破裂压力高,面临压不开的难题,酸液会与储层基质反应起到扩孔增渗以及劣化岩石力学性质的作用,进而降低破裂压力,但目前缺少碳酸盐岩储层酸损伤下的破裂压力精准计算方法,难以设计针对性的降破措施。针对上述问题,通过测试钻井液浸泡、酸液驱替后岩芯动态杨氏模量建立了不同流体扰动状态下的碳酸盐岩损伤演化方程,进一步建立了酸压过程中流动场、化学场和应力损伤场多场耦合的破裂压力数值计算模型,结果表明,钻井液酸液综合扰动条件下,孔隙度低于4.32%、酸化时间小于4.08 min时损伤因子小于0,无法解除钻井液污染导致的杨氏模量升高;P1井“井筒替酸+静止浸泡+浸泡后酸压”施工第73 min时8833m附近井段达到起裂条件,此时损伤因子为0.301,破裂压力降低了29 MPa,酸损伤降破后成功压开地层;模型计算结果与实测破裂压力误差为1%∼5%,较传统解析模型降低了3∼10个百分点,对于蓬莱气区灯影组或类似碳酸盐岩储层破裂压力计算与酸损伤降破措施设计具有一定指导意义。

连通设备粉尘爆炸泄压面积确定方法

国内外相关标准提供了单体设备的泄压面积计算方法,但连通设备的准则尚属空白.通过FLACS数值模拟,以玉米淀粉为爆炸介质,探究了连通设备内的泄爆压力和压力上升速率.结果表明:当管道长度一定时,传爆容器内最大泄爆压力随泄压面积增加而降低;在设置相同泄压面积时,传爆容器内的最大泄爆压力随管道长度的增长而增大,且达到最大泄爆压力的时间也随之延后;传爆容器所需最小安全泄压面积大于同等大小单体设备的泄压面积,说明现有单体设备的泄压面积计算方法对于连通设备不适用.通过数值拟合,对标准中单体设备的泄压面积计算公式进行修正,使其满足连通设备安全泄压要求.研究结果为连通系统的防爆设计提供参考和依据.

大中型液体运载火箭水平起竖与发射技术

未来大量中低轨商业卫星的发射任务对大中型运载火箭提出了快速测发的技术需求。地面发射支持系统针对CZ-8火箭需求,在传统运载型号已有技术的基础上,重点开展了箭体整体水平组装及起竖对接技术、快速智能测发技术的研究,旨在进一步提升火箭发射任务效率、简化发射场设施、降低发射成本。以箭体水平组装设备、整体转运起竖对接设备、智能供气系统为切入点,对相关技术进行了阐述,此外,还提出了吊具、支架车两种水平组装方案。对整体转运起竖对接精度影响因素进行了分析,并介绍了起竖托架的刚度提升方法。介绍了智能供配气总体方案、智能减压阀技术、供配气设备故障诊断技术。

气体减压器用压力表示值误差测量不确定度评定及自动计算

针对气体减压器校准规范给出压力表示值误差测量不确定度评定实例,结合气体减压器校准的实际情况,重点分析了评定实例的评定方法,指出评定方法的不足,并提出优化方法。根据优化后的评定实例计算过程,通过Excel设计了自动计算公式,校准人员只需输入测量值和被检表相关信息即可实现测量不确定度的自动计算,极大地提高了校准效率。

基于压力角的摆线针轮齿廓曲线优化方法

根据摆线针轮传动理论,提出一种基于压力角的齿廓优化方法。将摆线针轮齿廓分为工作段与非工作段,区分影响工作段压力角的因素为修形参数与设计参数,讨论两类参数对压力角的影响,以此两类参数为设计变量,以工作段平均压力角为目标函数,以运动与润滑要求确定边界条件,对RV⁃550E型减速器摆线轮进行优化设计。结果表明,此方法使算例的工作段平均压力角降低了4.14%,使单齿啮合过程的压力角最大值降低了1.35%,优化前后接触齿对最大Mises应力下降了20.77%,发生位置由摆线轮转移至针轮,模型质量减小了9.38%,在确保无根切现象的同时能获得良好的组合修形效果。

基于FCM-GA灌溉供水管网减压阀布设优化

为探究灌溉供水管网中存在的漏损过高以及局部压力过大的问题,提出了一种基于FCM-GA的供水管网减压阀布设优化方法,该方法借助MATLAB、EPANET、MATLAB-EPANET-Toolkit以及PlatEMO平台等工具,对西班牙的BIN管网进行分区布置减压阀并优化阀后压力,以不同分区方案的成本与降漏效果为控制指标,筛选出最优方案。结果显示:最优方案(分5个区)将整个管网的漏损率降低至7.45%,相较初始管网降低了20.04%,降低的漏损费用可达114€/d,在减压阀服务年限内可收回成本并达到盈利,并实现对整个管网系统的压力管理,提高了管网的稳定性和可靠性,有利于减少管网事故发生。因此,基于FCM-GA的灌溉供水管网减压阀布设优化是一种安全、低成本和高效益的降漏与控压方法,在有效降低灌溉用水费用的同时,可更好地实现节水灌溉。

S-N型功能分子用作多功能添加剂的缓蚀及摩擦学行为研究

利用电化学、摩擦学试验和量子化学模拟等手段,研究了巯基甲基噻二唑(MMT)和二壬基萘磺酸(DNS)这2种功能分子作为缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能和作为极压抗磨添加剂的摩擦学性能及其作用机理.电化学试验表明,DNS分子的缓蚀能力较差,缓蚀效率为58.6%;MMT分子表现出优异的缓蚀能力,缓蚀效率达93.3%.摩擦学试验表明,DNS作为添加剂时,油样的摩擦系数与PEG基础油的摩擦系数相当,磨损量增大;MMT作为添加剂时,油样的摩擦系数和磨损量较PEG基础油明显降低,极压性能较基础油明显提高.量子化学模拟结果表明,DNS分子与钢表面具有更高的反应活性,因此作为极压抗磨和缓蚀添加剂,加剧了金属的腐蚀和磨损.表面分析结果表明,DNS分子润滑下的磨斑表面主要起到减摩作用的是铁的氧化物和FeSO_(4)等.MMT分子润滑下的磨斑表面的摩擦产物为Fe_(2)(SO_(4))3、FeS_(2)、铁的氧化物以及含氮有机物.

高压气动减压阀内部湿空气凝结特性

针对高压气动减压阀内部结露结冰的现象,建立高压湿空气凝结流动数学模型,开展高压气动减压阀内部结露机理研究。以湿空气和液滴为流动介质,采用湿蒸汽凝结理论和多组分运输模型,通过C语言和Fluent-UDF编程开发了高压超音速湿空气凝结流动数值模型,搭建实验平台进行数值模型验证。利用该数值模型对高压气动减压阀内部湿空气凝结流动特性进行仿真,并分析了高压超音速流动过程中湿空气的流动凝结行为。结果表明:高压压缩气体流经节流阀口为绝热等熵过程,产生焦耳-汤姆逊正效应,气体体积迅速膨胀,压力和温度急剧下降,流速达到超音速流动;阀口附近下游区域大量成核,液滴快速增长,形成主要凝结区。高压湿空气凝结流动模型可为高压减压阀结构优化及进一步结冰机理研究提供参考。