Influence of temperature and strain rate on flow stress behavior of twin-roll cast, rolled and heat-treated AZ31 magnesium alloys

The effects of temperature and strain rate on the flow stress behavior of twin-roll cast, rolled and heat-treated AZ31 magnesium alloys were investigated under uniaxial tension. At high temperatures, dynamic recovery, continuous dynamic recrystallization, grain boundary sliding and the activation of additional slip systems lead to an improvement of the ductility of the alloys. The elongation to failure is nearly independent of the strain rate between 473 and 523 K at 10-2 s-1 and 10-1 s-1, which is related to the strain rate dependence of the critical resolved shear stress（CRSS） for nonbasal slip. Despite the high temperature, twins are even observed at 573 K and 10-3 s-1 because they have a low CRSS.

ISOCHRONOUS STRESS-STRAIN CURVES OF LOW ALLOY STEEL CROSS-WELD-SPECIMEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

In this work, a parametric approach is presented and utilized to determine the creep properties of weldments; then the model of creep strain for cross weld specimen is given. On the basis of the experimental results, attempt has been made to establish equations of the isochronous stress-strain for weld joint that can predict the function of loading and service time in use of the creep data of base metal and weld metal.

Experimental study on stress-strain-temperature models for structural steel

For the research on steel structure in fire,it is very important to determine the properties of structural steel at elevated temperature.Up to now,the high-temperature properties of material is believed to be related to only temperature state,which is not precise enough to simulate the behavior of steel structures under different combinations of heating,cooling,loading,and unloading.To analyze the influence of the temperature-load history on the steel properties,a series of tests were carried out under different temperature-load paths about steel Q235,which is widely used in steel structures in China.In this paper,the method to set the temperature-load paths was introduced;the variety regulation of steel properties changing with temperature was analyzed under different paths;according to experimental results,the formulas of elastic modulus and yield strength at elevated temperature were fitted,and the stress-strain-temperature 3D relationships of structural steel under different paths were presented.

Relationship between changes of endogenous ABA level and resistance in hybrid rice under temperature stress

We studied the relationship between endogenous ABA and resistance to temperature stress in seedlings of hybrid rice. The hybrid rice Combinations Shanyou 63, Shanyou 287, Weiyou 63, and Weiyou 287 were treated under 2℃ and 42℃ respectively for 48 h. Endogenous ABA concentrations were obtained by gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and a nickel labelled external standard. Leakage of electrolytes were determined. At optimal temperature (27℃), there was difference between the level of endogenous ABA and the leakage of electrolytes in hybrid rice combinations, which attributed to genetic difference. ABA level in Weiyou system was higher than that in Shanyou, and there were distinctions between Shanyou system itself (see table). At 2℃, the ABA content of rice seedling was increased. ABA level of Weiyou system maintained higher than Shanyou system at 27℃. The leakage quantities of

Plastic Flow Modeling of Ti-5 Al-2 Sn-2 Zr-4 Mo-4 Cr Alloy at Elevated Temperatures and High Strain Rates

The true stress-sWain relationships of Ti-5A1-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr（TC17） alloy with a wide range of strain rates were investigated by tmiaxial quasi-static and dynamic compression tests, respectively. Quasi- static compression tests were carried out with Instron 8874 test machine, while dynamic compression tests were performed with the split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） which was installed with heating device and synchro- assembly system. The dynamic mechanical behaviors tests of TC17 were carded out from room temperature to 800 ℃ at intervals of 200 ℃ and at high sWain rates （5 500-1 9200 s-l）. The stress-strain curves considering temperature-sWain rate coupling actions were obtained. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model was developed through data fitting of the stress-sWain curves. The material constants in the developed constitutive model can be determined using isothermal and adiabatic stress-strain curves at different strain rates. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model provided satisfied prediction of the plastic flow stress for TC17 alloy.

Stress-Strain Relationship and Failure Criterion for Concrete after Freezing and Thawing Cycles

The research of the failure criterion and one-dimensional stress-strain relationship of deteriorated concrete were carried out. Based on the damage mechanics theory, the dsmage which reflects the alternation of internal state of material were introduced into the formula presented by Desayi and Krishman and the weighted twin-shear strength theory. As a nondestructive examination method in common use, the ultrasonic technique was adopted in the study, and the ultrasonic velocity was used to establish the damage variable. After that, the failure criterion and one-dimensional stress-strain relationship for deteriorated concrete were obtained. Eventually, tests were carried out to study the evolution laws on the damage. The results show that the more freezing and thawing cycles are, the more apparently the failure surface shrinks. Meanwhile, the comparison between theoretical data and experimental data verifies tile rationality of tile damage-based one-dimensional stress-strain relationship proposed.

Nonlinear model characterizing stress-strain relationship and permeability change of contact compression fracture at closing stage

Understanding the stress-strain relationship and permeability change for contact compression fracture at closing stage has been a hot issue for a long time.Previous investigations of this topic were mainly focused on experimental tests;however,theoretical approaches were rarely reported.Based on this,this paper focuses on the contact fracture at closing stage when rock is uniaxially loaded,and then a theoretical model is proposed.Based on the change of fracture elasticity modulus,it shows that as crack apertures are gradually reduced in the loading process,the permeability of rock sample will decrease progressively.This scenario shows that theoretical computation matches well with the experimental results.Finally,the effects of ratio of sample size to fracture aperture(n).pore pressure(P),and initial aperture(b) on stress-strain relationship and permeability change for contact compression fracture at closing stage are analyzed.

Constitutive model depending upon temperature and strain rate of carbon constructional quality steels

The basic factors relating to the rheological stress in the constitutive equations were introduced.Carbon constructional quality steels were regarded as a kind of elastic-viscoplastic materials under high temperature and the elastic-viscoplastic constitutive models were summarized.A series of tension experiments under the same temperature and different strain rates,and the same strain rate and different temperatures were done on 20 steel,35 steel and 45 steel.52 groups of rheological stress-strain curves were obtained.The experimental results were analyzed theoretically.The rheological stress constitutive models of carbon steels were built combining the strong points of the Perzyna model and Johnson-Cook model.Comparing the calculation results conducted from the model with the experiment results,the results proves that the model can reflect the temperature effect and strain rate effect of carbon constructional quality steels better.

Temperature cycling and its effect on mechanical behaviours of highporosity chalks

Temperature history can have a significant effect on the strength of water-saturated chalk.In this study,hydrostatic stress cycles are applied to understand the mechanical response of chalk samples exposed to temperature cycling between each stress cycle,compared to the samples tested at a constant temperature.The total accumulated strain during a stress cycle and the irreversible strain are reported.Chalk samples from Kansas (USA) and Mons (Belgium),with different degrees of induration (i.e.amount of contact cementation),were used.The samples were saturated with equilibrated water (polar) and nonpolar Isopar H oil to quantify water weakening.All samples tested during 10 stress cycles with varying temperature (i.e.temperature cycled in between each stress cycle) accumulated more strain than those tested at constant temperatures.All the stress cycles were performed at 30 ℃.The two chalk types behaved similarly when saturated with Isopar H oil,but differently when saturated with water.When saturated with water,the stronger Kansas chalk accumulated more total strain and more irreversible strain within each stress cycle than the weaker Mons chalk.

FAILURE MODE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PLAIN HIGH-STRENGTH HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE UNDER BIAXIAL COMPRESSION AFTER EXPOSURE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.

Validity of a noninvasive estimation of deep body temperature when wearing personal protective equipment during exercise and recovery

Background:Deep body temperature is a critical indicator of heat strain.However,direct measures are often invasive,costly,and difficult to implement in the field.This study assessed the agreement between deep body temperature estimated from heart rate and that measured directly during repeated work bouts while wearing explosive ordnance disposal(EOD)protective clothing and during recovery.Methods:Eight males completed three work and recovery periods across two separate days.Work consisted of treadmill walking on a 1%incline at 2.5,4.0,or 5.5 km/h,in a random order,wearing EOD protective clothing.Ambient temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 24℃and 50%[Wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT)(20.9±1.2)℃]or 32℃and 60%[WBGT(29.0±0.2)℃]on the separate days,respectively.Heart rate and gastrointestinal temperature(TGI)were monitored continuously,and deep body temperature was also estimated from heart rate(ECTemp).Results:The overall systematic bias between TGI and ECTemp was 0.01℃with 95%limits of agreement(Lo A)of±0.64℃and a root mean square error of 0.32℃.The average error statistics among participants showed no significant differences in error between the exercise and recovery periods or the environmental conditions.At TGI levels of(37.0–37.5)℃,(37.5–38.0)℃,(38.0–38.5)℃,and>38.5℃,the systematic bias and±95%Lo A were(0.08±0.58)℃,(–0.02±0.69)℃,(–0.07±0.63)℃,and(–0.32±0.56)℃,respectively.Conclusions:The findings demonstrate acceptable validity of the ECTemp up to 38.5℃.Conducting work within an ECTemp limit of 38.4℃,in conditions similar to the present study,would protect the majority of personnel from an excessive elevation in deep body temperature(>39.0℃).

热流固耦合下不同载荷对光热熔盐泵转子运行稳定性的影响

光热电站熔盐泵转子系统由于其自身结构及外部载荷激励,在极端运行工况下难以维持运行稳定性。针对该问题建立有限元模型,分析了温度载荷、流场力载荷、离心力载荷等对熔盐泵转子的应力变形规律;设置4种不同轴段长度的转子模型,分析不同转子模态振型、固有频率以及临界转速等动力学特性。研究发现:转子结构中最大等效应力出现在首级叶轮叶片进口与前盖板交界处,最大变形出现在首级叶轮前盖板尾缘处,流场载荷与质量力载荷使应力与变形在叶轮上大致呈现中心对称分布,温度载荷使得叶轮产生较大的形变;对首级叶轮进行强度校核后,所选材料满足结构强度要求。模型转子的固有频率随中间轴段长度的增加而降低,湿态转子模型的固有频率略低于干态固有频率;其他转子的一阶临界转速均小于转子的设计转速,只有A9转子的临界转速满足±10%安全裕度,不易在运行过程中发生共振。研究结果对于该类型泵安全稳定运行以及在能源应用等领域具有重要的指导意义。

钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土力学性能与本构关系研究

文中采用橡胶颗粒替换部分钢渣细集料,分别制备出了橡胶含量为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%的钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土.对钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的标准立方体抗压强度、轴心抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗折强度、弹性模量和本构关系等力学指标进行系统的分析与试验研究.结果表明:当橡胶掺量从0%~40%增大时,钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的抗压强度、抗折强度、弹性模量等均呈现下降的趋势.提出了钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土的本构关系模型,理论值与试验值吻合较好,可应用于钢渣与橡胶混合细集料混凝土结构的受力分析.

基于BP神经网络的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系预测

在前期宏观试验基础之上,采用离散元模拟和BP神经网络相结合的方法获取不同胶凝材料掺量和围压下胶结砂砾石的应力-应变关系。根据前期胶凝材料掺量分别为20、40、60、80、100 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石三轴排水剪切试验结果,开展离散元数值模拟。以试验数据为学习样本,开展BP神经网络模型训练,预测胶凝材料掺量分别为30、50、70、90 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系,并将预测结果和离散元模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明,BP神经网络能够实现胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系的预测,并在较低围压下具有较好的精度。

橡胶粗细集料含量对FRP约束橡胶混凝土应力-应变关系的影响

为研究橡胶粗细集料体积分数对纤维增强复合材料(fiber reinforced polymer, FRP)约束橡胶混凝土应力-应变关系的影响,提出了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率的概念,并通过收集已发表文献的110组应力-应变关系试验曲线,分析了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率对FRP约束不同截面橡胶混凝土柱应力-应变关系关键参数的影响,基于分析结果建立了FRP约束橡胶混凝土的应力-应变关系模型和抗压强度模型,两个模型中均考虑了橡胶粗细集料体积替换率和橡胶混凝土截面形状的影响.模型评估结果表明:随着橡胶粗细集料体积替换率、FRP约束应力比和截面倒角半径比的增加,FRP约束橡胶混凝土的抗压强度均呈增大的趋势;建立的抗压强度模型可准确预测橡胶颗粒取代部分细集料或粗细集料的FRP约束橡胶混凝土抗压强度,平均误差仅为1.03;建立的应力-应变关系模型能够较好预测FRP约束橡胶混凝土的应力-应变关系曲线变化.

基于Hoek-Brown准则的岩体高温-荷载耦合损伤模型及其验证

针对隧道岩体在高温和荷载共同作用下产生的耦合损伤问题,基于连续损伤力学理论,引入高温-荷载耦合损伤因子,建立了考虑高温作用的广义Hoek-Brown(H-B)准则的弹塑性损伤本构模型,解决了模型在数值积分过程中的奇异点问题,并利用Fortran语言编写了模型的有限元程序。结果表明:模型计算的应力-应变曲线与试验所得到的曲线趋势一致且计算结果误差在5%以内,温度作用下隧洞围岩损伤逐渐加剧,验证了模型的准确性和程序的稳健性,可为火灾作用下隧道围岩安全稳定性评价提供一种有效计算方法。

Theoretical and experimental study on relationship between stress-strain and temperature variation

Principle on temperature response to the stress-strain variation is fundamental to the relationship between thermal radiation variation and stress-strain field. Current research indicates that temperature has a sensitive response to rock deformation under the condition of normal temperature background. However, the basic physical relationship between deformation and temperature variation is not clear and need to be investigated further. In this paper, principle on temperature response to stress-strain variation is studied in detail, based on thermodynamics, elastic strain theory, and experiments on both ideal material and rock. In the stage of elastic deformation, results indicate that: 1) temperature increment is positively correlated with volume strain variation. Temperature rises with hydrostatic pressure increase. In other words, temperature rises when the specimen is under the compressive state whereas temperature drops under the tensile state. 2) Pure shear deformation does not contribute to tempera- ture variation. Namely, shape change of specimen does not produce temperature variation. However, there exist the relative tensile area and the compressive one in the specimen under the state of pure shear. Temperature drops within the relative tensile area while temperature rises within the compressive areas during the process of loading.

碱渣-电石渣激发混凝土的基本力学性能与应力-应变关系

碱渣、电石渣等碱性工业固废的大面积堆置引发了严重的环境污染问题,亟需拓展资源化利用渠道。本工作以先前开发的碱渣-电石渣协同激发矿渣-粉煤灰胶凝材料替代水泥制备了新型混凝土,研究了其抗压、抗拉、抗折等基本力学性能与单轴受压应力-应变关系。结果表明:新型混凝土的早期抗压强度相比水泥混凝土发展缓慢,可通过适宜的热养护(60~75℃@12 h)进行改善,且对后期强度不会产生不利影响。新型混凝土拉压比和折压比分别为0.102±0.006、0.137±0.007,均高于同等级的水泥混凝土。新型混凝土在单轴受压下具有比水泥混凝土更短的弹性上升段,更长的塑性上升段,峰值应力后延性略差。通过统计回归分别建立了标准抗压、轴心抗压、劈裂抗拉、抗折强度的预测模型以及单轴受压应力-应变关系,均与试验值吻合性较好,为这类新型混凝土的配合比设计、强度预测及工程应用奠定了理论基础。

纯应力主轴旋转下固有各向异性砂土力学特性

【目的】进一步揭示固有各向异性和偏应力q对砂土力学特性的影响,深化对土应力方向依赖性的认识。【方法】利用新型制样装置制备具有固有各向异性的砂土空心圆柱试样,结合空心圆柱扭剪仪,开展一系列不同沉积面倾角a3和q条件下的不排水纯应力主轴旋转试验。【结果】在纯应力主轴旋转条件下,砂土临界周数随着a3和q的改变而改变,其数值最大可相差9倍;孔压前期累积速率也与a3和q有关,但中期稳定后的孔压数值受两者的影响较小;随着a3和q增大,剪应变累积速度加快,滞回圈面积及倾角也会发生变化。【结论】砂土的应变发展规律、孔压变化、剪应力-剪应变关系等动力学特性均与固有各向异性和q密切相关,且q的改变也会引起固有各向异性与动力学特性之间关系的变化。

西北季节性冻土场地地震反应特性研究

我国西北地区被季节冻土全覆盖,且近年来该区域地震频发。为研究我国西北地区季节性冻土场地的地震反应特性,开展了季节性冻土场地振动台试验,并建立了不同冻结深度的三维实体有限差分模型,对比分析了不同地震激励作用下的季节性冻土场地的地震反应特征和土体的动剪应力—动剪应变规律。结果表明:在地震激励下,冻土层的存在虽然有效抑制了地震动能量,但冻结期场地的水平位移与非冻结期相比明显较大,且竖向位移呈显著的层状震陷特征;冻土场地的峰值放大系数呈先增大后减小然后再增大的规律,并且冻土层深度越大其峰值放大系数越小。此外,通过土体的动剪应力—动剪应变关系可以发现,冻土场地地震反应具有明显的非线性特征,且冻土层的存在对地震能量具有一定的削弱作用。