Template identification technology （TIT） is designed for the scenarios where a batch of disarmed nuclear weapons or components would be dismantled to observe a nuclear disarmament treaty. The core function played by...Template identification technology （TIT） is designed for the scenarios where a batch of disarmed nuclear weapons or components would be dismantled to observe a nuclear disarmament treaty. The core function played by the TIT is to make a judgment on whether the verified item belongs to a certain kind of nuclear weapons or component （NW/NC） or to which kind the verified item belongs. This paper analyses the functions played by the TIT in the process of NW/NC dismantlement, and proposes that two phases would be followed when applying the TIT： firstly to establish NW/NC templates with a sample of size n drawn from a certain kind of disarmament NW; secondly to authenticate NW/NC by means of the TIT. This paper also expatiates some terms related to the concept of the TIT and investigates on the development status of NW/NC TIT based on radiation signatures. The study concludes that the design of template structure is crucial to the establishment of an effective TIT and that starting from different research angles and aiming at the same goal of classification different template structures and corresponding template identification methods can be built up to meet specific identification requirements.展开更多
Heterogeneous template-induced nucleation is a promising way to regulate protein crystallization events and could be employed for purification processes and crystallographic studies.Protein crystallization process wit...Heterogeneous template-induced nucleation is a promising way to regulate protein crystallization events and could be employed for purification processes and crystallographic studies.Protein crystallization process with graphite and graphene oxide,as heterogeneous templates,were investigated.More than 640 hanging drops with different concentrations of Lysozyme(30,50,70,100 mg/mL)and NaCl(0.7,0.9,1.1,1.3,1.5 M)were crystallised at 4 ℃ with or without graphite/graphene oxide templates.The induction times and crystallization process were observed under the microscope.The lysozyme in the solutions with graphite flakes nucleated faster under all the conditions than the lysozyme with equal experimental conditions without templates.The crystals preferred to grow around the edge of graphite flakes than on the flat surfaces.In the droplets with monolayer graphene oxide,more crystals appeared around gra-phene oxide particles,and the faster or slower nucleation processes with templates were dependent on the lysozyme and NaCl concentrations.Graphene oxide templates strongly inhibited nucleation at high lysozyme concentrations but promoted nucleation at low lysozyme concentrations.Both heterogeneous templates changed the crystal morphology and the crystallization kinetics.More crystals were observed in the solution with graphite templatesthan with graphene oxide templates and without any template.展开更多
文摘Template identification technology （TIT） is designed for the scenarios where a batch of disarmed nuclear weapons or components would be dismantled to observe a nuclear disarmament treaty. The core function played by the TIT is to make a judgment on whether the verified item belongs to a certain kind of nuclear weapons or component （NW/NC） or to which kind the verified item belongs. This paper analyses the functions played by the TIT in the process of NW/NC dismantlement, and proposes that two phases would be followed when applying the TIT： firstly to establish NW/NC templates with a sample of size n drawn from a certain kind of disarmament NW; secondly to authenticate NW/NC by means of the TIT. This paper also expatiates some terms related to the concept of the TIT and investigates on the development status of NW/NC TIT based on radiation signatures. The study concludes that the design of template structure is crucial to the establishment of an effective TIT and that starting from different research angles and aiming at the same goal of classification different template structures and corresponding template identification methods can be built up to meet specific identification requirements.
基金grateful to the UK EPSRC(Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council)for support(EP/T005378/1).
文摘Heterogeneous template-induced nucleation is a promising way to regulate protein crystallization events and could be employed for purification processes and crystallographic studies.Protein crystallization process with graphite and graphene oxide,as heterogeneous templates,were investigated.More than 640 hanging drops with different concentrations of Lysozyme(30,50,70,100 mg/mL)and NaCl(0.7,0.9,1.1,1.3,1.5 M)were crystallised at 4 ℃ with or without graphite/graphene oxide templates.The induction times and crystallization process were observed under the microscope.The lysozyme in the solutions with graphite flakes nucleated faster under all the conditions than the lysozyme with equal experimental conditions without templates.The crystals preferred to grow around the edge of graphite flakes than on the flat surfaces.In the droplets with monolayer graphene oxide,more crystals appeared around gra-phene oxide particles,and the faster or slower nucleation processes with templates were dependent on the lysozyme and NaCl concentrations.Graphene oxide templates strongly inhibited nucleation at high lysozyme concentrations but promoted nucleation at low lysozyme concentrations.Both heterogeneous templates changed the crystal morphology and the crystallization kinetics.More crystals were observed in the solution with graphite templatesthan with graphene oxide templates and without any template.
