One of uses of machine translation(MT),is helping readers to read for the gist of a foreign text through a draft transla tion produced by MT engines.Rapid post-editing,as Jeffrey Allen defines it as a"strictly mi...One of uses of machine translation(MT),is helping readers to read for the gist of a foreign text through a draft transla tion produced by MT engines.Rapid post-editing,as Jeffrey Allen defines it as a"strictly minimal editing on texts in order to re move blatant and significant errors without considering stylistic issues",can help present the reader with a roughly comprehensi ble translation as quickly as possible.The purpose of this article is on a proposed set of rapid post-editing guidelines for Biblical Chinese-English MT,with its application on editing the English MT version of Chapter one of Mark(马尔谷福音) of the Chi nese Catholic Bible(天主教思高本圣经) as an example.展开更多
Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis require...Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis requires host cellular factors for translating their viral RNAs, and for regulating their replication and cell to cell systemic movement. Therefore, the viruses are dependent on cellular translation factors. Mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E and eIF4G or their isoforms, eIFiso4 E, eIFiso4 G and eIF2Bβ have been mapped as a source of plant potyvirus while other genus of plant virus recessive resistance genes in many species are originated from these loci. Some of other plant translation factors, such as eIF3,eIF4 A-like helicases, eEF1A and eEF1B, which are required in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various aspects of the infection cycle,have also been identified. Here, we summarized the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotic plants and the essential roles of e IFs in virus infection. Moreover, we discussed the potential of e IFs as a target gene in the development of genetic resistance to viruses for crop improvement. This review highlighted newly revealed examples of abnormal translational strategies and provided insights into natural host resistance mechanisms that have been linked to 3 cap-independent translational enhancer activity.展开更多
Based on the earlier work Modern Translation Theory,Mr.Liu Miqing has made a great many modifications in The New Edition of Modern Translation Theory.As the book has exerted a far-reaching influence on the translation...Based on the earlier work Modern Translation Theory,Mr.Liu Miqing has made a great many modifications in The New Edition of Modern Translation Theory.As the book has exerted a far-reaching influence on the translation field,this paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive review of the book and point out its demerits.展开更多
This paper presents a survey of image synthesis and editing with Generative Adversarial Networks（GANs）. GANs consist of two deep networks, a generator and a discriminator, which are trained in a competitive way. Due...This paper presents a survey of image synthesis and editing with Generative Adversarial Networks（GANs）. GANs consist of two deep networks, a generator and a discriminator, which are trained in a competitive way. Due to the power of deep networks and the competitive training manner, GANs are capable of producing reasonable and realistic images, and have shown great capability in many image synthesis and editing applications.This paper surveys recent GAN papers regarding topics including, but not limited to, texture synthesis, image inpainting, image-to-image translation, and image editing.展开更多
The CRISPR/Cas9 system,originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system,has been developed as efficient genome editing tools.It enables precise gene manipulation on chromosomal DNA through the specific b...The CRISPR/Cas9 system,originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system,has been developed as efficient genome editing tools.It enables precise gene manipulation on chromosomal DNA through the specific binding of programmable sgRNA to target DNA,and the Cas9 protein,which has endonuclease activity,will cut a double strand break at specific locus.However,Cas9 is a foreign protein in mammalian cells,and the potential risks associated with its introduction into mammalian cells are not fully understood.In this study,we performed pull-down and mass spectrometry(MS)analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9(SpyCas9)interacting proteins in HEK293T cells and showed that the majority of Cas9-associated proteins identified by MS were localized in the nucleolus.Interestingly,we further discovered that the Cas9 protein contains a sequence encoding a nucleolus detention signal(NoDS).Compared with wild-type(WT)Cas9,NoDS-mutated variants of Cas9(mCas9)are less stable,although their gene editing activity is minimally affected.Overexpression of WT Cas9,but not mCas9,causes general effects on transcription and protein translation in the host cell.Overall,identification of NoDS in Cas9 will improve the understanding of Cas9's biological function in vivo,and the removal of NoDS in Cas9 may enhance its safety for future clinical use.展开更多
以Web of Science作为数据来源,对2011−2020年国外在机器翻译译后编辑这一领域的相关研究进行分析,阐述其研究热点及未来发展趋势,总结出国外学者研究热点,包括译后编辑与完全人工翻译的比较,静态译后编辑与交互式译后编辑的优劣,译后...以Web of Science作为数据来源,对2011−2020年国外在机器翻译译后编辑这一领域的相关研究进行分析,阐述其研究热点及未来发展趋势,总结出国外学者研究热点,包括译后编辑与完全人工翻译的比较,静态译后编辑与交互式译后编辑的优劣,译后编辑所耗精力预测及译后编辑标准和原则等话题,并由此推断未来该领域将会在神经机器翻译的译后编辑、文学内容的译后编辑以及译后编辑者应具备的能力等方面展开更加深入的探讨。本研究旨在通过分析国外研究的热点与发展趋势为国内相关研究提供新视角和新方法。展开更多
文摘One of uses of machine translation(MT),is helping readers to read for the gist of a foreign text through a draft transla tion produced by MT engines.Rapid post-editing,as Jeffrey Allen defines it as a"strictly minimal editing on texts in order to re move blatant and significant errors without considering stylistic issues",can help present the reader with a roughly comprehensi ble translation as quickly as possible.The purpose of this article is on a proposed set of rapid post-editing guidelines for Biblical Chinese-English MT,with its application on editing the English MT version of Chapter one of Mark(马尔谷福音) of the Chi nese Catholic Bible(天主教思高本圣经) as an example.
基金The authors thank Mr.Tomas Maher from the Department of Biology at the Pennsylvania State University for language editing.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LZ20C150002)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31872095).
文摘Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis requires host cellular factors for translating their viral RNAs, and for regulating their replication and cell to cell systemic movement. Therefore, the viruses are dependent on cellular translation factors. Mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E and eIF4G or their isoforms, eIFiso4 E, eIFiso4 G and eIF2Bβ have been mapped as a source of plant potyvirus while other genus of plant virus recessive resistance genes in many species are originated from these loci. Some of other plant translation factors, such as eIF3,eIF4 A-like helicases, eEF1A and eEF1B, which are required in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various aspects of the infection cycle,have also been identified. Here, we summarized the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotic plants and the essential roles of e IFs in virus infection. Moreover, we discussed the potential of e IFs as a target gene in the development of genetic resistance to viruses for crop improvement. This review highlighted newly revealed examples of abnormal translational strategies and provided insights into natural host resistance mechanisms that have been linked to 3 cap-independent translational enhancer activity.
文摘Based on the earlier work Modern Translation Theory,Mr.Liu Miqing has made a great many modifications in The New Edition of Modern Translation Theory.As the book has exerted a far-reaching influence on the translation field,this paper aims to present a relatively comprehensive review of the book and point out its demerits.
基金supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2016YFB1001402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61521002)+2 种基金the Joint NSFC-ISF Research Program(No.61561146393)Research Grant of Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center and Tsinghua-Tencent Joint Laboratory for Internet Innovation Technologysupported by the EPSRC CDE(No.EP/L016540/1)
文摘This paper presents a survey of image synthesis and editing with Generative Adversarial Networks（GANs）. GANs consist of two deep networks, a generator and a discriminator, which are trained in a competitive way. Due to the power of deep networks and the competitive training manner, GANs are capable of producing reasonable and realistic images, and have shown great capability in many image synthesis and editing applications.This paper surveys recent GAN papers regarding topics including, but not limited to, texture synthesis, image inpainting, image-to-image translation, and image editing.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0310900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants(No.31270830,21572038,21877016 to Y.D,No.31671386 to Q.H,81972621 to W.J)+1 种基金the Development Fund for Shanghai Talents,Fund of State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry,Fund of State Key Laboratory of Drug Research,Chinese Academy of Science(No.SIMM1601KF-08)Fudan University Graduate Student Research Grant.
文摘The CRISPR/Cas9 system,originally derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system,has been developed as efficient genome editing tools.It enables precise gene manipulation on chromosomal DNA through the specific binding of programmable sgRNA to target DNA,and the Cas9 protein,which has endonuclease activity,will cut a double strand break at specific locus.However,Cas9 is a foreign protein in mammalian cells,and the potential risks associated with its introduction into mammalian cells are not fully understood.In this study,we performed pull-down and mass spectrometry(MS)analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9(SpyCas9)interacting proteins in HEK293T cells and showed that the majority of Cas9-associated proteins identified by MS were localized in the nucleolus.Interestingly,we further discovered that the Cas9 protein contains a sequence encoding a nucleolus detention signal(NoDS).Compared with wild-type(WT)Cas9,NoDS-mutated variants of Cas9(mCas9)are less stable,although their gene editing activity is minimally affected.Overexpression of WT Cas9,but not mCas9,causes general effects on transcription and protein translation in the host cell.Overall,identification of NoDS in Cas9 will improve the understanding of Cas9's biological function in vivo,and the removal of NoDS in Cas9 may enhance its safety for future clinical use.
文摘以Web of Science作为数据来源,对2011−2020年国外在机器翻译译后编辑这一领域的相关研究进行分析,阐述其研究热点及未来发展趋势,总结出国外学者研究热点,包括译后编辑与完全人工翻译的比较,静态译后编辑与交互式译后编辑的优劣,译后编辑所耗精力预测及译后编辑标准和原则等话题,并由此推断未来该领域将会在神经机器翻译的译后编辑、文学内容的译后编辑以及译后编辑者应具备的能力等方面展开更加深入的探讨。本研究旨在通过分析国外研究的热点与发展趋势为国内相关研究提供新视角和新方法。
