Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in Cao-E River of eastern China

Evaluation and analysis of water quality variations were performed with integrated consideration of water quality parameters, hydrological-meteorologic and anthropogenic factors in Cao-E River, Zhejiang Province of China. Cao-E River system has been polluted and the water quality of some reaches are inferior to Grade V according to National Surface Water Quality Standard of China （GB2002）. However, mainly polluted indices of each tributary and mainstream are different. Total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in the water are the main polluted indices for mainstream that varies from 1.52 to 45.85 mg/L and 0.02 to 4.02 mg/L, respectively. TN is the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ（0.76 to 18.27 mg/L）. BOD5 （0.36 to 289.5 mg/L）, CODMn （0.47 to 78.86 mg/L）, TN （0.74 to 31.09 mg/L） and TP （0 to 3.75 mg/L） are the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅲ. There are tow pollution types along the river including nonpoint source pollution and point source pollution types. Remarkably temporal variations with a few spatial variations occur in nonpoint pollution type reaches （including mainstream, Sub-watershed Ⅰ and Ⅱ） that mainly drained by arable field and/or dispersive rural dwelling district, and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in flooding seasons. It implied that the runoff increases the pollutant concentration of the water in the nonpoint pollution type reaches. On the other hand, remarkably spatial variations occur in the point pollution type reaches （include Sub-watershed Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ） and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in urban reaches. The runoff always decreases the pollutant concentration of the river water in the seriously polluted reaches that drained by industrial point sewage. But for the point pollution reaches resulted from centralized town domestic sewage pipeline and from frequent shipping and digging sands, rainfall always increased the concentration of pollutant （TN） in the river water too. Pollution controls were respectively suggested for these tow types according to different pollution causes.

Analysis on temporal and spatial variations of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the past decade in southern plain of Beijing, China

Groundwater utilization and protection are crucial for sustainable urban development. This is especially true for Beijing, where groundwater is an important source for urban water supply. In this study, statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and Piper-Tri-linear diagram, were used in analyzing the temporal and spatial variations of the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater based on monitored data from the southern plain of Beijing, China. Results indicated consistent changes of groundwater's hydrochemical characteristics in different aquifers in the study area. The percentage of HCO_3^-in total anion increased significantly in the groundwater, and hydrochemical water type evolved gradually from Ca-Mg-Cl-SO_4 based to Ca-Mg-HCO_3 based from period 2005-2007 to period 2013-2015. In shallow groundwater, the concentration of Na^+, Ca^(2+), SO_4^(2-), HCO_3^-, and total dissolved solids(TDS) increased from period 2005-2007 to period 2013-2015, and the greatest change came from HCO_3^-, rising from 428.93 to 528.96 mgL^(-1). The changes of main ionic concentrations in the deep groundwater were consistent with those in the shallow groundwater for both periods. However, the variations in deep groundwater were less than those in shallow groundwater. The temporal and spatial variations of hydrochemical characteristics reflect the groundwater quality in the study area. This study could facilitate decision-making process on the protection of groundwater resources to ensure its sustainable utilization.

Temporal and Spatial Seasonal Variations in Quality of Gravity Flow Water in Kyanamira Sub-County, Kabale District, Uganda

The study was designed to investigate temporal and spatial seasonal variations in quality properties of gravity flow water samples collected from Kigata, Kacuro, Kihanga, Kitibya and Kanjobe located in Kyanamira Sub-County, Kabale District, Uganda. Physical, chemical and biological parameters such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, turbidity, colour and total suspended solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, fluoride, nitrates-N, nitrites-N, ammonium-N, sulphates, total phosphate, sodium, calcium, magnesium and some heavy metals were analyzed. Total iron, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, manganese and cadmium were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Two of the basic biological parameters for drinking water such as faecal coliforms and salmonella were analyzed by incubation followed by counting colony forming units (CFUs). Statistical presentations of data including cluster analysis, dendrograms and principal component analysis were used with the assistance of PAST software. Temperature, pH, TDS dissolved oxygen, cations, anions (chemical parameters) and salmonella, faecal coliforms were the major contributing parameters to gravity flow water’s quality variations during both seasons. Values of pH ranged between 3.78 and 4.84 from March to August in all study sites and they were consistently below the WHO permissible pH range of 6.5 - 8.5. Total suspended solids ranged between 0.66 and 2.17 mg·L-1 and were above the recommended WHO limit of zero value in all study sites. Salmonella and faecal coliforms colonies were present in scaring numbers in the wet season. In March, salmonella counts at Kacuro (14 CFU) and Kanjobe (128 CFU) while faecal coliforms counts at Kacuro (515 CFU) and Kanjobe (228 CFU). The findings of this study call for special attention when using gravity flow water.

Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Productivity and Grain Water Utilization Assessment of Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China

Improving crop water productivity is necessary for ensuring food security. To quantify the water utilization in grain production from multiple perspectives, gross inflow water productivity(WPg), generalized agricultural water productivity(WPa), evapotranspiration water productivity(WPET) and irrigation water productivity(WPI) were examined in this study. This paper calculated and analyzed the temporal and spatial variation in these water productivity(WP) indices in the irrigated land of Heilongjiang Province. The results showed that almost all of the municipal WP indices increased from 2007 to 2015. The four indices showed large differences in scientific connotation and numerical performance, and their degrees of spatial variation were ranked as WPI>WPa>WPg>WPET. The spatial patterns of WP indices in different years were similar; the central and southern regions on the Songnen Plain and the eastern region had high WP values, while those of the northern region were low. Each WP index was used to evaluate the relationship between the input of water resources and the output of grain between different regions. Most cities had the potential to improve WP by reducing the input of irrigation water. Furthermore, the results provided recommendations to decision makers to plan for efficient use of water resources in different cities.

Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality for Future Mariculture Operation in Ambong Bay, Sabah, Malaysia

Study was conducted with the aim to understand the temporal and spatial variations of water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TSS, NO3-, NO2-, NH3-N and PO4-P, and phytoplankton cell density) in Ambong Bay, Sabah, Malaysia in order to provide reference for future mariculture development in the bay. Samplings were carried out once a month in two stations (coastal and open sea) within the bay for 12 months period from September 2015 to August 2016. Results showed that there were significant differences in pH and NO2- when compared spatially, whereas salinity, DO, TSS, phytoplankton cell density, NO3-, NH3-N, and PO4-P were temporally significant. The fermentation processes by anaerobic bacteria, organic acids from decaying vegetation and acidic clays in the mangrove soils might explain the significant spatial differences in pH and NO2-. The bay was dominated by dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum spp. (mean abundance of 16.23% and 24.44%, respectively) a potentially toxic algae species. Correlation matrix showed that NH3-N was positively correlated with PO4-P (r = 0.475, p < 0.05) but negatively correlated with salinity (r = –0.517, p < 0.01). Besides, salinity was positively correlated with DO (r = 0.505, p < 0.05) and TSS (r = 0.408, p < 0.05). In addition, DO and TSS were also positively correlated (r = 0.451, p < 0.05). Phytoplankton cell density was positively correlated with TSS (r = 0.644, p < 0.01). In general, the water quality in Ambong Bay is within the standard values permitted by the Malaysia Marine Water Quality standard for marine life, fisheries, coral reefs, recreational and mariculture (Class 2), except for NO3-. In conclusion, any mariculture operation to take place in Ambong Bay in the near future should take the temporal variation of the water quality into account. Moreover, effects of toxic phytoplankton to culture fishes should also be taken care and monitored frequently.

Spatial and temporal variation of water mass mixing characteristic in the East China Sea

On the basis of the observation data of Kuroshio since 1984 and relative historical data in the East China Sea, spatial and temporal variation of water mass mixing characteristic in the observation area is analysed. The main results are as follows.

Spatio-temporal variation of trace elements distributed over surface water of Upper Ganga River Basin in Western Himalayan Region

The rivers draining from the Himalayan range distribute enormous amount of fresh water to the people living in downstream regions.Trace metals flowed with river water can lead to serious impact on ecological system and human health.Nevertheless,the documentation on trace elements of Himalayan rivers is inadequately documented.The current study deals with the spatial and temporal variability of the major and trace elements of Ganga river water in epirhithron,metarhithron and hyporhithron zone belonging to Himalayan segment.Water samples from nineteen monitoring locations were collected in pre-monsoon(May-June),monsoon(AugustSeptember)and post-monsoon(December)seasons and subjected to be assessed for 20 elements(Ag,Al,Ba,Cd,Ca,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ga,K,Mn,Mg,Na,Ni,Pb,Sr,Th,U,Zn,and Zr)using ICP-OES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer).Different water pollution indexes such as HPI(Heavy Metal Pollution Index),MI(Metal Index)and PI(Pollution Index)were used to describe current water quality status at each monitoring station under particular classified ecological zone.The studied stations in hyporhithron zone had the value of Metal Index(MI>1),indicating threshold of warning.Further,the highest values of HPI in hyporhithron zone correspond to poor water quality status.Sites with poor water quality were also found to be contaminated as per the Pollution Index(PI),exhibiting high concentrations for element(Fe).However,the epirhithron and metarhithron zone in Himalayan segment showed excellent water quality mainly contributed from natural sources.Cluster Analysis(CA)and Principal Component Analysis(PCA)were applied to identify the main influential sources for Ganga river water pollution.The Kriging interpolation method was also applied to prepare spatial distribution map of computed indexes(HPI,MI,and PI).With the help of index of local Moran’s I(LMI),identified spatial clusters and spatial outliers revealed the elevated concentration of most elements in hyporhithron zone.The dataset presented in this study would be convenient for government officials in developing more effective management policies and necessary steps to check and monitor the Ganga river water quality.It was also suggested that further investigations in terms of trace elemental sources and their role in self-purification properties of Ganga water can be addressed in future.

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Surface Water in China from the 1980s to 2015 Based on Remote Sensing Monitoring

Climate change and human interference play significant roles on dynamic of water body abundance,and drive related hydrological,biochemical and social/economic processes.Documenting and monitoring surface water area with high resolution multi-temporal satellite imagery provide new perspective to evaluate the dynamics of surface water area,especially in continental and global scale.In this study,based on the Landsat images from 1980 s to 2015,we surveyed the spatial and temporal variation of surface water area,including rivers,lakes and reservoirs,in 10-yr temporal slice across China.Furthermore,the driving forces of the variation has been identified to reveal the interaction of water bodies and the changing environment.The results show that,the water surface area expanded over all three decades with strong spatial and temporal difference,despite the drier and warmer climate background;although lakes comprise the largest portion of the surface water area,the highest contributor of surface water expansion was new constructed reservoir located in the densely populated region;climatic parameters alteration,like precipitation and temperature,resulted in the water surface expansion in the northwestern basin by growing water input linked with rain and glacier melting;in the rest part of China,rise of water surface area was predominately attributed to human relocation of water resource,which yielded more new water storage area than the disappeared water body caused by less precipitation and stronger evapotranspiration.The conclusions highlight the integrative water resource management,especially in water conservation and restoration.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Riverine Nutrients in a Typical Hilly Watershed in Southeast China Using Multivariate Statistics Tools

The water quality of lakes can be degraded by excessive riverine nutrients.Riverine water quality generally varies depending on region and season because of the spatiotemporal variations in natural factors and anthropogenic activities.Monthly water quality measurements of eight water quality variables were analyzed for two years at 16 sites of the Tianmuhu watershed.The variables were examined using hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and factor analysis/principal component analysis(FA/PCA) to reveal the spatiotemporal variations in riverine nutrients and to identify their potential sources.HCA revealed three geographical groups and three periods.Two drainages comprising towns and large villages were the most polluted, six drainages comprising widely distributed tea plantations and orchards were moderately polluted, and eight drainages without the factors were the least polluted.The river was most polluted in June when the first heavy rain(daily rainfall > 50 mm) occurs after fertilization and the number of rainy days is most(monthly number of rainy days > 20 days).Moderate pollution was observed from October to May, during which morethan 60% of the total nitrogen fertilizer and all of the phosphorus fertilizer are applied to the cropland, the total manure is applied to tea plantations and orchards, and a monthly rainfall ranging from 0 mm to 164 mm occurs.The remaining months were characterized by frequent raining(i.e., number of rainy days per month ranged from 5 to 24) and little use of fertilizers, and were thus least polluted.FA/PCA identified that the greatest pollution sources were the runoff from tea plantations and orchards,domestic pollution and the surface runoff from towns and villages, and rural sewage, which had extremely high contributions of riverine nitrogen, phosphorus,and chemical oxygen demand, respectively.The tea plantations and orchards promoted by the agricultural comprehensive development(ACD) were not environmentally friendly.Riverine nitrogen is a major water pollution parameter in hilly watersheds affected by ACD, and this parameter would not be reduced unless its loss load through the runoff from tea plantations and orchards is effectively controlled.

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun, Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed. The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the river water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of nitrogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape,the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.

Integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in arid area

Water has become a key restricting factor of the urbanization process in developing arid areas.Based on qualitative and quantitative methods,we constructed an integrated in-dicator system to assess the status of water resources and urbanization system in arid area,and established an AHP model reformed by entropy technology to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization.This model is ap-plied to the Hexi Corridor,a typical arid area in NW China.Results show that,water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Hexi Corridor is bigger in the east and smaller in the west.It has changed from the less strong constraint type into the strong constraint type from 1985 to 2005,yet it decreased appreciably in recent years.At present,most areas in the Hexi Corridor belong to the less strong or strong constraint type.Through rational adjustment of water resources and urbanization system,the Hexi Corridor can still promote water resources sustainable utilization and accelerate the urbanization process.This study suggests that the integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization is an effective method to analyze the conflicts between water resources and urbanization system in arid area.

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in water quality using multivariate statistical methods： a case study of the Xin＇anjiang River, China

This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.

Statistical characteristics of chlorophyll-a concentration in Hong Kong's coastal waters

In this paper seven of the ten Water Control Zones (WCZs) in Hong Kong's coastal waters with monthly or bi-weekly sampling data of 17 parameters collected at 37 monitoring stations from 1988 to 1999 were selected to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll-a and its influencing factors. Cluster analysis was employed to group the monitoring stations based on the structure of the data set. Multiple step regression was employed to determine the significant influencing factors of chlorophyll-a level. The results suggest that all the monitoring stations could be grouped into two clusters. Cluster Ⅰ with frequent red tide incidents comprises two WCZs which are semi-enclosed bays. Cluster Ⅱ with less red tide occurrence comprises the other five WCZs in an estuarine environment in the west. For both clusters, the organic contents indicator, BODS, was a common significant influencing factor of the chlorophyll-a level. Nitrogen and light penetration condition related to turbidity, total volatile solids and suspended solids had more influence on the cholophyll-a level in Cluster Ⅰ than in Cluster Ⅱ, while phosphorus and oceanographic conditions associated with salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were more important in Cluster Ⅱ than in Cluster Ⅰ. Generally, there was a higher average chlorophyll-a level in winter and autumn in a year. The chlorophyll-a level was much higher in Cluster Ⅰ than in Cluster Ⅱ among all seasons. Although the chlorophyll-a concentration had great variations from place to place in Hong Kong's coastal waters, it seemed to have a common long term fluctuation period of 8-10 years with a high-low-high variation in the period in the whole region, which might be influenced by other factors of global scale.

我国区域用水总量演变规律及驱动效应研究

针对当前我国稳步推进的节水和水网建设的工作需求,以及水资源时空分布严重不均,各地区经济发展水平、人口规模等存在较大差异的特点,利用我国2000-2020年各省级行政区的用水量、产业增加值、人口结构等数据,采用LMDI指数分解法和GDP不变价换算方法,从时间和空间两个角度分析了各分区用水总量、用水结构变化差异以及用水强度、产业结构、经济规模和人口规模四方面驱动效应的强度和贡献比例,旨在支撑我国水资源规划和管理以及用水结构调整。从时间角度,经济增长是我国用水总量增加的最主要驱动因素,行业用水强度降低和产业结构调整尤其是第一产业用水强度和占比的降低是抑制区域用水总量增加的主要因素,其中用水强度效应略大于产业结构效应,而人口规模增加对用水总量增加的作用效果不明显,因此我国的用水量控制应该在提高用水效率、优化升级产业结构的策略上。从空间角度方面,我国各大分区4种驱动效应对用水总量上升的促进或抑制作用稳定,西南、西北等内陆地区需要在优化产业结构的基础上大力发展经济规模,同时西北地区还迫切需要提高第一产业用水效率,而华东地区可适当控制人口规模,东北和西北则需要控制人口流出,以缩小我国各区域用水量的空间差异。

三岔河干流水质相关性及时空变化特征研究

三岔河是乌江的源头,为充分了解三岔河流域水质状况,更好的保护源头水,研究了2022年三岔河干流水质时空变化特征及DO、pH、NH_(3)-N、TN、COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)、COD_(Mn)和TP等8项监测指标之间的相关性。结果表明:1)三岔河干流全年水质均保持在Ⅲ类及以上类别(TN不参与评价),水体水质良好,水体全年呈现弱碱性,DO含量较高,外源污染主要为沿河两岸农业面源和周边居民生活污水排放。2)空间变化趋势:COD_(Cr)、COD_(Mn)和BOD_(5)3个监测指标空间变异系数均在0.3~0.5之间,空间变化不明显,三者之间存在显著的正相关,空间变化特征均为中游>下游>上游;NH_(3)-N与TP的空间变异系数均超过0.9,二者均存在显著的空间分布差异,二者之间存在极显著正相关,变化特征均为中游>上游>下游;TN与其余指标均不存在显著相关性,TN呈现下游>中游>上游的空间变化特征。3)时间变化趋势:2022年三岔河TN呈现7月>10月>1月>4月的时间变化特征,TN浓度主要受人为活动的影响;NH_(3)-N、TP、COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)、COD_(Mn)等指标无明显时间变化特征。

水源地型河流-水库秋冬季水体CO_(2)排放特征

河流、水库水体是大气CO_(2)的重要排放源。为探究河流-水库连续型水体CO_(2)动态变化特征,文章以中国东南低山丘陵地区水源地型水库——沙河水库及其主要入库河流平桥河为例,于2022年秋季(9月-11月)、冬季(12月-次年2月)进行逐月采样,采用顶空平衡-气相色谱法和漂浮箱-便携式温室气体分析仪法分别对表层水体CO_(2)溶存浓度和水-气界面CO_(2)排放通量进行观测。分析了平桥河、入库口及沙河水库CO_(2)浓度与通量的时空变化及主要影响因素。结果表明:平桥河-沙河水库连续体的CO_(2)浓度和通量的范围分别为0.034~0.415 mmol/L和-7.835~4.481 mmol/(m^(2)·h);CO_(2)浓度及通量在空间上均表现为入库口显著高于平桥河和沙河水库(P<0.05),在季节上表现为秋季显著高于冬季(P<0.05)。平桥河-沙河水库连续体不同区域水体CO_(2)动态的影响因素差异较大,在平桥河主要受DO和pH的影响,在入库口主要受DO、pH和NH_(4)^(+)-N的影响,在沙河水库主要受水温、DO、pH、Chl-a、PO_(4)^(3-)-P、TP、DOC和DIC的影响。研究表明,河流、入库口和水库CO_(2)排放及影响因素具有较强的时空异质性,全面考虑水源地型河流-水库连续体不同区域水体CO_(2)动态变化特征有利于提升区域碳收支估算的准确性。

濒危物种疏花水柏枝残存种群有性繁殖的时空变化

本文以分布于枝江关洲岛的濒危物种疏花水柏枝(Myricaria laxiflora(Franch.)P.Y.Zhang et Y.J.Zhang)为研究对象,调查其种群开花和结果性状沿高程的变化,分析该残存种群有性繁殖的时空变化规律;同时结合三峡大坝-葛洲坝水利水电工程修建所引起生境地水位消涨节律的变化,分析其对残存种群有性繁殖的影响。结果显示,残存疏花水柏枝种群的有性繁殖在不同高程之间存在显著差异。消涨带上部植株的每株花枝数、每枝花朵数、每株花朵数分别比消涨带中部植株高66.09%、50.14%和98.63%,比消涨带下部植株高79.50%、283.33%和461.05%。消涨带上部植株的每株果枝数、每枝结果数、每株结果数、每果种子数和种子发芽率分别比消涨带中部高60.17%、25.26%、88.05%、6.96%和30.69%,比消涨带下部高97.39%、82.45%、208.31%、19.12%和45.91%。相关性分析结果表明,植株的开花结果特性与高程、出露时期、土壤含水量以及温度变化极显著相关。环境因子对有性繁殖的影响强度依次为出露时间>高程>日均温度>土壤含水量。上游水利水电工程对疏花水柏枝残存种群的有性繁殖具有一定的影响。

基于EOF和M-K的晋祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学时空变化特征分析

为研究晋祠泉域岩溶地下水水化学的时空变化规律,以2001-2014年该泉域内具代表性的岩溶水监测点水质资料为基础,以pH值、7大主要离子及TDS作为因子,运用经验正交函数(EOF)分析与Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变分析相结合的方法,对晋祠泉域14年的水化学场进行时空结构分离。结果表明:在空间分布特征上,pH值由北向南逐渐减小,汾河中段以南出现低值区;Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、HCO^-_3、SO^(2-)_4和TDS的空间变化趋势相似,整体上均是由北向南逐渐增加,等值线在古交一带较周围地区升高;K^++Na^+和Cl^-含量在整个泉域普遍较低,但K^++Na^+在泉域边界处的王封和西寨一带含量升高,Cl^-在古交以及西华苑处增高。在时间演化特征上,从2001-2014年pH值、Mg^(2+)、K^++Na^+、HCO^-_3和Cl^-含量基本在平均值上下波动;Ca^(2+)和SO^(2-)_4含量逐年降低,且分别在2008年和2009年之后呈明显的下降趋势;TDS在2005-2007年呈明显的下降趋势,在其它时段下降趋势不显著。

特大城市河流水环境质量时空变化特征及污染源分析:以成都市为例

以成都市主要流域为例,阐明和辨析其河流水环境质量时空变化趋势和污染特征,为特大城市的生态环境保护决策提供依据。基于2011~2020年成都市河流75个监测断面22项指标的逐月数据,采用内梅罗污染指数法和SOM聚类法,通过多元统计分析手段,研究成都市河流水质状况和时空变化特征,并分析其潜在的污染来源。结果表明,75个监测断面中45个“清洁”,5个“较清洁”,1个“轻污染”,21个“中污染”,无“重污染”;“十二五”期间污染断面比例为~36.9%,“十三五”期间污染断面比例由43.0%大幅度下降至2.7%,说明成都市水环境管理与治理措施卓有成效;610个断面年均数据可分为8组,中下游水质普遍较差且差异大,COD_(Mn)、COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)、NH_(3)-N和TP是研究区域主要污染因子。成都市河流水质深受人类活动干扰,农业面源、生活污水和畜禽养殖废水污染问题是持续改善成都市水环境的重要任务。