The Spatiotemporal Distribution Characteristics of Cloud Types and Phases in the Arctic Based on CloudSat and CALIPSO Cloud Classification Products

The cloud type product 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR based on CloudSat and CALIPSO from June 2006 to May 2017 is used to examine the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and interannual variability of eight cloud types(high cloud, altostratus, altocumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, nimbostratus, and deep convection) and three phases(ice,mixed, and water) in the Arctic. Possible reasons for the observed interannual variability are also discussed. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) More water clouds occur on the Atlantic side, and more ice clouds occur over continents.(2)The average spatial and seasonal distributions of cloud types show three patterns: high clouds and most cumuliform clouds are concentrated in low-latitude locations and peak in summer;altostratus and nimbostratus are concentrated over and around continents and are less abundant in summer;stratocumulus and stratus are concentrated near the inner Arctic and peak during spring and autumn.(3) Regional averaged interannual frequencies of ice clouds and altostratus clouds significantly decrease, while those of water clouds, altocumulus, and cumulus clouds increase significantly.(4) Significant features of the linear trends of cloud frequencies are mainly located over ocean areas.(5) The monthly water cloud frequency anomalies are positively correlated with air temperature in most of the troposphere, while those for ice clouds are negatively correlated.(6) The decrease in altostratus clouds is associated with the weakening of the Arctic front due to Arctic warming, while increased water vapor transport into the Arctic and higher atmospheric instability lead to more cumulus and altocumulus clouds.

Genetic Types, Spatiotemporal Distribution of Ore Deposits and Sources of Ore-forming Materials in the Xuancheng Area, Anhui Province

In recent years,several large and medium-sized ore deposits have been discovered in the shallow cover of Xuancheng,Anhui Province,indicating that this area has a productive metallogenic geological background and may be a potential prospecting region.Based on systematic investigation,the geological and mineralization characteristics of porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn Cu-Mo-W deposits in this region have been summarized.Zircon U-Pb dating(LA-ICPMS)of the Chating quartz-diorite porphyry and the Kunshan biotite pyroxene diorite yield concordia ages of 145.5±2.1 Ma and 131.8±2.1 Ma,respectively.Meanwhile,the Re-Os dating analyses for molybdenite from the Shizishan and Magushan skarn Cu-Mo deposits yielded 133.81±0.86 Ma and 143.8±1.4 Ma ages,respectively.When viewed in conjunction with previous studies,it is suggested that twostage(the early stage of 145-135 Ma and the late stage of 134-125 Ma)magmatism may have occurred during the Mesozoic in Xuancheng region.Early stage intrusive rocks are distributed along both sides of the Jiangnan deep fault(JDF).The intrusive rocks to the north of the JDF are mainly quartzdiorite porphyry and granodiorite(porphyry)rocks,related to porphyry Cu-Au deposits and skarn-type Cu-Mo-W deposits.These deposits belong to the first stage of the porphyry-skarn copper gold metallogenic belt of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt(MLYB),associated with the high potassium calc-alkaline intermediate-acid intrusions.The magmatic and ore-forming materials are mainly derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle.South of the JDF,the Magushan granodiorite is a representative intrusive rock of the first stage I-type granite,which hosts the Magushan Cu-Mo skarn deposit,similar to the W-Mo-Cu skarn deposits in the Eastern Segment of the Jiangnan Uplift Metallogenic Belt(ESJUB).The magmatic and metallogenic materials mainly came from the Neoproterozoic basement,with the possible participation of a small amount of mantle components.The late stage magmatism was dominated by volcanic rocks with a small amount of intrusive rocks,which were consistent with the limited volcanic-intrusive activities in the second stage of the MLYB.The H-O stable isotopes of ore deposits in the region indicate that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids of the porphyry and skarn deposits were mostly of magmatic water for the ore-forming stage,the percentage of meteoric water obviously increasing during the late ore-forming stage.The ore-forming materials of the deposits are mainly from the deep magma with a few sedimentary wall rocks,according to the stable carbon isotopes of the carbonates in the ore deposits.Additionally,according to previous research,the molybdenite from the MLYB has a higher Re content than that of the ESJUB.The higher content of Re in the molybdenite from the Shizishan deposit is identical to that of MLYB rather than ESJUB,whereas Re characteristics in molybdenite of Magushan deposit are similar to that of ESJUB.The differences in Re characteristics indicate the different deep processes and ore-forming material sources(mainly mantle composition for the former and crustal materials for the latter)of these ore deposits on opposite sides of the JDF.

Three-dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of dust in roadway tunneling

To study the three-dimensional spatial and temporal distributions of dust in tunneling roadways,and to solve the problems of inadequate time and limited number of monitoring points,this paper designs a device for the real-time monitoring and storage of data on the concentrations of dust at multiple measuring points in the same section of a tunnel.The proposed device can measure the total concentration of dust and that of respirable dust in real time at different instances and locations,and using different working procedures.These measurements are used to study the temporal and spatial migration of dust.The results show that there was a sharp fluctuation zone 0–25 m from the heading face,about 25–40 m was high speed subsidence,beyond 40 m was gentle subsidence,The change of respiratory dust is much smoother.At different distances from the heading face,the total dust concentration exhibited a process of“violent oscillation–rapid descent–stable descent,”while the respirable dust exhibited a process of“fluctuating ascent–gradual subsidence.”Changes in the concentrations of total dust and respirable dust dust were consistent at different positions in the same section of the tunnel.The concentration of dust near the wall was low,and those along the sidewalk and air duct of the roadway were slightly higher than in the middle.The concentration of dust farther down the air duct decreased more slowly than that in the remaining lines of measurement.Small amounts of dust featuring large particles settled quickly.High concentrations of dust were observed to be intermittent,and the background value of dust concentration within 100 m of heading face was between 0.5 and 3 mg/m3.

Preliminary Study on the Temporal Distribution of PM_( 2.5 ) Pollution and Influence of Meteorological Factors in Bengbu City

Based on the data of six automatic air monitoring stations in Bengbu City,the pollution characteristics and temporal distribution of fine particulate matter PM 2.5 in the air in Bengbu City from 2015 to 2019 were studied,and the correlation between meteorological factors and PM 2.5 concentration was analyzed.The results showed that from 2015 to 2019,PM 2.5 pollution in Bengbu City was relatively heavy in winter and spring and relatively light in summer and autumn,and PM 2.5 concentration had two peaks during the day and night.Precipitation,relative humidity,wind direction and wind speed had certain effects on PM 2.5 concentration in Bengbu City.The research provides reference for the monitoring,early warning and prevention of PM 2.5 pollution in the city.

Investigation of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Snow Cover by Using Satellite Imagery (Case Study: Sheshpirdam Basin)

About one third of the water needed for agriculture in the world is generated by melting snow. Snow cover, surface and ground water recharge are considered as sustainable and renewable resources. It is therefore necessary to identify and study these criteria. The aim of this study is to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of snow cover in the district of the Sheshpir basin in Fars province (in south of Iran). Ground-based observation of snow covers, especially in mountainous areas, is associated with many problems due to the insufficient accuracy of optical observation, as opposed to digital observation. Therefore, GIS and remote sensing technology can be partially effective in solving this problem. Images of Landsat 5TM and Landsat 7TM satellites were used to derive snow cover maps. The images in ENVI 4.8 software were classified by using the maximum likelihood algorithm. Other spatial analyses were performed in ARC-GIS 9.3 software. The maximum likelihood method was accuracy assessed by operation points of testing. The least and the average of overall accuracy of produced maps were found to be 91% and 98%, respectively. This demonstrates that the maximum likelihood method has high performance in the classification of images. Overall snow cover and the review of terrain through the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 showed that snow cover begins to accumulate in November and reaches its highest magnitude in February. Finally, no trace of snow can be observed on the surface of the basin in the month of May. By average, 34% of the basin is covered in snow from November through to May.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Tibet

This paper takes seven cities in the Tibet Autonomous Region as the study area,and collects data from more than 20 monitoring stations covering the Tibet Autonomous Region in the ambient air quality online monitoring platform to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_(2),NO_(2),CO and O_(3)MAD 8(ozone daily maximum 8-h average).The results show that(1)the multi-year average PM_(2.5)concentration in Tibet Autonomous Region is 12.03μg/m^(3);the multi-year average PM_(10)concentration is 28.27μg/m^(3);the multi-year average CO concentration is 0.59 mg/m^(3);the multi-year average NO_(2)concentration is 12.34μg/m^(3);the multi-year average SO_(2)concentration is 7.00μg/m^(3);the multi-year average value of O_(3)is 89.54μg/m^(3).The concentrations of atmospheric pollutants all meet the primary concentration limits of the Ambient Air Quality Standards(GB 3095-2012).(2)The air environment in the Tibet Autonomous Region in spring is relatively poor,with about 20%of excellent days and 80%of good days.The air environment is relatively good in summer,autumn and winter,with about 65%-87%of excellent days and 35%-13%of good days.The air environment quality of Tibet Autonomous Region is excellent:winter>autumn>summer>spring,and good:spring>summer>autumn>winter.(3)Except for NO_(2)which is more influenced by automobile exhaust and SO_(2)which is more influenced by man-made source in winter,the ambient air quality in Tibet Autonomous Region is less influenced by industry.The variability characteristics of the six atmospheric pollutants studied in this paper are strongly correlated with the unique natural environment of Tibet(air pressure,altitude,wind speed,temperature,precipitation,solar radiation,etc).

Study on Air Quality and Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Air Pollutants in Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021

Atmosphere is the basic environmental element on which human beings depend for survival and development,and its environmental quality is directly related to sustainable socio-economic development.China is currently in a period of accelerated urbanization,accompanied by industrialization and urbanization bringing environmental pollution problems more and more prominent.Therefore,it is particularly important to strengthen the management of atmospheric quality and improve the level of atmospheric environment.To this end,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of AQI and six types of air pollutants in eight prefecture-level cities were analysed and studied using the month-by-month air quality monitoring data of Sichuan Province from 2017 to 2021.The results show that:(1)according to the Ambient Air Quality Standards,Chengdu,Mianyang,Zigong,Luzhou and Deyang do not meet the concentration limits of PM_(2.5),Zigong and Suining do not meet the concentration limits of PM_(10),Chengdu does not meet the concentration limits of NO_(2),and all eight cities meet the concentration limits of NO_(2)and SO_(2).(2)The seasonal concentration changes of PM_(2.5),PM_(10)and NO_(2)have the same characteristics,showing that they are winter>spring>autumn>summer.The seasonal concentration changes of CO are winter>autumn>spring>summer;the seasonal concentration changes of SO_(2)are winter>spring>summer>autumn;the seasonal concentration changes of O_(3)are summer>spring>autumn>winter.

The Influence of Climate Change and Variability on Spatio-Temporal Rainfall and Temperature Distribution in Zanzibar

Climate change has resulted in serious social-economic ramifications and extremely catastrophic weather events in the world, Tanzania and Zanzibar in particular, with adaptation being the only option to reduce impacts. The study focuses on the influence of climate change and variability on spatio-temporal rainfall and temperature variability and distribution in Zanzibar. The station observation datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) and the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment program (CORDEX) projected datasets from the Regional climate model HIRHAM5 under driving model ICHEC-EC-EARH, for the three periods of 1991-2020 used as baseline (HS), 2021-2050 as near future (NF) and 2051-2080 far future (FF), under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5, were used. The long-term observed Tmax and Tmin were used to produce time series for observing the nature and trends, while the observed rainfall data was used for understanding wet and dry periods, trends and slope (at p ≤ 0.05) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Mann Kendall test (MK). Moreover, the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) under the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation techniques were used for mapping the three decades of 1991-2000 (hereafter D1), 2001-2010 (hereafter D2) and 2011-2020 (hereafter D3) to analyze periodical spatial rainfall distribution in Zanzibar. As for the projected datasets the Climate Data Operator Commands (CDO), python scripts and Grid analysis and Display System (GrADS) soft-wares were used to process and display the results of the projected datasets of rainfall, Tmax and Tmin for the HS, NF and FF, respectively. The results show that the observed Tmax increased by the rates of 0.035℃ yr-1 and 0.0169℃ yr-1, while the Tmin was increased by a rate of 0.064℃ yr-1 and 0.104℃ yr-1 for Unguja and Pemba, respectively. The temporal distribution of wetness and dryness indices showed a climate shift from near normal to moderate wet during 2005 at Zanzibar Airport, while normal to moderately dry conditions, were observed in Pemba at Matangatuani. The decadal rainfall variability and distributions revealed higher rainfall intensity with an increasing trend and good spatial distribution in D3 from March to May (MAM) and October to December (OND). The projected results for Tmax during MAM and OND depicted higher values ranging from 1.7℃ - 1.8℃ to 1.9℃ - 2.0℃ and 1.5℃ to 2.0℃ in FF compared to NF under both RCPs. Also, higher Tmin values of 1.12℃ - 1.16℃ was projected in FF for MAM and OND under both RCPs. Besides, the rainfall projection generally revealed increased rainfall intensity in the range of 0 - 25 mm for Pemba and declined rainfall in the range of 25 - 50 mm in Unguja under both RCPs in perspectives of both NF and FF. Conclusively the study has shown that the undergoing climate change has posed a significant impact on both rainfall and temperature spatial and temporal distributions in Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba), with Unguja being projected to have higher rainfall deficits while increasing rainfall strengths in Pemba. Thus, the study calls for more studies and formulation of effective adaptation, strategies and resilience mechanisms to combat the projected climate change impacts especially in the agricultural sector, water and food security.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Lightning Activity in Ulanqab City

From January 2020 to December 2021,Ulanqab Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia used VLF/LF lightning locator to carry out three-dimensional lightning monitoring in Ulanqab City,and compared with ADTD lightning location data in the same period.The results show that both VLF/LF lightning locator and ADTD lightning locator had excellent monitoring ability for lightning during flood season in Ulanqab.VLF/LF lightning locator was slightly superior to ADTD lightning locator in observation accuracy,the observation ability of low-current cloud-to-ground lightning,intracloud lightning observation and so on.There were obvious temporal and spatial characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning during flood season in Ulanqab,and there was a certain correlation between the areas where lightning appeared frequently and surface water.Intracloud lightning was mainly concentrated at a height of 1-7 km.Negative cloud-to-ground lightning accounted for about 75%of total cloud-to-ground lightning,and negative intracloud lightning accounted for 39%of total intracloud lightning.

Analysis of temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ammonium chloride smoke particles in confined spaces

In response to the demand for short-range detection of anti-smoke environment interference by laser fuzes,this study proposes a smoke environment simulation of non-uniform continuous point source diffusion and investigates an experimental laboratory smoke environment using an ammonium chloride smoke agent.The particle size distribution,composition,and mass flow distribution of the smoke were studied.Based on a discrete phase model and a kεturbulence model,a numerical simulation was developed to model the smoke generation and diffusion processes of the smoke agent in a confined space.The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the smoke mass concentration,velocity,and temperature in the space after smoke generation were analyzed,and the motion law governing the smoke diffusion throughout the entire space was summarized.Combined with the experimental verification of the smoke environment laboratory,the results showed that the smoke plume changed from fan-shaped to umbrella-shaped during smoke generation,and then continued to spread around.Meanwhile,the mass concentration of smoke in the space decreased from the middle outward;the changes in temperature and velocity were small and stable.In the diffusion stage(after 900 s),the mass concentration of smoke above 0.8 m was relatively uniform across an area of smoke that was 12 m thick.The concentration decreased over time,following a consistent decreasing trend,and the attenuation was negligible in a very short time.Therefore,this system was suitable for conducting experimental research on laser fuzes in a smoke environment.Owing to the stability of the equipment and facilities,the setup could reproduce the same experimental smoke environment by artificially controlling the smoke emission of the smoke agent.Overall,this work provides a theoretical reference for subsequent research efforts regarding the construction of uniform smoke environments and evaluating laser transmission characteristics in smoky environments.

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of PM_(2.5) Pollution and Control Strategy in the Chang-Zhu-Tan City Cluster

Utilizing the initial hourly monitoring data of PM_(2.5) concentrations at 23 monitoring sites across the Chang-Zhu-Tan city cluster between January 2013 and February 2014 that released in Real-time Air Quality Reporting System in Hunan Province, this paper draws diagrams and analyzes the change rule of the pollutants concentration over time. In addition, this paper studies the regional distribution of PM_(2.5) seasonal pollution in the vicinity of the monitoring sites using Arc GIS geographic information system with the Kriging interpolation method.On this basis, this paper puts forward some effective control strategies to cope with regional PM_(2.5) pollution combined with the information of industry distribution and development status in the Chang-Zhu-Tan city cluster.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Tornadoes in Liaoning Province and Countermeasures

Based on the data of tornadoes in Liaoning Province from 1951 to 2005,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of tornadoes were analyzed by means of moving average,Daniel trend test and other methods.The results show that the frequency of tornadoes in coastal areas was obviously higher than that in land.Tornadoes mainly occurred in the central plains,the coastal areas of Liaodong Peninsula and the junction of plain and sea.The frequency of tornadoes was the highest in the 1980s and the lowest in the 1990s,and suddenly increased in 2005.The occurrence of tornadoes had an obvious seasonal change.They mainly happened in summer,peaking in September.During a day,most of them appeared from 13:00 to 21:00,and lasted for only a few minutes to dozens of minutes.The frequency of tornadoes showed a significant downward trend during 1991-2000 and a significant upward trend during 1961-1970 and 2001-2005.There were eight serious tornadoes in the 55 years,among which the tornado occurring in 1988 was the severest,and the number of deaths caused by the tornado in 1969 was the largest.

Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Lightning Activity in the Pan-Pearl River Delta

Based on the lightning data acquired by a lightning imaging sensor(LIS)carried on the TRMM satellite from 1998 to 2013,the spatial distribution,seasonal,monthly,and diurnal characteristics of lightning activity in the Pan-Pearl River Delta were analyzed.The results show that in the Pan-Pearl River Delta,lightning activity was more in the south and less in the north.Near 23°N,lightning density was high from Guangdong and Guangxi to the southern edge of Yunnan.Lightning density weakened continuously as the latitude increased.Among the provinces in the Pan-Pearl River Delta,the maximum and average of lightning density in Hainan Province was greater than that of other provinces.Besides,the lightning activity showed obvious seasonal changes.In the whole year,lightning activity was the weakest in November and next February.Lightning activity in most areas of the Pan-Pearl River Delta was the strongest in August.The peak of lightning activity in most areas of the Pan-Pearl River Delta occurred from 12:00 to 20:00.Lightning activity was the weakest between 07:00 and 10:00 in most areas.

The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

Assessing spatial and temporal variability in waterconsumption and the maintainability oasis maximumarea in an oasis region of Northwestern China

Water consumption is a key role in improving the efficiency and sustainability of water management in arid environments.In this study, we explored an approach based on meta-analysis, MODIS NDVI products, land-use spatial distribution, andsoil water physical parameters to gain insight into long-term and large scale distribution of land use and water consumption,maintain maximum Zhangye Oasis area according to Heihe River runoff, and suitable water resource management inZhangye Oasis. This approach was initiated in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation and water resource managementin arid regions. Results showed that Heihe River runoff can maintain a maximum Zhangye Oasis area of 22.49×104 hm2.During the 2000−2016 growing seasons, actual oasis water consumption ranged from 11.35×108 m3 to 13.73×108 m3, witha mean of (12.89 ± 0.60)×108 m3;if maintaining agricultural production and oasis stability was chosen, oasis water consumptionranged from 10.24×108 m3 to 12.37×108 m3, with a mean of (11.62 ± 0.53)×108 m3. From the perspective of waterresources management and ecosystem stability, it is necessary to reduce the area of Zhangye Oasis or choose the minimumwater consumption method to manage the oasis, to ease the pressure of water shortage and maintain stable and sustainabledevelopment of the Zhangye Oasis. These results can provide future practical guidance for water resource management ofcoordinated development of the economy and the environment in an arid area.

The Analysis on the Temporal and Spatial Variation of Strong Precipitation Caused Flood and Agricultural Disaster Loss in Huaihe River Basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu Period of 2007

[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation of strong precipitation caused flood and agricultural disaster loss in Huaihe River basin of Anhui Province during Meiyu period of 2007.[Method] On the basis of rainfalls of each station in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,rainfall data during Meiyu period of 2007 and flood disaster data in the same period,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of strong precipitation caused flood during Meiyu period of 2007 and its harm on agriculture were analyzed.The variation rule,distribution characteristics of strong precipitation during Meiyu period in Huaihe River basin of Anhui and its relationship with agricultural disaster loss were discussed.[Result] During Meiyu period of 2007 in Huaihe River basin of Anhui,the rainstorm was more,and the rainfall was large.The precipitation variation showed "three-peak" trend.Rainfall in Huaihe River basin during Meiyu period of 2007 was greatly more than that homochronously in Yangtze River basin.The rain area over 400.0 mm during Meiyu period mainly located in Huaihe River basin,and the rain area over 600.0 mm mainly located from area along Huaihe River to central Huaibei.The rainfall during Meiyu period gradually decreased toward south and north by the north bank of Huaihe River as the symmetry axis.The rainfall in area along Huaihe River showed wavy distribution in east-west direction.The flood disaster loss index and disaster area of crops in Huaihe River basin of Anhui both increased as rainfall in Meiyu period.[Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for flood prevention,disaster reduction and agricultural flood-avoiding development in Huaihe River basin.

Driving factors and spatio-temporal features underlying industrial SO_(2) emissions in“2+26”in North China and extended cities

As one of the largest global emitters of sulfur dioxide(SO_(2)),China faces increasing pressure to achieve sustainable economic and social development.Using panel data of 58 prefecture-level cities in North China between 2003 and 2017,this paper considers the dynamic spatio-temporal characteristics of industrial SO_(2) emissions in the"2+26"in North China and extended cities in North China and decomposes the determinants of industrial SO_(2) emissions into eight effects using the Generalized Divisia Index Model(GDIM).The contributions of each effect on changes in emissions are assessed on regional,provincial,and prefectural levels,as well as according to various stages.The results indicate the following.First,industrial SO2 emissions in the"2+26"cities in North China and extended cities in North China exhibit spatial autocorrelation and agglomeration effects.Cities with high-high(HH)and low-low(LL)agglomeration patterns were concentrated in Shanxi and Henan provinces,respectively.Second,industrialization,energy consumption,and economic development were the main factors that increased industrial SO2 emissions,while technology,energy sulfur intensity,and economic sulfur intensity were the key factors that reduced them.Third,13 cities,induding Tangshan,were the most important regions where further emissions regulations need to be implemented.These cities were divided into three types and different corresponding measures for reducing their emissions are suggested.Based on the conclusions of this study,this paper puts forward some targeted policy recommendations for reducing industrial SO_(2) emissions according to different categories of cities.

Coherent Chemical Variation Trends of the 55-25 Ma Magmatic Rocks in SE Tibet:N-S Direction Lithospheric Stretching of Eurasia during Early Stage of India-Eurasia Collision

The progressive indentation of India into Eurasia generated an E-W-trending orthogonal collision belt and a N-S-trending oblique collision belt.Compiling available data reveals that~70%of the Cenozoic igneous rocks in eastern and southeastern Tibet are concentrated within an ENE-trending,~550-km long and~250-km wide magmatic zone(CMZ)that once separated the orthogonal and oblique collision belts.The Latitude 26°N Line is now its southern boundary.The onset timing of magmatism of the CMZ varies gradually from~55 Ma in the westernmost part to~27 Ma in the easternmost.Then the magmatism successively occurred and suddenly stopped at~25 Ma.The segmented and coherent chemical variation trends found suggest that the CMZ magmatic rocks were formed due to partial melting of the heterogeneous upper mantle and crusts of Eurasia.Subduction of Paleo-and Neotethyan oceanic plates generated this compositional and mineralogical heterogeneity.Combined with available geophysical data,the CMZ was diachronously formed in response to asthenosphere upwelling induced by NNW-SSE-direction lithosphere stretching.The difference in responses of the orthogonal and oblique collision belts to the indentation of the Indian continent has led to this lithosphere stretching.

基于REOF研究辽宁省极端最高气温时空分布(英文)

By selecting the daily maximum temperatures during 1961-2005 in 35 representative stations in Liaoning Province, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of extremely maximum temperature event were studied. By using REOF, the mean-square deviation and so on, the variation and distribution situation of extremely maximum temperature in the different regions of Liaoning were reflected. The results showed that the extremely maximum temperature in Liaoning Province could be divided into 3 regions where were respectively the northeast area, the west and the northwest area, the south and the southeast area. The distribution characteristic of extremely maximum temperature threshold value in Liaoning Province was basically consistent with the distribution characteristic of average temperature. The zone where the extremely maximum temperature threshold was relatively high was in the northwest area of Liaoning, and the low threshold zone was in the southeast area and most areas in the east. The variation of extremely maximum temperature in winter was the greatest and in summer was the smallest. The variation of extremely maximum temperature days was the greatest in summer and wasn't great in spring, autumn, winter.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water(ammonia nitrogen(NH_(3)^(-)N),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP))were different on the spatial and temporal scales.Moreover,there were no seasonal differences in the contents of TN,TP,total organic carbon(TOC),or heavy metals in the sediments.The distributions of Cyanobacteria,Actinomycetes and Firmicutes in the water and Actinomycetes and Planctomycetes in the sediments differed significantly among seasons(P<0.05).There were significant spatial differences in bacteria in the surface water,with the highest abundance of Proteobacteria recorded in the river along with the highest nutrient concentration,while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the upstream than the downstream.Microbial communities in the water weremost sensitive to temperature(T)and the TP concentration(P<0.01).Moreover,differences in the bacterial community were better explained by the content of heavy metals in the sediments than by the chemical characteristics.A PICRUStmetabolic inference analysis showed that the effect of high summer temperatures on the enzyme action led to an increase in the abundances of the metabolic-related genes of the river microorganisms.