Temporal and spatial evolution of global major grain trade patterns

The complex and volatile international landscape has significantly impacted global grain supply security. This study uses a complex network analysis model to examine the evolution and trends of the global major grain trade from 1990 to 2020, focusing on network topology, centrality ranking, and community structure. There are three major findings. First, the global major grain trade network has expanded in scale, with a growing emphasis on diversification and balance. During the study period, the United States, Canada, China, and Brazil were the core nodes of the network. Grain-exporting countries were mainly situated in Asia, the Americas, and Europe, and importing countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Second, a significant increase in the number of high centrality countries with high export capacity occurred, benefiting from natural advantages such as fertile land and favorable climates. Third, the main global grain trade network is divided into four communities, with the Americas-Europe community being the largest and most widespread. The formation of the community pattern was influenced by geographic proximity, driven by the core exporting countries. Therefore, the world needs to enhance the existing trade model, promote the multi-polarization of the grain trade network, and establish a global vision for the future community. Countries and regions should participate actively in global grain trade security governance and institutional reform, expand trade links with other countries, and optimize import and export policies to reduce trade risks.

Prediction and Output Estimation of Pattern Moving in Non-Newtonian Mechanical Systems Based on Probability Density Evolution

A prediction framework based on the evolution of pattern motion probability density is proposed for the output prediction and estimation problem of non-Newtonian mechanical systems,assuming that the system satisfies the generalized Lipschitz condition.As a complex nonlinear system primarily governed by statistical laws rather than Newtonian mechanics,the output of non-Newtonian mechanics systems is difficult to describe through deterministic variables such as state variables,which poses difficulties in predicting and estimating the system’s output.In this article,the temporal variation of the system is described by constructing pattern category variables,which are non-deterministic variables.Since pattern category variables have statistical attributes but not operational attributes,operational attributes are assigned to them by posterior probability density,and a method for analyzing their motion laws using probability density evolution is proposed.Furthermore,a data-driven form of pattern motion probabilistic density evolution prediction method is designed by combining pseudo partial derivative(PPD),achieving prediction of the probability density satisfying the system’s output uncertainty.Based on this,the final prediction estimation of the system’s output value is realized by minimum variance unbiased estimation.Finally,a corresponding PPD estimation algorithm is designed using an extended state observer(ESO)to estimate the parameters to be estimated in the proposed prediction method.The effectiveness of the parameter estimation algorithm and prediction method is demonstrated through theoretical analysis,and the accuracy of the algorithm is verified by two numerical simulation examples.

Evolution of Temporal-spatial Pattern of Green Development Efficiency in Shandong Province

Temporal-spatial differentiation characteristics of green development efficiency in 17 prefecture-level cities of Shandong Province during 2005-2016 were studied by using SBM-undesirable model and spatial auto-correlation analysis.Results showed that ① green development efficiency considering unexpected output could more accurately represent the real cost of regional development,while lower green development efficiency considering unexpected output and traditional green development efficiency illustrated that Shandong Province has spent a lot of resources and environment in the long-term development process.② Green development efficiency of Shandong Province during 2005-2016 showed the change characteristics of "peak-valley-peak-valley",and standard deviation and coefficient of variation of green development efficiency showed fluctuation characteristics in the research period.③ Green development efficiency of Shandong Province had obvious spatial differentiation characteristics,and its polarization differentiation was obvious.

Transforming Digital Experiences: The Evolution of Digital Experience Platforms (DXPs) from Monoliths to Microservices: A Practical Guide

The research aims to explore the transition from monolithic Digital Experience Platforms (DXPs) to Microservices-based DXPs, addressing scalability challenges. The study systematically decomposes monolithic structures into Microservices, emphasizing business capability and subdomain decomposition. Concrete insights, challenges, and solutions encountered during this transformation process are presented. The research contributes valuable insights into the challenges and benefits of adopting Microservices in DXPs. Results highlight the importance of architectural patterns and strategic scaling dimensions for improved performance and scalability. The case study on Backbase’s Engagement Banking Platform showcases successful implementation, providing flexibility, integration, and efficient development in the evolving DXP landscape.

Spatiotemporal evolution of ecosystem service value and topographic gradient effect in the Da-Xiao Liangshan Mountains in Sichuan Province,China

The Da-Xiao Liangshan mountains are critical ecological function areas and essential ecological barriers in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China.This study selected a total of six periods of land use land cover(LULC)data from 1995 to 2020,to estimate the ecosystem service value(ESV)and analyzed its spatiotemporal evolution and topographic gradient divergence.The results showed that:(1)The ESV increased by 1.1 billion yuan,with an increase rate of 1.47%from 1995 to 2020.Two time periods,2005–2010 and 2015–2020,showed more significant increases than other periods.(2)The elevation and slope of mountainous areas determine the type of land use and further influence the spatial pattern of ESV.(3)Although woodland and grassland are the main land use types of the study area(more than 90%),the hydrological regulation function of the water area partially compensated for the impact of the encroachment of the built-up area on the ESV of grassland.(4)The spatial distribution of ESVs showed an inverted V-shaped characteristic as the topographic gradient increased,with the dominant position being the 5th topographic gradient zone.Finally,this study provided relevant recommendations for ecosystem protection and optimization.The findings of this study clarified the influence of topographical factors on the spatial differentiation of ESV and provided novel insights into ecosystem protection.

Evolution and Spatial Patterns of Spheres of Urban Influence in China

This article presents the findings of a study of the spheres of urban influence with regard to all cities in China(not including Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan Province of China)in the years 1990,2000 and 2009.An optimized gravity model with comprehensive time distance was used to carry out a detailed analysis of the spatial patterns of Chinese spheres of urban influence and the spatial characteristics of urban agglomerations.Such urban agglomerations are characterized by high density population and a developed economy,which are also considered as the national competition unit.This paper initially identifies four spatial patterns of urban agglomerations based on the spatial layout of city groups during their evolution.Some basic characteristics of urban agglomerations are outlined,including the number of cities,the size of cities and the functions of urban centers.These characteristics are examined by using statistical methods and Geographic Information System(GIS).The main findings from this research are that the development stages and structures of urban agglomerations in China vary significantly.It is also clear that the stages and evolution of spatial patterns are strongly affected and dominated by both policy and location factors.

Effect of water level fluctuations on temporal-spatial patterns of foraging activities by the wintering Hooded Crane(Grus monacha)

Background:The Yangtze River floodplain provides important wintering habitats for Hooded Cranes(Grus monacha) in China.Fluctuations in the water level change foraging habitat and food availability,affecting their temporal-spatial patterns of foraging activities.It is of considerable importance to investigate the effect of these fluctuations on food availability for wintering Hooded Cranes and their foraging response to these changes.Understanding their behavior patterns is beneficial in protecting the wintering crane population and restoring their wintering habitats.Methods:A field survey of the winter behavior of cranes was carried out at Shengjin Lake from November in 2013 to April in 2014.Habitat variables,as well as the spatial distribution and behavior patterns of wintering cranes at their foraging sites during five stages of water level fluctuation were collected.Based on this data we analyzed the relationship of foraging behavior relative to water level fluctuations and habitat types.Results:The foraging habitats used by Hooded Cranes varied at the different water level stages.As the water level decreased,the use of meadows and mudflats increased.When the water dropped to its lowest level,the use by the Hooded Crane in the mudflats reached a peak.There were statistically significant differences in time budget in the three types of habitats over the five stages of the water level.In the mudflats,the foraging behavior and maintenance behavior varied significantly with the water level,while the alert behavior showed little variation.Analysis of a generalized linear model showed that the five water level stages and three habitat types had a significant effect on foraging behavior,while the combined effect of these two variables was significant on the foraging time budget and the length of foraging activity of the Hooded Crane.Conclusions:With the decrease in the water level,the use of mudflats by Hooded Cranes increased correspondingly.Food availability in different habitats was affected by changes in the water level.The Hooded Crane adjusted its foraging patterns and made full use of the three available types of habitat in order to acquire enough food in response to fluctuations in the water level.

Spatial Pattern Evolution and Influencing Factors of Cold Storage in China

Cold storage is the vital infrastructure of cold chain logistics. In this study, we analyzed the spatial pattern evolution characteristics, spatial autocorrelation and influencing factors of cold storage in China by using kernel density estimation(KDE), spatial autocorrelation analysis(SAA), and spatial error model(SEM). Results showed that: 1) the spatial distribution of cold storage in China is unbalanced, and has evolved from ‘one core’ to ‘one core and many spots’, that is, ‘one core’ refers to the Bohai Rim region mainly including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong and Liaoning regions, and ‘many spots’ mainly include the high-density areas such as Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, Hefei, Wuhan, ürümqi. 2) The distribution of cold storage has significant global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation, and the ‘High-High’ cluster area is the most stable, mainly concentrated in the Bohai Rim;the ‘Low-Low’ cluster area is grouped in the southern China. 3) Economic development level, population density, traffic accessibility, temperature and land price, all affect the location choice of cold storage in varying degrees, while the impact of market demand on it is not explicit.

Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution and Expression Analyses of GA2ox Gene Family in Brassica napus L.

Gibberellin 2-oxidases(GA2ox)are important enzymes that maintain the balance of bioactive GAs in plants.GA2ox genes have been identified and characterized in many plants,but these genes were not investigated in Brassica napus.Here,we identified 31 GA2ox genes in B.napus and 15 of these BnaGA2ox genes were distributed in the A and C subgenomes.Subcellular localization predictions suggested that all BnaGA2ox proteins were localized in the cytoplasm,and gene structure analysis showed that the BnaGA2ox genes contained 2–4 exons.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BnGA2ox family proteins in monocotyledons and dicotyledons can be divided into four groups,including two C_(19)-GA2ox and two C_(20)-GA2ox clades.Group 4 is a C_(20)-GA2ox Class discovered recently.Most BnaGA2ox genes had a syntenic relationship with AtGA2ox genes.BnaGA2ox genes in the C subgenome had experienced stronger selection pressure than genes in the A subgenome.BnaGA2ox genes were highly expressed in specific tissues such as those involved in growth and development,and most of them were mainly involved in abiotic responses,regulation of phytohormones and growth and development.Our study provided a valuable evolutionary analysis of GA2ox genes in monocotyledons and dicotyledons,as well as an insight into the biological functions of GA2ox family genes in B.napus.

Dynamic evolution patterns of the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy and the sets mogenic process

Following a new train of thinking, this paper has explored first the potential information in the ground resistivitydata observed by the existing geoelectric observation system, investigated and proposed a new dimensionlessgeoelectric precursor factor, the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy, S, and studied the characteristics of dynamic evolution pattern of S during the seismogenic process. The results show that, during the seismogenic process, the degree of ground resistivity anisotropy (S) displays h process of 'normal' → 'abnormal strengthening(amplitude, range)' → 'abnormal weakening'→ 'earthquake occurrence'→ 'normal'. The earthquake wouldoccur at the time when the S value has entered the late stage of strengthening and turns to weaken and in the gradient belt on the margin ofS anomaly region. The dynamic evolution pattern ofS reflects the changes of the tectonicstress field during the seismogenic process. Therefore, it would be possible to trace the process of earthquake generation and occurrence from the dynamic evolution pattern ofS so as to service eaJ'thquake prediction.

Research on Evolution of Goal-Driven Service Composition Patterns

With the development of Web service technology, using composite services to satisfy users' requirements has become an inevitable tendency. Goal changes caused by changing requirements of users may directly drive the corresponding evolution of service composition. However, most researches focus on how to compose services, and little efforts have been placed on how to evolve the composite services with changing requirements. In this paper, the service composition patterns are defined based on workflow patterns, and the changes of service composition patterns are analyzed according to changing goals. Finally, a case study is given to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Preliminary analysis of the mitochondrial genome evolutionary pattern in primates

Since the birth of molecular evolutionary analysis,primates have been a central focus of study and mitochondrial DNA is well suited to these endeavors because of its unique features.Surprisingly,to date no comprehensive evaluation of the nucleotide substitution patterns has been conducted on the mitochondrial genome of primates.Here,we analyzed the evolutionary patterns and evaluated selection and recombination in the mitochondrial genomes of 44 Primates species downloaded from GenBank.The results revealed that a strong rate heterogeneity occurred among sites and genes in all comparisons.Likewise,an obvious decline in primate nucleotide diversity was noted in the subunit rRNAs and tRNAs as compared to the protein-coding genes.Within 13 protein-coding genes,the pattern of nonsynonymous divergence was similar to that of overall nucleotide divergence,while synonymous changes differed only for individual genes,indicating that the rate heterogeneity may result from the rate of change at nonsynonymous sites.Codon usage analysis revealed that there was intermediate codon usage bias in primate protein-coding genes,and supported the idea that GC mutation pressure might determine codon usage and that positive selection is not the driving force for the codon usage bias.Neutrality tests using site-specific positive selection from a Bayesian framework indicated no sites were under positive selection for any gene,consistent with near neutrality.Recombination tests based on the pairwise homoplasy test statistic supported complete linkage even for much older divergent primate species.Thus,with the exception of rate heterogeneity among mitochondrial genes,evaluating the validity assumed complete linkage and selective neutrality in primates prior to phylogenetic or phylogeographic analysis seems unnecessary.

Industrial Green Spatial Pattern Evolution of Yangtze River Economic Belt in China

We use the directional slacks-based measure of efficiency and inverse distance weighting method to analyze the spatial pattern evolution of the industrial green total factor productivity of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt in 2003–2013.Results show that both the subprime mortgage crisis and ‘the new normal' had significant negative effects on productivity growth,leading to the different spatial patterns between 2003–2008 and 2009–2013.Before 2008,green poles had gathered around some capital cities and formed a tripartite pattern,which was a typical core-periphery pattern.Due to a combination of the polarization and the diffusion effects,capital cities became the growth poles and ‘core' regions,while surrounding areas became the ‘periphery'.This was mainly caused by the innate advantage of capital cities and ‘the rise of central China' strategy.After 2008,the tripartite pattern changed to a multi-poles pattern where green poles continuously and densely spread in the midstream and downstream areas.This is due to the regional difference in the leading effect of green poles.The leading effect of green poles in midstream and downstream areas has changed from polarization to diffusion,while the polarization effect still leads in the upstream area.

Integral Evolution Pattern of Intraplate Seismicity in Chinese Mainland and Its Periphery

Taking the active fault network as the structural frame, the Chinese mainland and its periphery can be regarded as a system of "fault movement and seismogeny." By using the self-coupling method, preliminary study shows that the seismogenic system is a time-ordered dissipation system. The time order in the state far from equilibrium is established and maintained through mass and energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings. The evolution of the seismogenic system follows some properties of unbalanced phase change, namely, critical retard, bifurcation, entropy reduction, etc.

Evolution characteristics of hydrological connectivity pattern of marsh wetland in Naoli River Basin

As an important indicator of the structural and functional stability of wetland landscapes,hydrological connectivity plays an important role in maintaining the stability of wetland ecosystems.Large-scale human activities have led to significant changes in the hydrological connectivity pattern of wetlands in Naoli River Basin since 1950 s.Combined with the availability of wetland habitat and the spreading capacity of aquatic birds,hydrological connectivity indices of marsh wetlands were calculated in the studied area,and the temporal and spatial changes were analyzed from 1950 s to 2015.The results indicate that:(1)the hydrological connectivity index of the marsh wetlands shows a growth trend with increasing distance threshold.All patches of marsh wetlands linked together when the distance threshold reached 35--40 km;(2)the optimal distance of hydrological connectivity is about 10 km for marsh wetlands of whole Naoli River Basin;(3)the total hydrological connectivity of marsh wetlands decreased in the Naoli River Basin from 1950 s to 2015.Although the hydrological connectivity index increased after 2005,the fragmentation of the landscape has not been improved.The analysis of the wetland hydrological connectivity can provide a scientific basis for the ecological restoration and protection of the wetland in the Naoli River Basin.

Quantum Adiabatic Evolution for Pattern Recognition Problem

Quantum pattern recognition algorithm for two-qubit systems has been implemented by quantum adiabatic evolution. We will estimate required running time for this algorithm by means of an analytical solution of time- dependent Hamiltonian since the time complexity of adiabatic quantum evolution is a limitation on the quantum computing. These results can be useful for experimental implementation.

Spatial Pattern and Evolution of Urbanization in Shandong Province

Based on Arc GIS and SPSS Statistics,authors of this paper used the principal component analysis(PCA) and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP),and selected 6 indicators concerning population,land,and economy to study the spatial pattern of urbanization and regional economic differences in Shandong Province,namely urban population,urban population density,construction land,area of urban districts,disposable income of residents,and added value of the tertiary industry.The development of urbanization in Shandong Province was measured by the proportion of urban population to the total population in 2000,2005,2010,and 2014 respectively.It is hoped that this paper will provide a theoretical basis for building an orderly regional spatial structure and coordinating regional urban decision-making.

Spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in Hebei Province,China

Evapotranspiration （ET） is the sum of soil or water body evaporation and plant transpiration from the earth surface and ocean to the atmosphere, and thus plays a significant role in regulating carbon and water resource cycles. The time-series data set from the remote sensing MOLDS product （MOD16） was used to study the spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation evapotranspiration in salinized areas during 2000-2014 by analyzing the variability, spatial patterns and Mann-Kendall （MK） nonparametric trends for the time series. The results indicate that inter-annual and intra-annual variations of ET across various vegetated areas show seasonal changes, with the abnormal months identified. The Cultivated land displays a greater degree of spatial heterogeneity and the spatial pattern of ET in the area covered by broadleaved deciduous forests corresponds to a higher ET rate and increased water consumption. Awidespread decline of ET is observed only in cultivated areas. However, agricultural cultivation doesn＇t worsen water shortage and soil salinization problems in the region, and water shortage problems are worsening for other vegetated areas. This research provides a basis of reference for the reasonable allocation of water resources and restructuring of vegetation patterns in salinized areas.

Land Use Evolution of Rural Settlements Based on Landscape Ecology and Analysis of Its Influence Factors: A Case Study of Panshi City, Jilin City of China

GIS spatial analysis and quantitative analysis of landscape indexes were applied to analyze land use features and influence factors of rural settlements in Panshi City, Jilin Province in view of the comprehensive regional environment. The results showed that (A) Rural settlements are mostly scattered, and concentrated in small groups, showing the co-existence and disorderly expansion of modern and traditional development features; (B) Layouts of rural settlements are closely related to agricultural production; (C) Rural settlements are mostly distributed in the linear patterns along rivers and in the ring patterns around reservoirs; (D) Distribution of rural settlements gradually expands to the neighboring areas of traffic arteries. Against the macro background of urbanization, studying the intensive utilization of rural settlements is a fundamental approach of relieving restriction of land elements, and also an important approach of promoting the construction of new socialist countryside, optimizing industrial structure and accelerating regional urbanization.

Stress evolution and failure process of Brazilian disc under impact

To reveal stress distribution and crack propagation of Brazilian discs under impact loads, dynamic tests were conducted with SHPB (split Hopkinson pressure bar) device. Stress states of specimens were monitored with strain gauges on specimen surface and SHPB bars. The failure process of specimen was recorded by ultra speed camera FASTCAM SA1.1 (675 000 fps). Stress histories from strain gauges offer comprehensive information to evaluate the stress equilibrium of specimen in time and space. When a slowly rising load (with loading rates less than 1 200 N/s for d 50 mm bar) is applied, there is usually good stress equilibrium in specimen. The stress distribution after equilibrium is similar to its static counterpart. And the first crack initiates at the disc center and propagates along the load direction. But with the front of incident wave becoming steep, it is hard for specimens to get to stress equilibrium. The first crack may appear anywhere on the specimen together with multiple randomly distributed secondary cracks. For a valid dynamic Brazil test with stress equilibrium, the specimen will break into two halves neatly. While for tests with stress disequilibrium, missing strap may be found when broken halves of specimens are put together. For those specimens broken up neatly at center but having missing wedges at the loading areas, it is usually subjected to local buckling from SHPB bars.