In vitro analysis of riboflavin-modified,experimental,two-step etch-and-rinse dentin adhesive:Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro-Raman studies

To modify two-step experimental etch-and-rinse dentin adhesive with different concentrations of riboflavin and to study its effect on the bond strength,degree of conversion,along with resin infiltration within the demineralized dentin substrate,an experimental adhesive-system was modified with different concentrations of riboflavin（mlm,0,1%,3%,5%and 10%）.Dentin surfaces were etched with 37%phosphoric acid,bonded with respective adhesives,restored with restorative composite-resin,and sectioned into resin-dentin slabs and beams to be stored for 24 h or 9 months in artificial saliva.Micro-tensile bond testing was performed with scanning electron microscopy to analyse the failure of debonded beams.The degree of conversion was evaluated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） at different time points along with micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis.Data was analyzed with one-way and two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey＇s for pair-wise comparison.Modification with 1%and 3%riboflavin increased the micro-tensile bond strength compared to the control at 24 h and 9-month storage with no significant differences in degree of conversion（P〈0.05）.The most predominant failure mode was the mixed fracture among all specimens except 10%riboflavin-modified adhesive specimens where cohesive failure was predominant.Raman analysis revealed that 1%and 3%riboflavin adhesives specimens showed relatively higher resin infiltration.The incorporation of riboflavin in the experimental two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive at 3%（mlm） improved the immediate bond strengths and bond durability after 9-month storage in artificial saliva without adversely affecting the degree of conversion of the adhesive monomers and resin infiltration.

Study of the wall adhesive tensile contact of moist iron ore bulk solids

The adhesive tensile stress between moist bulk iron ore solids and wall surfaces are critical to control and avoid blockage in large throughput material handling plants.In this study,an experimental system was designed to investigate the adhesive tensile contact between a range of iron ore materials and wall lining specimens.The contact mechanism between the material specimen and the wall surface was initially characterised.The experimental results indicated that the adhesive tensile stress is dependent on both the moisture content and the applied major consolidation stress,with the former exhibiting more significant contribution to increasing the magnitude of stress.The surface roughness of the wall showed a negligible effect in determining the adhesive tensile stress.Additionally,the iron ore sample with a higher fines content was observed to be able to achieve a higher adhesive tensile stress compared to the coarse samples.Consequently,the insights resulting from the study demonstrated practical applicability through measures such as blending and/or beneficiation,which reduce the adhesive tensile stress and minimise blockages.