Occasional Forces and Displacements of Longitudinally Coupled Ballastless Jointless Turnout on Bridges

For the longitudinally coupled baUastless turnout on Leida bridge on Wuhan-Guangzhou passenger dedicated line （PDL） in China, a turnout （cross over）-track slab-bridge deck-pier integrated finite element model was established, in which two No. 18 jointless turnouts with movable frogs in form of crossover, longitudinally coupled ballastless track, bridges and piers were regarded as one system. Based on this model, the additional forces and displacement regularities of turnouts, track slab, bridges and piers under occasional loading were analyzed, and the effect of occasional loading position was researched. The results show that slab breaking is more influential on the longitudinal force and deformation of the whole system than rail breaking, that slab breaking on one line could deteriorate both the slab force on another line and the forces exerted on the piers and fastener components, and that a great slab force at the left end of the continuous bridge expansion joint should be particularly avoided in design.

Analysis of longitudinal forces of coupler devices in emergency braking process for heavy haul trains

To reduce the longitudinal coupler forces of heavy haul trains and improve the running safety, the velocity method and New-mark method were used for the coupler simulation and numerical integration, and a numerical model on the longitudinal dynamics of heavy haul trains was established. Validation was performed against the experimental data. Using this model, the emergency braking process for a combined marshalling heavy haul train was investigated to obtain the distributions of the longitudinal compressive forces and strokes of coupler devices. Then, the influences of the initial braking velocity, the synchronization time of master and slave locomotives, the coupler stiffness and the vibrator mass on the longitudinal forces and strokes were analyzed. The results show that it should be avoided that the emergency braking starts at a low initial speed. Keeping synchronism between master locomotive and slave locomotives effectively helps to reduce the longitudinal forces. Reducing the coupler stiffness appropriately and adding rigid arm connections, the longitudinal vibration frequency can be brought down and the longitudinal forces will be decreased, which improves the running safety of heavy haul trains. All of these research results can provide a reference for the operation and development of heavy haul trains.

Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Based on Longitudinal Force Estimation for Electro-mechanical Braking Systems using BLDC Motor

This paper focuses on the controller design using fuzzy sliding mode control(FSMC)with application to electro-mechanical brake(EMB)systems using BLDC Motor.The EMB controller transmits the control signal to the motor driver to rotate the motor.The torque distribution of motors is studied in this paper actually.Firstly,the model of the EMB system is established.Then the state observer is developed to estimate the vehicle states including the vehicle velocity and longitudinal force.Due to the fact that the EMB system is nonlinear and uncertain,a FSMC strategy based on wheel slip ratio is proposed,where both the normal and emergency braking conditions are taken into account.The equivalent control law of sliding mode controller is designed on the basis of the variation of the front axle and rear axle load during the brake process,while the switching control law is adjusted by the fuzzy corrector.The simulation results illustrate that the FSMC strategy has the superior performance,better adaptability to various types of roads,and shorter braking distance,as compared to PID control and traditional sliding mode control technologies.Finally,the hardware-in-loop(HIL)experimental results have exemplified the validation of the developed methodology.

On chip chiral and plasmonic hybrid dimer or tetramer:Generic way to reverse longitudinal and lateral optical binding forces

For both the longitudinal binding force and the lateral binding force,a generic way of controlling the mutual attraction and repulsion(usually referred to as reversal of optical binding force)between chiral and plasmonic hybrid dimers or tetramers has not been reported so far.In this paper,by using a simple plane wave and an onchip configuration,we propose a possible generic way to control the binding force for such hybrid objects in both the near-field region and the far-field region.We also investigate different inter-particle distances while varying the wavelengths of light for each inter-particle distance throughout the investigations.First of all,for the case of longitudinal binding force,we find that chiral-plasmonic hybrid dimer pairs do not exhibit any reversal of optical binding force in the near-field region nor in the far-field region when the wavelength of light is varied in an air medium.However,when the same hybrid system of nanoparticles is placed over a plasmonic substrate,a possible chip,it is possible to achieve a reversal of the longitudinal optical binding force.Later,for the case of lateral optical binding force,we investigate a setup where we place the chiral and plasmonic tetramers on a plasmonic substrate by using two chiral nanoparticles and two plasmonic nanoparticles,with the setup illuminated by a circularly polarized plane wave.By applying the left-handed and the right-handed circular polarization state of light,we also observe the near-field and the far-field reversal of lateral optical binding force for both cases.As far as we know,so far,no work has been reported in the literature on the generic way of reversing the longitudinal optical binding force and the lateral optical binding force of such hybrid objects.Such a generic way of controlling optical binding forces can have important applications in different fields of science and technology in the near future.

Mechanics model of additional longitudinal force transmission between bridges and continuously welded rails with small resistance fasteners

A new mechanics model, which reveals additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges, is established on the fact that the influence of the mutual relative displacement (among) the rail, the sleeper and the beam is taken into account. An example is presented and numerical results are compared. The results show that the additional longitudinal forces calculated with the new model are less than those of the previous, especially in the case of the flexible pier bridges. The new model is also suitable for the analysis of the additional longitudinal force transmission between rails and bridges of ballastless track with small resistance fasteners without taking the sleeper displacement into account, and compared with the ballast bridges, the ballastless bridges have a much stronger additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges.

Hole quality in longitudinal–torsional coupled ultrasonic vibration assisted drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites are extremely attractive in the manufacturing of structural and functional components in the aircraft manufacturing field due to their outstanding properties, such as good fatigue resistance, high specific stiffness/strength, and good shock absorption. However, because of their inherent anisotropy, low interlamination strength, and abrasive characteristics, CFRP composites are considered difficult-to-cut materials and are prone to generating serious hole defects, such as delamination, tearing, and burrs. The advanced longitudinal–torsional coupled ultrasonic vibration assisted drilling (LTC-UAD) method has a potential application for drilling CFRP composites. At present, LTC-UAD is mainly adopted for drilling metal materials and rarely for CFRP. Therefore, this study analyzes the kinematic characteristics and the influence of feed rate on the drilling performance of LTC-UAD. Experimental results indicate that LTC-UAD can reduce the thrust force by 39% compared to conventional drilling. Furthermore, LTC-UAD can decrease the delamination and burr factors and improve the surface quality of the hole wall. Thus, LTC-UAD is an applicable process method for drilling components made with CFRP composites.

Determination of complex Young's modulus of viscoelastic bars using forced longitudinal vibration of slender rods

A method to identify complex Young＇s modulus of viscoelastic materials using forced longitudinal vibration of slender rods is proposed. The method differs from the beam one. Experimental tests were carried out at room temperature with different lengths in 108 mm, 100 mm, 90 ram, 83.5 mm, 80 ram, 74.5 mm, 70 mm for the polycarbonate bars, and the curves of ratios A2/A1 between two ends of a viscoelastic bar versus frequencies are obtained, furthermore, the corresponding 3 dB bandwidth and the storage and loss modulus can be calculated. Sufficient number of obtained complex Young＇s modulus at different frequency allows us to calculate other ones using the least square method. If the step of the tested frequency is 5 Hz, the maximum error of results can be less than 6%. By comparison with the measurement methods which the previous literature mentioned, this new method simplifies the calculation, and the physical meaning appears apparently and clearly.

The influence of AAR coupler features on estimation of in-train forces

Inadequate management of large in-train forces transferred through coupler systems of a railway train leads to running and structural failures of vehicles.Understanding these phenomena and their mitigation requires accurate estimation of relative motions and in-train forces between vehicle bodies.Previous numerical studies have ignored inertia of coupling elements and the impacts between couplers.Thus,existing models underestimate the additional dynamic variations in in-train forces.Detailed multi-body dynamic models of two AAR(Association of American Railroads)coupler systems used in passenger and freight trains are developed,incorporating coupler inertia and various slacks.Due to the modeling and simulation com-plexities involved in a full train model,with such details of coupler system,actual longitudinal train dynamics is not studied.A system comprising only two coupling units,inter-connecting two consecutive vehicles,is modeled.Considered system has been fixed at one end and an excitation force is applied at the other end,to mimic a relative force transmission through combined coupler system.Simulation results obtained from this representative system show that,noticeable influence in in-train forces are expected due to the combined effect of inertia of couplers and intermittent impacts between couplers in the slack regime.Maximum amplitude of longitudinal reaction force,transferred from draft gear housing to vehicle body,is expected to be significantly higher than that predicted using existing models of coupler system.It is also observed that the couplers and knuckles are subjected to significant longitudinal and lateral contact forces,due to the intermittent impacts between couplers.Thus,accurate estimation of draft gear reaction force and impact forces between couplers are essential to design vehicle and coupler components,respectively.

Analysis of land use change and its driving force in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

关于陆地使用度，陆地使用变化率以及各种各样的陆地使用的地区性的差别的研究录入西南纵的范围峡区域(LRGR ) 被执行了在上地区性并且县规模。从社会经济的看法，我们也在研究区域分析了陆地使用变化的开车机制和各种各样的驱动力的相应空间范围。研究结果显示在地区性的规模上，农田，森林和草地在 LRGR，和草地严厉地衰退的陆地使用表演的结构的变化填写陆地使用的主要身体，农田增加和森林保持稳定。在县规模上，陆地使用被那陆地使用水平描绘是相对低的，并且陆地使用度，全面变化率和相对变化在不同陆地使用类型之中评价仍然存在。由分析，在 LRGR 的陆地使用变化被投资主要驾驶人力和物理资源，社会经济产量水平，自然灾难骚乱的紧张和工人的教育水平的紧张。然而， regionalism 在不同驱动力类型的影响范围存在。

Study on the spatiotemporal variability of eco-hydrological characteristics of the rivers in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region and their driving forces

Taking two typical rivers in high mountains and steep gorge areas as example,this paper analyzes the spetiotemporal variability of the eco-hydrological characteristics and the driving forces leading to changes.Firstly,based on the species-environmental data processing,this paper adopts canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)method to identify the environmental factors influencing the distribu- tion of river bank vegetation.Secondly,this study uses the ecological diversity Index to represent the spatiotemporel variability of ecological characteristics.Thirdly,this paper uses the multiple correlation method to analyze the relationship between the hydrological factors and meteorological factors,and to identify the key factors leading to the hydrological regime changes.At last,based on the analysis of basin water quality data,this paper analyzes the regularity of spatiotemporal variability and its driving forces.By the systematic analysis on the outcome,we could get that the spatiotemporel distribution of eco-hydrological characteristics shows the regular changes from the upstream to downstream(from the north to the south),and the spatiotemporal variability of eco-hydrological characteristics is typical from the east to the west.Altitude,aspect and water distribution are the primary natural driving forces leading to the spatiotemporel variability of eco-hydrological characteristics;and exploitation and op- eration of hydroelectric power station,construction of road on the river bank,and basin land utilization are the main human driving forces.

组合桥面板切应力分布规律及横向剪力钉布置

根据组合桥面板截面的切应力、剪力流分布规律,在混凝土板和钢顶板完全连接的条件下,理论推导出混凝土板和钢顶板的剪力流承担比例,证明组合桥面板层间纵向剪力小于采用组合梁公式得到的计算值.层间完全连接和通过弹簧单元模拟剪力钉离散连接开展的有限元计算均支持这一观点,验证了组合桥面板截面的竖向剪力主要由腹板承担的观点的正确性.探究横向上剪力钉的布置方式.结果表明,组合桥面板应沿横向全宽布置剪力钉,在腹板两侧进行加密,腹板正上方不宜布设剪力钉.

地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路纵向力分析

【目的】为研究地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路纵向受力与变形规律,对地铁连续刚构桥上无砟轨道无缝线路设计改进、运营养护维修提供理论指导。【方法】根据梁-板-轨相互作用原理,建立地铁连续刚构桥上整体道床式无砟轨道无缝线路空间耦合模型,计算伸缩、挠曲、制动、断轨工况下轨道结构和桥梁纵向力及位移,并对轨道结构静力特性进行对比分析,为地铁连续刚构桥上无缝线路轨道结构设计提供参考。【结果】结果表明:双线列车荷载中点与中部梁端处重合时为列车垂向荷载最不利工况,此时钢轨纵向力与钢轨、桥梁纵向位移均为最大,均出现在中部梁端附近,数值分别为70.3 kN与0.6,0.8 mm;双线制动荷载列车尾部位于两侧梁端时为列车制动荷载最不利工况,此时钢轨纵向力与钢轨、桥梁纵向位移均为最大,数值分别为107.8 kN与1.6,1.7 mm。【结论】伸缩力作用下各个端部桥缝处为薄弱部位,在平时养护中应特别注意梁端部桥缝处轨道结构,防止因伸缩力过大而产生断轨;钢轨发生断轨时,在断缝处纵向力、纵向位移均发生突变,严重影响线路行车安全。

齿轨铁路桥上板式无砟轨道纵向力学特性研究

为研究齿轨铁路桥上铺设CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道的纵向力学特性,基于有限元理论和混凝土塑性损伤理论,建立齿轨-无砟轨道-桥梁精细化分析模型,分析不同坡度下轨道结构应力变化和变形规律。研究结果表明:上坡侧的轨道板端位置为荷载最不利位置。可在小于150‰坡度的齿轨铁路上直接应用CRTSⅢ型板式无砟轨道,坡度大于150‰时轨道板产生局部损伤;整体温度变化量为15~25℃时轨道板损伤较大。轨道纵向位移增长率随坡度增加逐渐减小,底座板位移增长率最大,150‰坡度时轨道最大位移为1.6 mm左右;底座板凹槽最大压缩量为0.52 mm,为增强凹槽限位能力,可调整凹槽上、下坡侧的垫层刚度。轨道与桥面层间约束不足,为相对不稳定层面,应采取增大桥面板凿毛程度、调整预埋钢筋规格等纵向稳定措施。

小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型简化研究

为更简便地建立小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路有限元模型,降低计算成本并保证计算精度的可靠性,本文比较分析不同简化程度的模型。首先,依据已有桥上无缝线路模型的形式,通过不同程度简化桥梁上部结构,由简到繁确立了单刚臂模型、多刚臂模型、准梁格模型、平面壳模型、空间壳模型、实体模型共6种模型,并通过扣件横向和纵向阻力试验取得了模型的关键参数;其次,以曲线半径为200 m的(40+50+50+40) m连续梁桥为实例,计算了桥上无缝线路在伸缩、挠曲、制动和断轨等其他组合工况下的结果;最后,以实体模型的计算结果为基准,将前5种模型的计算结果与实体模型的进行对比,通过欧几里得距离量化分析了各模型的计算精度。研究结果表明:综合考虑模型复杂程度和计算精度,多刚臂模型和准梁格模型相比于空间壳模型性价比更高,梁格法在桥梁工程中被大量用于异形桥梁计算,且支座分布以及边界条件更符合实际情况。因此,推荐在进行小半径曲线梁桥的无缝线路计算时采用准梁格模型。

碳纤维复合材料纵扭超声振动辅助钻孔仿真研究

针对碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)钻孔易发生缺陷、孔的质量难保证和效率低等问题,基于Hashin准则和PUCK准则构建碳纤维复合材料本构模型子程序,建立CFRP纵扭超声振动辅助钻孔三维实体有限元模型。与普通钻孔过程的轴向力变化情况进行对比,分析主轴转速、进给速度、频率、振幅、纤维铺层角度和钻头顶角对轴向力的影响。结果表明:轴向力随进给速度、频率和钻头顶角的增大而增大,随主轴转速增大而减小,随振幅增大先减小后增大,随纤维铺层角度增大先增大后减小。

管道中激发L(0,2)导波的EMAT结构设计及优化

超声导波在管道中传播时具有多模态特性,导致超声导波检测的回波信号复杂难以分辨。依据EMAT激发机理和纵向超声导波的波结构特性,设计一种周期性永磁铁组以增大洛伦兹力轴向分量、减小径向分量,激励纯净的L(0,2)模态导波。研究永磁铁宽度对L(0,1)模态抑制效果的影响规律,得到控制效果较好的永磁铁宽度。结果表明:相比传统EMAT,新型EMAT对L(0,1)模态抑制效果显著,L(0,2)模态与L(0,1)模态峰值之比是传统EMAT的7.62倍。

一种列车制动信号无线传输通讯系统设计

在铁路运输趋于高速和重载的背景下,重载列车传统空气制动系统仅能适用于单元式重载列车,并且后期维护相对不便,且在制动时会带来过大的车钩纵向力,影响行车安全,因此具有高带宽、低延迟、维护便捷等优点的无线制动系统应运而生。为了解决上述问题,立足于制动系统制动信号的无线传输,基于嵌入式技术设计了一套制动信号无线传输通讯系统。硬件方面,以STC8H8K64U作为主控芯片完成通讯系统的原理图设计,主要包括电源模块、CAN(Controller Area Network,控制器局域网)网络模块、GPRS(General Packet Radio Service,通用分组无线服务技术)模块、无线网络LoRa(Long Range Radio,远距离无线电)模块等,并且对硬件进行抗干扰处理。软件方面,完成STC8的外设驱动程序设计、LoRa无线网络模块的程序设计以及装置与系统之间通讯协议的自定义。基于以上设计,完成通讯系统的调试与测试工作,对无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离进行测试,通过建立动力学模型和线路试验来对比使用传统空气制动方案制动与使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统制动方案下的制动波速以及车钩纵向力。测试和试验结果表明:系统各模块功能正常,能有效完成与车辆控制装置和远程控制平台之间的数据交互;有行人、树木、建筑等遮挡物时,无线网络模块LoRa的通讯距离为400 m;使用制动信号无线传输通讯系统在列车制动时可有效提升制动波速,减小车钩纵向力。研究结果可为重载列车的制动系统设计提供参考。

单向L(0,2)超声导波EMAT结构设计

超声导波在管道中传播时双向传播的特性以及端面反射回波的影响导致检测回波信号复杂难以分辨。依据电磁声换能器(EMAT)激发机理和纵向超声导波的波结构特性,设计了一种周期性永磁铁增强径向偏置磁场,从而增大洛伦兹力轴向分量、减小径向分量来控制激发单一L(0,2)导波;同时依据波叠加原理,通过控制相邻线圈线间距、激励电流方向和延迟时间等来选择纵向超声导波的激发方向。研究结果表明:当相邻激励线圈电流相反、线间距为λ/4,且延迟时间为T/4时,采用优化设计的周期性永磁铁可以实现管道中超声导波的方向控制,使得回波信号容易分辨,提高了管道的检测效率。

编组方式对3万吨重载列车循环制动工况纵向冲动的影响

为研究3万吨重载列车合理的编组方式,文章基于纵向动力学与气体流动理论,建立3万吨重载列车纵向动力学模型,利用该模型分析不同编组方式列车空气制动系统传递特性;在此基础上,选取3种典型运行线路,仿真分析不同编组方式列车循环制动工况下的纵向冲动。结果表明:列车长度会影响列车空气制动系统同步性能,尾部添加机车可以有效提升制动同步性,相较于传统尾部列尾装置,缓解延迟时间减少约58.8%;纵向冲动由列车制动不同步性及坡道差共同作用产生,列车循环制动通过V型坡时,坡度差不应超过10.5‰;“八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车+108辆C80+八轴机车”的编组方式在各线路条件下纵向冲动均保持较低水平,可为后续3万吨重载列车试验及常态化运营的编组选择提供参考。