Design of multi-channel terahertz beam splitter based on Z-shaped metasurface

A reflective beam splitter is proposed and verified. The unit cell of the beam splitter is composed of a metal pattern, a dielectric substrate, and a metallic ground. Each subarray structure of the device is composed of four unit cells, which are gradually rotated at 45°. The horizontal and vertical subarrays form a 4×4 gradient metasurface supercell. In the operating frequency band, the incident linearly polarized terahertz wave is reflected and divided into four beams of approximately equal power but different propagation directions. The proposed terahertz beam splitter based on metasurface has the advantages of small size, low cost and easy processing, and can be applied to terahertz stealth and imaging.

High efficiency and broad bandwidth terahertz vortex beam generation based on ultra-thin transmission Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces

The terahertz(THz)vortex beam generators are designed and theoretically investigated based on single-layer ultra-thin transmission metasurfaces.Noncontinuous phase changes of metasurfaces are obtained by utilizing Pancharatnam-Berry phase elements,which possess different rotation angles and are arranged on two concentric rings centered on the origin.The circularly polarized incident THz beam could be turned into a cross-polarization transmission wave,and the orbital angular momentum(OAM)varies in value by lh.The l values change from±1 to±5,and the maximal cross-polarization conversion efficiency that could be achieved is 23%,which nearly reaches the theoretical limit of a single-layer structure.The frequency range of the designed vortex generator is from 1.2 THz to 1.9 THz,and the generated THz vortex beam could keep a high fidelity in the operating bandwidth.The propagation behavior of the emerged THz vortex beam is analyzed in detail.Our work offers a novel way of designing ultra-thin and single-layer vortex beam generators,which have low process complexity,high conversion efficiency and broad bandwidth.

Recent advances in generation of terahertz vortex beams andtheir applications

Last decade has witnessed a rapid development of the generation of terahertz(THz)vortex beams as well as their wide applications,mainly due to their unique combination characteristics of regular THz radiation and orbital angular momentum(OAM).Here we have reviewed the ways to generate THz vortex beams by two representative scenarios,i.e.,THz wavefront modulation via specific devices,and direct excitation of the helicity of THz vortex beams.The former is similar to those wavefront engineering devices in the optical and infrared(IR)domain,but just with suitable THz materials,while the latter is newly-developed in THz regime and some of the physical mechanisms still have not been explained explicitly enough though,which would provide both challenges and opportunities for THz vortex beam generation.As for their applications,thanks to the recent development of THz optics and singular optics,THz vortex beams have potentials to open doors towards a myriad of practice applications in many fields.Besides,some representative potential applications are evaluated such as THz wireless communication,THz super-resolution imaging,manipulating chiral matters,accelerating electron bunches,and detecting astrophysical sources.

Transmission characteristics of terahertz Bessel vortex beams through a multi-layered anisotropic magnetized plasma slab

The transmission of terahertz(THz)Bessel vortex beams through a multi-layered anisotropic magnetized plasma slab is investigated by using a hybrid method of cylindrical vector wave functions(CVWFs)and Fourier transform.On the basis of the electromagnetic boundary conditions on each interface,a cascade form of expansion coefficients of the reflected and transmitted fields is obtained.Taking a double Gaussian distribution of the plasma density as an example,the influences of the applied magnetic field,the incident angle and polarization mode of the incident beams on the magnitude,OAM mode and polarization of the transmitted beams are analyzed in detail.The results indicate that the applied magnetic field has a major effect upon the polarization state of the transmitted fields but not upon the transmitted OAM spectrum.The incident angle has a powerful influence upon both the amplitude profile and the OAM spectrum of the transmitted beam.Furthermore,for multiple coaxial vortex beams,an increase of the maximum value of the plasma density causes more remarkable distortion of both the profile and OAM spectrum of the transmitted beam.This research makes a stable foundation for the THz OAM multiplexing/demultiplexing technology in a magnetized plasma environment.

Terahertz Wave Polarization Beam Splitter Using Asymmetrical Coupler

This study has proposed and numerically demonstrated a compact terahertz wave polarization beam splitter. The splitter is built by using a asymmetrical directional coupler consisting of a bend waveguide and a slot bend waveguides and achieves a high extinction ratio of 24.88 dB and 16.55 dB for cross and through ports. The optimal coupling region length is found to be 26 ttm. By using such a polarization beam splitter, the size of the terahertz wave system could he reduced significantly. The simulation results show that the designed polarization beam splitter can split TE- and TM-polarized terahertz wave into different propagation directions with high efficiency over the terahertz wave frequency range from 9.40 THz to 9.65 THz. The device obtained is readily used for a polarization diversity terahertz wave integrated circuit field, particularly for platforms with slot waveguide.

Tunable terahertz radiation from arbitrary profile dielectric grating coated with graphene excited by an electron beam

In this paper, the enhanced terahertz radiation transformed from surface plasmon polaritons, excited by a uniformly moving electron bunch, in a structure consisting of a monolayer graphene supported on a dielectric grating with arbitrary profile is investigated. The results show that the grating profile has significant influence on the dispersion curves and radiation characteristics including radiation frequency and intensity. The dependence of dispersion and radiation characteristics on the grating shape for both the symmetric and asymmetric gratings is studied in detail. Moreover, we find that, for an asymmetric grating with certain profile, there exist two different diffraction types, and one of the two types can provide higher radiation intensity comparing to the other one. These results will definitely facilitate the practical application in developing a room-temperature, tunable, coherent and miniature terahertz radiation source.

Generation of Higher Terahertz Harmonics in Nonlinear Paraelectrics under Focusing in a Wide Temperature Range

It is theoretically investigated the generation of higher harmonics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional terahertz electromagnetic beams in nonlinear crystals. The attention is paid to crystalline paraelectrics like SrTiO3 under the temperatures 60 - 200 K, these crystals possess the cubic nonlinearity. The bias electric field is applied to provide the dominating quadratic nonlinearity. The initial focusing of the beams not only increases the efficiency of generation of higher harmonics, but alto makes possible to select maxima of different higher harmonics at some distances from the input. At lower temperatures the nonlinearity behaves at smaller input amplitudes, whereas at higher temperatures the harmonic generation can be observed at higher frequencies up to 1.5 THz. In three-dimensional beams the peak amplitudes of higher harmonics can be bigger than in two-dimensional beams, but the ratios of these peak values to the maximum values of the focused first harmonic are smaller than in two-dimensional beams.

机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面快速设计方法

太赫兹涡旋波产生与调控被认为是6G通信、雷达探测、新型传感器的关键技术之一。利用人工超表面产生涡旋波,相较于传统方法具有平面化、集成化、低成本的特点,但是面临复杂的参数设计和分析,需要耗费大量的时间和算力。为此,提出一种机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面快速设计方法,通过长短期记忆(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)神经网络法快速得到满足相位需求的超单元并进行一体化组阵。利用该方法,设计构筑了三块模数l分别为1、2、3的太赫兹涡旋波超表面,仿真结果表明,设计的太赫兹涡旋波束模式纯度达到80%以上。机器学习辅助太赫兹涡旋波超表面设计方法具备精度高、快速、一体化设计等优点,有望运用于太赫兹幅度、相位、极化、轨道角动量等复杂波束调控领域。

一种基于太赫兹成像的复杂地形自适应定高方法

针对现有近感探测器难以适应复杂地形情况下的精确定高问题,提出一种基于成像的图像域自适应对地高度估计方法。该方法将多普勒锐化成像原理应用到前下视场景,利用太赫兹频段分辨力高、孔径合成长度短的优势,采用太赫兹前下视成像实现地形感知,将传统近感探测器的一维距离测量扩展为二维成像测量,实现对运动轨迹前下方地形地貌的精确感知。在获得地面目标图像后,利用地面图像特征,采用图像域特征拟合方法实现对地高度估计。对前下视多普勒锐化成像的参数设计和成像算法进行了理论分析和仿真验证,开发了一套工作于220 GHz频段的太赫兹近感探测系统,并开展了无人机挂载试验。试验表明,该方法能有效感知地表目标环境,排除角反、树木等其他目标对地面高度测量的干扰,测高精确度达0.5 m,证明了该基于太赫兹成像的对地高度估计方法的可行性,为基于图像域特征提升近感探测器对复杂地形适应能力和感知能力奠定了工作基础。

基于开口圆环结构的太赫兹分束器设计

提出了一种基于开口圆环结构的太赫兹分束器,其由两种单元结构组成,这两种结构的区别在于是否存在底层连续金属层,这两种结构的顶层金属图案由开口圆环组成,介质层为聚酰亚胺薄膜。通过改变开口圆环的开口大小和半径排列构成了8×8的相位梯度超表面。当太赫兹波分别沿-z轴方向和+z轴方向垂直入射时,电磁波会被分成沿x,y轴对称但能量分布不同的四束波,两种入射模式能够得到两种不同的分束比。在0.7 THz下,当太赫兹波分别沿-z轴方向和+z轴方向垂直入射时,其分束比分别为0.8∶1和1.9∶1,实现对分束比的调谐。此分束器具有体积小、成本低的优点,可应用于太赫兹通信、太赫兹成像和太赫兹隐身等领域。

宽带太赫兹大规模MIMO系统中的混合预编码

针对宽带太赫兹大规模多输入多输出(multiple input multiple output,MIMO)通信系统中更大的带宽和更多的天线导致的波束分裂问题,构建了基于时延的宽带太赫兹大规模MIMO系统的混合预编码通信模型,并提出了一种高效且可实现的联合时延和相位的宽带太赫兹混合预编码算法。考虑到时延器值的硬件限制,通过最小化最优模拟预编码与等效模拟预编码之间的差来联合优化模拟预编码矩阵和数字预编码矩阵,将联合优化问题转换成目标优化问题,通过将非凸问题转换成等价的凸问题来求全局最优解。仿真结果表明,提出的算法可以获得接近最优的可实现速率性能,且可以提高能量效率。

太赫兹多维度相位调控反射超表面研究

数字编码超表面可以控制电磁波传输,受到了广泛关注。大多数报道的编码超表面基于几何相位或传输相位实现对反射或者透射线极化波和圆极化波的2π相位覆盖,限制了太赫兹波调控灵活性。提出传输相位和几何相位相结合排布超表面,在线极化太赫兹波入射下,基于传输相位机理设计的超表面产生了涡旋波束。根据几何相位原理,在圆极化太赫兹波入射下,设计的超表面产生了反射波束的偏转,超表面可以在多个频点产生涡旋波束,在0.9和1.2 THz处产生拓扑荷数l=1和l=2的涡旋波束,通过卷积生成偏折涡旋波束。最后设计聚焦超表面,实现了反射聚焦。研究结果表明,设计的超表面提供了一种多自由度的太赫兹波偏振和相位操控方法,在太赫兹系统具有广阔的应用潜力。

特殊光束诱导空气等离子体产生太赫兹波

在过去几十年,飞秒激光脉冲电离空气产生太赫兹波,因具有超宽频带和高场强的优势而受到广泛关注。为了从激光诱导的等离子体中激发更强的太赫兹辐射,人们采用改变激光参数和气体介质等多种方法。本文综述了使用特殊光束代替高斯光束诱导空气等离子体产生太赫兹波的技术,探究了突然自聚焦光束、准方形艾里光束以及离轴涡旋光束等特殊光束和实验条件对太赫兹波的增强效果。对特殊光束诱导空气等离子体辐射太赫兹波的物理过程进行解析,可以为获得更优质的太赫兹波源提供新的技术途径。

基于石墨烯太赫兹超表面的特殊波束动态调控

现有的大多数特殊波束(聚焦波束、艾里光束等)超表面通常采用金属结构单元,通过改变单元结构的尺寸和旋转角度等方式进行单一的波前调控,但对动态调谐波前的特殊波束超表面的研究很少。本文突破传统结构的壁垒,利用石墨烯独特的电可调性,构造出利用石墨烯费米能级动态调控波前的特殊波束超表面,可在动态调控波前上实现更灵活的自由性,满足更多、更复杂的相位需求。通过调控石墨烯费米能级获得不同的相位分布,动态调控焦点的空间位置、聚焦开关与焦点个数之间的切换以及影响艾里光束的参数等。所提出的动态调控波前特殊波束超表面可为太赫兹在高分辨成像、聚焦可调平面透镜、光学显微操作、激光微加工、光学子弹成型等方面的应用提供参考。

圆锥面拟合的太赫兹发散角精密测量研究

针对太赫兹(THz)光束发散角精密测量问题,以单频连续波太赫兹源为研究对象,搭建了基于圆锥面拟合的太赫兹发散角测量装置。通过研究太赫兹光束的传播模式,分析其在空间上的光强分布特性,提出将太赫兹输出光束在远场范围内视作圆锥曲面,利用太赫兹探测器采集光斑图像,根据图像的边缘点坐标构建圆锥曲面,借助间接平差对边缘点数据做预处理并进行参数迭代与圆锥面拟合计算出光束发散角数值。结果表明,被测100 GHz的太赫兹源发散角为2.73°,相对扩展不确定度为3.8%(k=2)。

超高次谐波太赫兹大回旋振荡管研究

大回旋电子注具有良好的模式选择特性,能有效抑制太赫兹回旋振荡管模式竞争,使得太赫兹回旋振荡管能稳定工作于高次谐波高阶模状态,大大降低工作磁场要求的同时增大了高频互作用电路尺寸,提高了功率容量,为实现大功率、高频率太赫兹波辐射提供了可能。论文基于超高次谐波大回旋振荡管注-波互作用理论研究,借助于三维粒子仿真软件,探讨了超高次谐波太赫兹大回旋振荡管注-波互作用物理过程、模式竞争等问题,优化设计了464 GHz九次谐波太赫兹回旋振荡管,在电子注电压为250 kV,电流为4.5 A时,实现峰值输出功率为7.5 kW,为应用生物医学提供关键技术支持。

太赫兹天线(一)

文章叙述了天线的作用和辐射电磁波的原理、天线的分类和性能(指标)要求,介绍了一些微波、毫米波和光波中的传统天线在太赫兹天线中的应用。

Terahertz Orbital Angular Momentum: Generation, Detection and Communication

To accommodate the ever-increasing wireless capacity,the terahertz(THz)orbital angular momentum(OAM)beam that combines THz radiation and OAM technologies has attracted much attention recently,with contributing efforts to explore new dimensions in the THz region.In this paper,we provide an overview of the generation and detection techniques of THz-OAM beams,as well as their applications in communications.The principle and research status of typical generation and detection methods are surveyed,and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are summarized from a viewpoint of wireless communication.It is shown that developing novel THz components in generating,detecting and(de)multiplexing THz-OAM beams has become the key engine to drive this direction forward.Anyway,beneficial from the combination of infinite orthogonal modes and large bandwidth,THz-OAM beams will have great potential in delivering very large capacity in next generation wireless communications.

超宽带太赫兹通信中天线结构设计及其波束色散影响分析

为克服超宽带太赫兹通信中的波束色散,当前已设计了多种基于实时延(TTD)的天线结构,但其功耗大、复杂度高。为解决这一问题,该文提出一种低功耗、低复杂度的基于串行等间距延时器的稀疏射频链天线结构。通过联合优化延时器时延和移相器相位,可以改变子载波波束方向,实现多载波波束扩展与波束聚拢,从而为不同分布场景的用户服务。具体而言,在所提天线结构下,提出一种优化延时器时延和移相器相位的方案将多载波波束扩散到不同方向,实现波束扩展,以服务分布在不同方向上的用户。然后,通过调节时延和相位使所有载波波束对准同一方向,实现波束聚拢,以服务分布在同一方向上的用户。仿真结果表明了所设计天线结构和所提优化方案的有效性。

可重构智能表面辅助的多用户通信宽带信道估计

针对太赫兹(THz)链路的严重传输衰减和宽带系统中波束斜视导致传统信道估计方案性能下降的问题,该文构建了可重构智能表面(RIS)辅助多用户THz通信模型,并提出一种低复杂度的两阶段级联信道估计方案。在第1阶段,利用THz的稀疏性和对数和函数,将信道估计问题转化为目标优化问题,通过梯度下降法优化目标函数,使待估信道参数迭代逼近最优解,从而估计出典型用户级联信道;在第2阶段,利用其他用户的级联信道与典型用户信道的强相关性,以较低的导频开销来估计其他用户的级联信道。仿真结果表明,所提方案相较于其他方案具有更好的性能。