反射式THz-TDS用于轨道交通典型液体安检的实验

太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术用于轨道交通易燃易爆危险液体的安全检测,需要兼顾速度和准确率。一般在大流量人群中,因为检测速度限制,不适合直接采用实验室常用的测试指纹谱之后再与样品数据库的吸收峰位置比对的方法来精确确定样品成分信息。针对轨道交通中典型液体样品,在常温常压和正常大气湿度(25℃、60%空气湿度)条件下,测试反射式THzTDS的脉冲回波数据。建立非易燃易爆危险品、易燃易爆类、强酸类等分类数据库,结合样品光谱数据库特征,归纳了4种典型的时域脉冲谱线,即含有显著次级反射峰、微小次级反射峰、无反射峰和向下反转的次反射峰。依据太赫兹时域谱线次级反射峰的特征,结合分类识别决策模型,快速实现了综合分类判别,准确率达80%以上。

基于THz-TDS的氟橡胶材料寿命预测方法

氟橡胶(FKM)材料具有优异的耐热性、耐腐蚀性、耐油性,已成为航空、航天、石油、机械等领域的热门材料。但由于传统的FKM材料寿命检测方法存在离线检测、会损伤待测材料、检测步骤繁琐、检测效率低等缺点,目前在FKM材料实际应用中往往采用定期更换的办法,易造成材料浪费与经济损失。提出了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱检测技术(THz-TDS)的FKM材料使用寿命预测新方法。首先,通过对在热空气老化箱中经不同温度、不同时长热氧老化处理的FKM材料进行THz-TDS透射检测,获得其对应的时域光谱图,提取相应的电流峰峰值,即在一个透射采样周期中最大的探测电流值与最小的探测电流值之间的差值;再将不同老化温度的FKM材料的THz时域波形的峰峰值与老化时间进行拟合,发现FKM样品时域光谱的峰峰值随着老化时间的延长呈下降趋势,且老化温度越高该下降趋势越明显。在200、300和360℃这三个老化温度下的拟合直线的相关系数分别高达0.9734、0.9821和0.9935。其次,根据阿伦尼乌斯公式的基本思想,建立起以时域光谱峰峰值为参考标准的FKM材料寿命预测数学模型。利用时域光谱峰峰值的FKM材料使用寿命预估办法获得的老化反应速率常数的对数与老化温度倒数关系拟合直线的相关系数达0.9969。最后,采用力学拉伸测量FKM材料断裂伸长率的办法,对其基于THz-TDS的使用寿命预估数学模型中的THz-TDS峰峰值失效临界值进行验证,可得构建的基于THz-TDS的FKM材料使用寿命预估模型成立且正确。研究结果表明:将THz-TDS检测方法应用到FKM材料寿命检测具有较高的准确性,且该方法具有无损、高效、操作简便、适用性广等优点,为FKM材料制品在线检测和寿命预测提供可能性,也为其他非极性材料和电介质材料的寿命预测方法研究提供参考。

基于THz-TDR的芯片金属微带线缺陷检测

针对体积小、走线密集、集成度高的封装芯片缺陷检测,目前的主要检测手段存在精度低、周期长等缺点。为弥补传统检测方法的不足,作者结合太赫兹技术与时域反射技术,探究对芯片上金属导线缺陷检测的可行性。首先在不同宽度的金属微带线上加工了不同比例的凸起、凹槽缺陷,模拟集成芯片中金属导线的不完全开/短路等阻抗不匹配情况,利用太赫兹时域反射计采集其时域反射信号。然后根据时域反射脉冲对应的时间分别对不同缺陷程度、不同缺陷类型进行定性分析,并精确计算出了芯片上金属微带线的缺陷位置。最后利用有限元分析法对硅基底上存在缺陷的金属微带线进行仿真分析,与实验结果具有良好的一致性。该研究表明,太赫兹技术与时域反射技术结合能够实现对芯片上金属导线缺陷的诊断检测,为集成芯片的缺陷检测提供了经验参考。

Investigation of copper sulfate pentahydrate dehydration by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Copper sulfate pentahydrate is investigated by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. It is shown that the terahertz absorption coefficients are correlated with the particle size of the samples, as well as the heating rates of the ambient temperature. Furthermore, the water molecules of copper sulfate pentahydrate can be quantitatively characterized due to the high sensitivity of the terahertz wave to water molecules. Based on such results, the status of water incorporated in mineral opal is also characterized using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. It indicates that terahertz technology can be considered as an efficient method to detect the dehydration of minerals.

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy method for optical parameter extraction of plastic materials

A method for extracting optical parameters of plastics materials based on terahertz time domain spectroscopy is presented. The transmission-type Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy(THz TDS) system is adopted to detect the refractive index and extinction coefficient on different plastic materials. Then the corresponding spectral information is obtained by Fourier transform of the terahertz time domain waveform of the sampling points, including the corresponding amplitude and phase information of the waveform. The optical parameter extraction model is built. By using the simplex optimization method, the curves of the refractive index and extinction coefficient for the plastic material are obtained. The experimental samples are made of different plastic parallel plate materials. The experimental results show that the optimization of optical parameters can improve their extraction accuracy, and the error of refractive index is ±0.005. Extraction technology with the simplex optimization method of optical parameter based on THz TDS can help to extract the optical parameters of engineering plastics. It is of great significance for the research of terahertz nondestructive testing.

Far-infrared conductivity of CuS nanoparticles measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

This paper reports that terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is used to measure the optical properties of CuS nanoparticles in composite samples. The complex conductivity of pure CuS nanoparticles is extracted by applying the Bruggeman effective medium theory. The experimental data are consistent with the Drude-Smith model of conductivity in the range of 0.2 1.5 THz. The results demonstrate that carriers become localized with a backscattering behaviour in small-size nanostructures. In addition, the time constant for the carrier scattering is obtained and is only 64.3 fs due to increased electron interaction with interfaces and grain boundaries.

Two-Dimensional Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and Its Applications

In this work, we review the developing progress of two-dimensional terahertz time-domain spectroscopy（THz-TDS） and its diverse applications, including analyzing the polarization of THz radiation from a laser-induced plasma source and studying the corresponding physical mechanism, and characterizing the optical properties of crystals, etc.

Spectroscopic measurements and terahertz imaging of the cornea using a rapid scanning terahertz time domain spectrometer

Spectroscopic measurements and terahertz imaging of the cornea are carried out by using a rapid scanning terahertz time domain spectroscopy（THz-TDS） system.A voice coil motor stage based optical delay line（VCM-ODL） is developed to provide a rather simple and robust structure with both the high scanning speed and the large delay length.The developed system is used for THz spectroscopic measurements and imaging of the corneal tissue with different amounts of water content,and the measurement results show the consistence with the reported results,in which the measurement time using VCM-ODL is a factor of 360 shorter than the traditional motorized optical delay line（MDL）.With reducing the water content a monotonic decrease of the complex permittivity of the cornea is observed.The two-term Debye relaxation model is employed to explain our experimental results,revealing that the fast relaxation time of a dehydrated cornea is much larger than that of a hydrated cornea and its dielectric behavior can be affected by the presence of the biological macromolecules.These results demonstrate that our THz spectrometer may be a promising candidate for tissue hydration sensing and practical application of THz technology.

Guest Editorial TTA Special Section on Applications of Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy

Terahertz （THz） radiation, whose frequency ranges from 0.1 THz to 10.0 THz, has rich science, but limited technology. It has long been considered the last remaining scientific gap in the electromagnetic spectrum. Far from being fully exploited, it offers great opportunities in science, innovation, new technology, and potential applications. THz science and technology enables fundamental research directly impact our lives, from industrial quality control,

Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy and Its Applications

The terahertz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS） system and the related technology and the applications in Capital Normal University are presented. The most often used THz-TDS system as a spectroscopic measurement setup in our lab is introduced in detail, including the THz radiation source, the THz detection method and its measurement, and the control system. THz spectra of various materials is summarized and discussed. These materials include but not limited to two kinds of typical matter-the illegal drugs and explosives. The biological macro-molecules, cosmetics and fine chemical materials, edible pigments and food additives, homocysteic acid and related compounds, heavy ions in soil, Chinese medicines, tobacco and crops, oil and chemical products, carbon nanotubes, superconductors, and various semiconductors and their heterojunctions, are presented. THz emissions from the InAs and InN semiconductors surface are compared. THz spectral investigation of metallic mesh structures is summarized. Finally, an outlook of THz spectroscopic applications is given.

The transmission enhancement of a THz pulse through an Ag/Ag_2 O layer detected by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

This paper reports a new way to detect the enhanced transmission of a THz electromagnetic wave through an Ag/Ag2O layer by THz-TDS （time-domain spectroscopy）. As the THz beam illuminates the sub-wavelength Ag particles gained by Ag2O thermal decomposition, the evanescent wave is generated. The evanescent wave is coupled by a 500μm-GaAs substrate, which attaches behind the Ag/Ag2O layer, and then it transmits to the far field to be detected. The experimental results indicate that the transmitting amplitude is enhanced, as well as the frequent shifting and spectra broadening.

Investigation of solid-state reaction by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy(THz-TDS)was utilized to investigate the solid-state reaction between L(+)-Tartaric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate.Solid sodium hydrogen L(+)-tartrate monohydrate was synthesized efficiently by mechanical grinding,which is particularly sustainable and environmentally benign.Distinct THz absorptions were observed for pure reactants and the proposed product.The reaction process could be clearly visualized by THz spectral patterns of the reaction mixtures at different grinding time.The observed results were further confirmed by synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction(SRXRPD)and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)spectroscopy.The study demonstrates that THz-TDS is an effective novel tool to monitor solid-state reactions in pharmaceutical industry.

Temperature and Pressure Effects on Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy of Crystalline Methedrine by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

In this study, the terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) of crystalline methedrine, which is one of the illegal drugs, is performed using molecular dynamics simulation by the Fourier transform of time derivative auto-correlation functions of the dipole moment. In order to accurately detect the drugs from samples, it is necessary to build a complete database for terahertz spectra under different external conditions from theoretical calculation, which are hardly obtained from the experiments directly. Our results show remarkable consistency with the available experimental data in the frequency range of 10 - 100 cm-1 indicating that the presented method has significant capability to simulate terahertz spectra at various conditions. We investigated the effects of temperature and pressure on THz-TDS by simulating the system at temperature range between 78.4 K and 400 K at pressures up to 100 atm. Results show the spectral features of THz-TDS both in intensity and profile are highly sensitive to the variation of temperature and with a lower magnitude to the variation of pressure. The vanishing, rebuilding and shifting of spectral peaks are due to the complex mechanisms such as the anharmonicity, shifting in the vibration energy levels, formation and destruction of hydrogen-binding and the deformation of the potential energy surface during the environment changing. This improved our understanding for complicated THz-TDS of crystalline methedrine and would be useful for assignment of the practical measurements.

High-Order Spatial FDTD Solver of Maxwell’s Equations for Terahertz Radiation Production

We applied a spatial high-order finite-difference-time-domain (HO-FDTD) scheme to solve 2D Maxwell’s equations in order to develop a fluid model employed to study the production of terahertz radiation by the filamentation of two femtosecond lasers in air plasma. We examined the performance of the applied scheme, in this context, we implemented the developed model to study selected phenomena in terahertz radiation production, such as the excitation energy and conversion efficiency of the produced THz radiation, in addition to the influence of the pulse chirping on properties of the produced radiation. The obtained numerical results have clarified that the applied HO-FDTD scheme is precisely accurate to solve Maxwell’s equations and sufficiently valid to study the production of terahertz radiation by the filamentation of two femtosecond lasers in air plasma.

基于THz-TDS的陶瓷纤维复合材料缺陷检测分析

新型陶瓷纤维复合材料由短切氧化硅纤维及其胶合物经高温烧结得到的一种轻质多孔材料,材料微观结构特性直接影响着宏观结构特性和功能特性。该类材料的孔隙度分布在84%~95%之间,微观孔径主要集中在100μm范围内,偶尔有少量纳米孔。陶瓷纤维复合材料以其耐高温、低密度、高比强和抗烧蚀等优异性能在超高声速飞行器外层隔热部件得到应用,但该类材料可能因为制作和装配的工艺水平等因素出现夹杂、孔洞甚至大面积脱粘等现象。由于陶瓷纤维复合材料结构与应用场景的特殊性使得常规的无损检测手段效果不佳,而太赫兹(THz)技术作为一种新兴的无损检测技术,在该类材料的无损检测具有很大的潜力,可与常规检测技术形成互补。针对陶瓷纤维复合材料构件粘接层缺陷检测问题,研究了太赫兹时域信号和太赫兹层析成像方式对缺陷定位方法。基于太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)无损检测技术获取和对比试样中有粘接层缺陷和粘接层完好位置的时域波形的波形峰值和相位差异,并经过反卷积滤波技术对时域波形进行处理,定性分析时域波形与粘接层缺陷特性的关系,宏观判断缺陷存在;通过对太赫兹波段陶瓷纤维复合材料光学参数提取测定太赫兹波段的平均折射率为1.028,进而分析粘接层缺陷的深度和厚度分别为18.4和0.28mm,与预置缺陷真实深度和厚度相比准确度分别为92%和90%。但由于通过时域信号提取的平均折射率会给粘接层缺陷位置分析造成误差,因此以太赫兹层析成像方式进一步估计缺陷的位置,分析了太赫兹层析成像噪声来源以及对成像质量的影响并采用了双边滤波对层析成像降噪滤波,基于太赫兹层析成像技术建立了位置评估模型,获取了粘接层缺陷的厚度为0.26mm,较预置缺陷厚度的准确度为96%,有效地完善了太赫兹检测技术对缺陷定位的形式,实现了陶瓷纤维复合材料构件的粘接层缺陷的高精度定位表征。

基于THz-TDS反射成像技术的玉米种子活力无损检测研究

应用太赫兹时域光谱反射成像技术结合广义二维相关光谱法探索玉米种子活力敏感太赫兹波段,并结合支持向量机建立快速无损判别种子活力的分析模型。实验以中地77玉米种子为例,采用人工老化方式(40℃, 100%相对湿度)将种子样本分批老化0, 1, 2, 3, 4天制备不同活力的种子样本,并按照GB/T 3543.4—1995进行种子发芽实验;同时采用Terapluse 4000太赫兹时域光谱仪及反射成像附件采集上述不同老化程度种子样本的太赫兹光谱图像。由于玉米种子的胚乳和种胚的成分差异显著,为探究种子不同组织在老化过程中与活力的相关性,本实验首先采用双高斯滤波器对THz图像中的像素点光谱消噪、峰峰值差分重构图像增强以及阈值分割等预处理无损提取玉米种子不同组织太赫兹吸光度谱。然后以老化天数为扰动量,针对上述提取的样本胚乳和种胚光谱分别作广义二维相关分析,根据实验中同步谱和异步谱中自动峰与交叉峰位置初步解析,可得到与种子活力关系密切的THz波段主要集中在75和36 cm^-1区域,同时75和36 cm^-1处的光谱信息存在强烈的协同变化且变化方向一致。种子活力与老化天数密切相关,因此根据老化天数分别建立了基于胚乳和种胚吸光度谱的五分类支持向量机模型用于种子活力定性判别,但是其判别准确率仅为59.34%和71.28%,表明该模型无法精细划分种子五个活力等级;实验进一步根据GB4401.1—2008以玉米种子发芽率85%为阈值划分活力高低等级,建立二分类种子活力判别模型,可得胚乳和种胚测试集识别准确率分别可达88.61%和91.73%,模型性能显著提升,增强了THz技术用于种子活力无损粗筛的可行性。实验结果表明:太赫兹反射成像技术以其丰富的指纹谱、低能安全以及图谱合一等特性,有望成为单粒种子活力快速无损测定领域一项崭新、有力的补充技术。

偏最小二乘法和THz-TDS在正品大黄鉴别中的应用

太赫兹技术的发展近年来受到广泛的关注并被应用于热点。中草药大黄的品质鉴定对于中药制剂的质量控制具有重要的意义。利用大黄的太赫兹时域光谱结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型对基于41个正品和非正品大黄的中草药鉴别模型进行了研究。首先采集大黄样品的太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)信号,然后将化学计量学方法用于这些大黄样品太赫兹光谱的信号处理与建模,再建立基于太赫兹光谱的大黄品质鉴定的偏最小二乘模型方法。应用S-G一阶导数、去趋势、标准正态变换、自标度化、均值中心化等方法对原始时域谱预处理再与未经预处理的结果相比,偏最小二乘(PLS)模型的预测正确率从80%明显提高到90%。在模型建立和模型检验中,采用留一法(LOO)选取训练集和检验集样本。利用留一法交叉验证确定了PLS模型的最佳主因子数。结果表明,当采用均值中心化方法时,PLS模型的RMSECV和RMSEP的值均达到了最小,分别为0.076 6和0.169 0。研究结果表明,THz-TDS技术结合化学计量学方法能够快速、准确的对大黄的真伪进行鉴别,直接使用太赫兹时域光谱而不使用计算后的吸收谱有两个优点:(1)在分频测定和光谱信号处理时无需考虑样品的厚度;(2)使光谱信号处理过程得到简化。该技术也可以对其他中草药进行鉴别和质量控制。该法快速、简单、无污染、无需样品预处理,是一种有发展前景的中草药无损检测方法。

基于THz-TDS技术的豆科牧草种子的鉴定识别

利用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术对豆科牧草种子样品进行实验测试,得到了百脉根、柠条、毛苕籽、沙打旺和羊柴五种常见的牧草种子在太赫兹波段的时域谱,通过快速傅里叶变换得到频域谱,进而得到各牧草种子样品的吸收系数、折射率等光学参数.发现在0.2-1.4THz有效频域范围内,样品的吸收系数谱线以不同的斜率单调递增,样品的平均折射率在1.45-1.71之间,且彼此之间有较大的差异.同时利用偏最小二乘法回归(PLSR)分别对五种豆科牧草的35个样本的吸收系数和折射率做了模型的建立和统计分析.结果表明,利用折射率建立的PLS模型预测效果最好,其相关系数(R)和均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.9983和0.3157,更能准确鉴定未知样品的种类.研究表明,太赫兹时域光谱技术结合统计分析方法可以作为无损鉴定牧草种子真伪和识别牧草种子种类的一种有效手段,不仅丰富了牧草种子的检测手段,而且有望发展建立标准检测的数据库,最终实现快速、批量、经济鉴定识别牧草种子的目的.

厚度误差对THz-TDS的测量不确定度分析

阐述了基于菲涅尔公式的透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统提取样品光学常数的方法和原理,分析了样品厚度误差对THz-TDS测量不确定度的影响,并建立了相应的不确定度模型。进行太赫兹时域光谱测量实验,提取硅片在太赫兹波段的折射率,并计算了误差对提取样品折射率的影响。结果表明,随着厚度误差的增大,系统测量偏差也随之增大。对于较厚样品,相同厚度误差对其测量结果影响较小。样品厚度为994μm时,在厚度存在1μm的测量误差情况下,系统测量折射率的偏差为0.001 2,接近模型的仿真值。实验结果验证了厚度误差对测量不确定度模型的有效性,了解了厚度误差对系统测量结果的影响情况,对测量过程及结果分析具有一定的指导意义。

THz time domain monostatic radar cross section measurement of metallic plates and dihedrons

THz Radar Cross Section(RCS)measurement setup based on THz Time Domain Spectroscopy(TDS)is built to provide large scaled targets test ability in recent years.As calibrations,the metal plates and dihedrons are used in our experiments.The measurements are performed in a monostatic terahertz time-domain setup.The author proposed time domain and frequency domain calibration methods for angular RCS of calibrations,comparing the measurements with the theory to verify the ability of the time domain measurement setup.