We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5xFAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer’s disease reduced both amyloid-βdeposition and glial activation,inc...We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5xFAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer’s disease reduced both amyloid-βdeposition and glial activation,including microglia.To examine whether this therapeutic effect is due to the regulation of activated microglia,we analyzed mic roglial gene expression profiles and the existence of microglia in the brain in this study.5xFAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to sham-and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed groups and then animals were exposed to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 2 hours/day and 5 days/week for 6 months.We conducted behavioral tests including the object recognition and Y-maze tests and molecular and histopathological analysis of amyloid precursor protein/a myloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue.We confirmed that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure for 6 months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-βdeposition.The expression levels of Iba1(pan-microglial marker)and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R;regulates microglial prolife ration)in the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice treated with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields were significantly reduced compared with those of the sham-exposed group.Subsequently,we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to mic rogliosis and microglial function in the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed group compared to those of a CSF1R inhibitor(PLX3397)-treated group.Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and PLX3397 suppressed the levels of genes related to microgliosis(Csf1r,CD68,and Ccl6)and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β.N otably,the expression levels of genes related to mic roglial function,including Trem2,Fcgr1α,Ctss,and Spi1,were decreased after long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure,which was also observed in response to microglial suppression by PLX3397.These results showed that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ameliorated amyloid-βpathology and cognitive impairment by suppressing amyloid-βdeposition-induced microgliosis and their key regulator,CSF1R.展开更多
The Chinese translation of the?ūra?gama Sūtra—Dafoding rulai miyin xiuzheng liaoyi zhu pusa wanhang shoulengyan jing大佛頂如來密因修證了義諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經—is a unique classical work that articulates a specific B...The Chinese translation of the?ūra?gama Sūtra—Dafoding rulai miyin xiuzheng liaoyi zhu pusa wanhang shoulengyan jing大佛頂如來密因修證了義諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經—is a unique classical work that articulates a specific Buddhist worldview,its recondite principles,and ways of practice.Unsurprisingly,it has attracted the attention of almost every school of Buddhism.The first full English translation of the sūtra was published by the Buddhist Text Translation Society(BTTS)in the 1970s—a decade when a number of newly established institutions embarked on the project of translating Buddhist texts into English for the first time.By contrast,China has been translating Buddhist scriptures for more than 1,000 years,which has given rise to a variety of translation discourses.Therefore,it makes sense to utilize these discourses when analyzing the recent translation of Buddhist texts into English.From the perspective of the three traditional Chinese translation discourses—Yan Fu’s three principles of fidelity,fluency,and elegance;Sengrui’s matching term and meaning;and Xuanzang’s five guidelines for not translating a term,this paper discusses translation issues by comparing the Chinese and English versions of the?ūra?gama Sūtra.This analysis reveals that the traditional Chinese translation discourses are valuable resources that should be respected in the contemporary translation of Buddhist texts into English.展开更多
The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author....The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author. The monitor measures the open width of sliding window and record daily and annual changes. The performance of a house and the living style of its dweller were investigated using questions to the dwellers. The investigation gave the following results. Windows were closed not only at night but also in the day time even in mild seasons in most houses. The average open widths were very small in mild and hot seasons in most houses. The daily and annual changes of open widths are very various. The open widths of windows are influenced by many factors;the type of a room, the number of a floor, the living schedule of dwellers, thermal performances of a house and the equipment for heating or cooling and the weather conditions. Therefore these factors have to be reconsidered to design effective windows.展开更多
基金Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by Korea government(MSIT),Nos.2017-0-00961 and 2019-0-00102(to HDC)。
文摘We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5xFAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer’s disease reduced both amyloid-βdeposition and glial activation,including microglia.To examine whether this therapeutic effect is due to the regulation of activated microglia,we analyzed mic roglial gene expression profiles and the existence of microglia in the brain in this study.5xFAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to sham-and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed groups and then animals were exposed to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 2 hours/day and 5 days/week for 6 months.We conducted behavioral tests including the object recognition and Y-maze tests and molecular and histopathological analysis of amyloid precursor protein/a myloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue.We confirmed that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure for 6 months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-βdeposition.The expression levels of Iba1(pan-microglial marker)and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor(CSF1R;regulates microglial prolife ration)in the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice treated with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields were significantly reduced compared with those of the sham-exposed group.Subsequently,we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to mic rogliosis and microglial function in the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed group compared to those of a CSF1R inhibitor(PLX3397)-treated group.Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and PLX3397 suppressed the levels of genes related to microgliosis(Csf1r,CD68,and Ccl6)and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β.N otably,the expression levels of genes related to mic roglial function,including Trem2,Fcgr1α,Ctss,and Spi1,were decreased after long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure,which was also observed in response to microglial suppression by PLX3397.These results showed that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ameliorated amyloid-βpathology and cognitive impairment by suppressing amyloid-βdeposition-induced microgliosis and their key regulator,CSF1R.
文摘The Chinese translation of the?ūra?gama Sūtra—Dafoding rulai miyin xiuzheng liaoyi zhu pusa wanhang shoulengyan jing大佛頂如來密因修證了義諸菩薩萬行首楞嚴經—is a unique classical work that articulates a specific Buddhist worldview,its recondite principles,and ways of practice.Unsurprisingly,it has attracted the attention of almost every school of Buddhism.The first full English translation of the sūtra was published by the Buddhist Text Translation Society(BTTS)in the 1970s—a decade when a number of newly established institutions embarked on the project of translating Buddhist texts into English for the first time.By contrast,China has been translating Buddhist scriptures for more than 1,000 years,which has given rise to a variety of translation discourses.Therefore,it makes sense to utilize these discourses when analyzing the recent translation of Buddhist texts into English.From the perspective of the three traditional Chinese translation discourses—Yan Fu’s three principles of fidelity,fluency,and elegance;Sengrui’s matching term and meaning;and Xuanzang’s five guidelines for not translating a term,this paper discusses translation issues by comparing the Chinese and English versions of the?ūra?gama Sūtra.This analysis reveals that the traditional Chinese translation discourses are valuable resources that should be respected in the contemporary translation of Buddhist texts into English.
文摘The design of openings is important for sustainable living in the cooling climate. Dweller’s habit of opening windows was investigated in nine Japanese detached houses using a window monitor originated by the author. The monitor measures the open width of sliding window and record daily and annual changes. The performance of a house and the living style of its dweller were investigated using questions to the dwellers. The investigation gave the following results. Windows were closed not only at night but also in the day time even in mild seasons in most houses. The average open widths were very small in mild and hot seasons in most houses. The daily and annual changes of open widths are very various. The open widths of windows are influenced by many factors;the type of a room, the number of a floor, the living schedule of dwellers, thermal performances of a house and the equipment for heating or cooling and the weather conditions. Therefore these factors have to be reconsidered to design effective windows.
