Prediction of Low Heating Value of Sugar Cane Bagasse as a Fuel for Industrial Boilers in the High Relative Humidity Region: Case of Cameroon

Many attempts have been made to estimate calorific value of bagasse using mathematical equations, which were created based on data from proximate, ultimate, physical and chemical analysis. Questions have been raised on the applicability of these equations in different parts of the globe. This study was initiated to tackle these problems and also check the most suited mathematical models for the Law Heating Value of Cameroonian bagasse. Data and bagasse samples were collected at the Cameroonian sugarcane factory. The effects of cane variety, age of harvesting, source, moisture content, and sucrose on the LHV of Cameroon bagasse have been tested. It was shown that humidity does not change within a variety, but changes from the dry season to the rainy season;the sugar in the rainy season is significantly different from that collected in the dry season. Samples of the same variety have identical LHV. LHV in the dry season is significantly different from LHV in the rainy season. According to the fact that this study was done for cane with different ages of harvesting, the maturity of Cameroonian sugarcane does not affect LHV of bagasse. Tree selected models are much superior tool for the prediction of the LHV for bagasse in Cameroon compared to others. The standard deviation of these validated models is around 200 kJ/kg compared to the experimental. Thus, the models determined in foreign countries, are not necessarily applicable in predicting the LHV of bagasse in other countries with the same accuracy as that in their native country. There was linear relationship between humidity, ash and sugar content in the bagasse. It is possible to build models based on data from physical composition of bagasse using regression analysis.

Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making Method Based on an Improved Single-Valued Neutrosophic Hamacher Weighted Average Operator and Grey Relational Analysis

This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision-making (MCGDM) method based on the improved single-valued neutrosophic Hamacher weighted averaging (ISNHWA) operator and grey relational analysis (GRA) to overcome the limitations of present methods based on aggregation operators. First, the limitations of several existing single-valued neutrosophic weighted averaging aggregation operators (i.e. , the single-valued neutrosophic weighted averaging, single-valued neutrosophic weighted algebraic averaging, single-valued neutrosophic weighted Einstein averaging, single-valued neutrosophic Frank weighted averaging, and single-valued neutrosophic Hamacher weighted averaging operators), which can produce some indeterminate terms in the aggregation process, are discussed. Second, an ISNHWA operator was developed to overcome the limitations of existing operators. Third, the properties of the proposed operator, including idempotency, boundedness, monotonicity, and commutativity, were analyzed. Application examples confirmed that the ISNHWA operator and the proposed MCGDM method are rational and effective. The proposed improved ISNHWA operator and MCGDM method can overcome the indeterminate results in some special cases in existing single-valued neutrosophic weighted averaging aggregation operators and MCGDM methods.

Relative Feed Value of Different Varieties of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis

The aim of this paper is to analyze fluctuation in nutritional value of Dactylis glomerata and Festuca pratensis varieties grown on mineral and organic soil. Moreover, the paper deals with analysis of their nutritional value in terms of animal feeding. This paper has drawn on two field experiments set up and carried out between 2010 and 2013 by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Slupia Wielka. The experiment was conducted in two experimental stations： one in the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Krzyzewo and the other in the Experimental Stations for Variety Testing in Uhinin, being a branch of the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Cicibor Duzy. The experiment was arranged and conducted according to COBORU guidelines. The experimental plots were sown with varieties of Dactylis glornerata： Niva, Tukan, Amila, Crown Royale and with varieties of Festuca pratensis： Limosa, Pasja, Anturka, Amelka （d. AND 1009）. In the experimental plots with the varieties of Dactylis glornerata the grass was harvested six times a year and chemical analysis of the biomass was done taking dry matter only from five cuts. The varieties of Festuca pratensis were harvested four times. The RFV （relative feed value） was determined using the Linn and Martin method. Linn and Martin＇s test proved that Festuca pratensis had better nutritional value than Dactylis glomerata. For Dactylis glomerata, no matter what the variety and location was, the relative feed value ranged from 125 to 151, which puts that grass species in II quality class, good enough to feed high production dairy cows and heirs selected for replacements. The analysis of the relative feed value proved that no matter from which cut, the biomass ofDactylis glornerata belonged in Ill quality class, （RFV between 103 and 124） and it can be used to feed good beef cattle, older heifers and, in small quantities, dairy cows.

Relative Ecological Value of Major Plants in Minqin Desert Area

This paper analyzed relative ecological value of several major plants in Minqin desert grassland using layered projection of plant canopy. The results showed that ecological functions of natural Nitraria tangutorum and Ephedra sinica woods of a unit area were much better than those of artifi cial Haloxylon ammodendron woods, relative ecological value of N. tangutorum, E. sinica and Artemisia desertorum were much higher than that of artifi cial H. ammodendron woods. Layered projection explains clearly the ecological functions and relative ecological value of desert vegetation of the same coverage. It is inaccurate to indicate wind prevention and sand fi xation of desert vegetation in deserts using ecological function service value and ecological niche calculated on the basis of two-dimensional vegetation coverage, but three-dimensional projection degree should be applied to indicate ecological functions and relative ecological value of vegetation. Application of layered projection of plants in calculating ecological functions and relative ecological value of desert plants(vegetation) is the innovation point of this research.

Expanded Relative Operator Entropies and Operator Valued α-Divergence

For strictly positive operators A and B, and for x ∈ [0,1] and r ∈[-1,1], we investigate the operator power mean A#x,rB=A1/2{（1-x）/＋x（a-1＊2BA-1/2）r}1/rA1/2 If r = O, this is reduced to the geometric operator mean A#x,rB=A1/2{（1-x）/＋x（a-1＊2BA-1/2）r}1/rA1/2 Since A #0,r B = A and A #l,r B = B, weregard A#t,rB as apath combining A and B.Our aim is to show the essential properties of St,r （AIB）. The Tsallis relative operator entropy by Yanagi, Kuriyama and Furuichi can also be expanded, and by using this, we can give an expanded operator valued a-divergence and obtain its properties.

Analysis of Components of Online Shopping and Their Relative Value

Empirical exploration of how online consumers interpret and value the marketing communication embedded in shopping components has the potential to advance knowledge of online consumer behavior and to inform design decisions concerning consumer-oriented Web sites. To date, little research has been completed regarding how components hinder or aid consumer perceptions of the online marketing message. This paper investigates the relative importance of online shopping components for online consumer shopping. The important and relative issues surrounding online shopping are explored, finding the core components of convenience, access to information, and trust. These components were then implemented in an online shopping task. Respondents considered thoughtfully marketing messages that involved issues of minimizing travel, information access.

Estimation of Relative Ecological Value of Returning Farmland to Forest & Mountain Enclosure for Grazing Prohibition——A case study in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County,Gansu Province

[Objective]Returning farmland to forest and mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition ecological effect and economy rationality were explored.[Methods]A case study of returning farmland to forest and barren hills grazing prohibition in Yongxing Township of Jingyuan County was used to discuss and estimate the relative ecological function and relative ecological value.[Results]1）The ecological value of the forest of returning farmland was far more than the sum of the ecological value of farm crops and the agricultural output,and also more than the national subsidy standard.So the state policy of returning farmland to forests is not only favorable to local eco-environment restoration,but also reasonable in economic development.2）The ecological value of mountain enclosure for grazing prohibition was less than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing,also less than the national subsidy standard.The sum of the relative ecological value of prohibiting grazing and the state subsidies was more than the opportunity cost of prohibiting grazing.However,the ecological value of new vegetation through returning farmland to forest project was greater than the China＇s average ecological value of grassland.[Conclusion]The relative ecological value can be used to solve the problems in the equivalent conversion among various ecological indexes and between ecological indexes and economic indexes.

Short-Term Effect of Grazing Exclusion and Uncontrolled Grazing on Species Abundance, Dry Matter Yield and Nutritive Value in an Invaded Area by Euryops floribundus in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Grazing exclusion (GE) is the most effective rangeland restoration technique which facilitates species diversity and forage quality. This study aimed at assessing short-term impact of GE and continuously grazed rangeland on relative frequency, dry matter yield and nutritive value of dominant grasses in an area invaded by Euryops floribundus. A plot of 2.5 ha was measured and the boundaries demarcated using tape measure and steal pins, the plot was further divided into two subplots of 1ha each which were 5 m apart. One subplot was fenced and protected from grazing livestock, while one subplot was grazed continuously and not fenced. Three parallel belt transects of 100 m × 2 m with 3 m apart were laid out in both subplots. Woody plants occurring within the transects were identified and recorded to determine density. In each subplot, a 0.25 m2 quadrant measuring was thrown randomly to take detailed records on plant species, relative frequency of species and herbage biomass. Four dominant species at the two sites were harvested to determine the nutritive value. Results indicate that grazing exclusion (GE) facilitates grass species diversity, subsequently sixteen and thirteen grasses species were recorded in the GE and uncontrolled grazed (UG) sites, respectively. Eragrostis chloromelas (21.7%), and Themeda triandra (13.2%) had high relative frequencies in the GE site. Highest biomass production was recorded in the GE site (1400 kg·ha-1) compared to UG site (1102 kg·ha-1). Crude protein content was relatively lower at UG site (5.4% - 5.8%) as compared to GE site (7.2% - 7.8%). It was concluded that, GE showed a positive impact on a relative frequency (%), dry matter yield and crude protein content. UG creates a conducive environment for Euryops recruitment. Further studies are required to examine the impact of GE in long-term trial setup.

Exploring a Deep Analysis Method for “Click-Stream” Information from the Perspective of the Flow of Bidirectional Value of Customer Relations Based on Ricoeur's Hermeneutic Theory

Click-streams of online shopping are the tracks/trails of interactions between a customer and a vendor.We observe that it is of great importance both in theory and practice to explore a deep analysis method for analyzing click-stream information of an individual customer in a specific transaction for understanding the bidirectional value transfer within the machine-human interaction of an online store and for its personalization.We analyze the significance,the hierarchical structure and the characteristics of click-stream information and propose that Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory be the foundation of forming such a deep analysis method.Then we use the empirical context information of the click-stream to improve the naive interpretation put forward by Ricoeur.Moreover,we apply the Grounded Theory to extend the deep analysis of Ricoeur's theory of textual interpretation.The improved theory fits well with the needs of interpretation and the analysis of click-stream information.We exemplify and show the feasibility of this analysis method by using data collected(a single case)from a large study of human-computer interaction.

AgBB《建筑产品挥发性有机化合物(VVOC,VOC和SVOC)释放的健康评估程序》及风险指数(R-Value)浅析

介绍了AgBB建筑产品挥发性有机化合物释放的健康评估程序。通过背景阐述及相关测试方法的解释,可以更好地理解AgBB评估程序。最后解释了“风险指数(R-Value)”在整个评估体系中的作用,并指出引入“风险指数(R-Value)”是AgBB评估体系的核心精神。

Detection value of Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes in patients with liver cancer

Objective:To study the detection value of Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes in the patients with liver cancer.Methods: A total of 59 patients with liver cancer in our hospital from July 2015 to June 2016 were selected as the observation group, 59 healthy persons of the same ages with physical examination were selected as the control group, then the serum Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes levels of two groups were detected and compared, then the serum Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes levels of observation group with different stages and types of liver cancer were compared too. Results:The serum Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes levels of observation group were all higher than those of control group, the serum Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes levels of observation group with different stages and types of liver cancer had obvious differences (allP<0.05).Conclusions: The Th17 related indexes and platelet activation indexes of patients with liver cancer show higher expression state, and the expression levels of patients with different stages and types of liver cancer have obvious differences too, so the clinical detection value of those indexes in the patients with liver cancer are higher.

Value co-creation model based on IS application capabilities

To illustrate how firms and customers co-create value in business to business （B2B） e-commerce, an integrated value co-creation model is proposed based on information systems （IS） application capabilities from the relational view. IS application capabilities, relational assets, customer agility and relational value are constructed and tested by empirical analysis. The empirical research tests and verifies the mediating effect of customer agility, and the interactions of IS application capabilities and relational assets, as well as their effect on relational value. This model expands the research framework of value co-creation in service dominant logic, and reveals the mechanism of how f＇n＇ms and customers co-create value in B2B e-commerce based on IS application capabilities, which provides the basis for further theory development and a practice guide.

VQT:value cardinality and query pattern based R-schema to XML schema translation with implicit referential integrity

In this paper,we propose a new relational schema (R-schema) to XML schema translation algorithm, VQT, which analyzes the value cardinality and user query patterns and extracts the implicit referential integrities by using the cardinality property of foreign key constraints between columns and the equi-join characteristic in user queries. The VQT algorithm can apply the extracted implied referential integrity relation information to the R-schema and create an XML schema as the final result. Therefore, the VQT algorithm prevents the R-schema from being incorrectly converted into the XML schema, and it richly and powerfully represents all the information in the R-schema by creating an XML schema as the translation result on behalf of the XML DTD.

The determination of the relative permittivity of periodic stratified media based on the iterative time-reversal method

In this paper, we present a new method to determine the relative permittivity of periodic stratified media using the iterative time-reversal method. Based on transmission line theory, the focal peak value of iterative time-reversal electro- magnetic waves, which contain information about the periodic stratified medium, is computed in pulse-echo mode. Using the relationship between the focal peak value and the relative permittivity of the periodic stratified medium, the relative permittivity can be obtained by measuring the focal peak value. Numerical simulations are conducted, and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach to the measurement of the relative permittivity of a periodic stratified medium.

The Study of the Application of the Gray Relevancy Analysis to the Value Chain Based Cost Control

Cost problem is always a bottleneck which ties to the development and the competition ability in the enterprise of our country, especially in state-owned enterprise. Practice proves that traditional cost control can not satisfy the needs of enterprises. Enterprises are seeking better cost control approach with great efforts in order to calculate and control cost more accurately, and require cost control system has more strong functions. This paper analyzes value chain based cost control approach, and applies the gray relevancy analysis to the approach rightly.

Cumulative frequency b value without upper bound magnitude and its regression determination

This paper points out that it is theoretically wrong for the traditional method to determine cumulatiove b value using linear regression and derive earthquake recurrence relation according to probability distribution or density function. As a result, it always systematically overestimated b value so as to underestimate the frequencies of the part of larger earthquakes. The smaller the actual b in the research area, or the smaller the magnitude range of the data in regression, or the smaller the magnitude interval, the larger the above deviation. So for an area with lower upper bound magnitude, if only historic earthquake data are used to determine b value by regression method, the b value will be obviously overestimated and systematic deviation of seismic hazard will be arised because the lower bound magnitude of reliable data is high and the magnitude range of data is small. In this paper, it is suggested to substitude cumulative b value without upper bound magnitude for conventional cumulative b value with upper bound magnitude, and the regression method is devloped to determine b value without upper bound magnitude.

Company Value and Employee Satisfaction： Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Findings

Employee satisfaction and its potential impact on business and company success have been in the focus of organizational and managerial practise and research ever since. This paper outlines the theoretical framework of this particular cause-effect proposition, and further examines if there is empirical evidence to substantiate the underlying research hypothesis, saying that increasing degrees of employee satisfaction have a positive impact on the company value. The company value can be measured by the equity value of a firm. With the primary data analysis, the authors compared 11 companies which took part in the Great Place to Work （GPTW） Contest in 2007 and 2009 （only in 2009） regarding their equity values and GPTW scores. The figures of these companies were provided to the authors in an anonymous form. The authors had no influence on the number of companies the GPTW Institute provided to them. The GPTW Institute tried to find companies which attend both contests and also show their financial data in the ＂Elektronischen Bundesanzeiger＂. This paper aims to foster these results with some additional primary statistical analyses for hypothesis testing. For this investigation, the authors conducted various types of statistical procedures which seem to confirm the underlying proposition. With different types of correlation analysis, the relationship between equity value and GPTW score was elaborated. By regarding the absolute average Earnings Before Interest and Tax （EBIT） and equity value of the eleven out of the 100 best companies, some differences can be pointed out by setting them in comparison to 30 randomly selected companies from Germany.

Set-Valued Non-Linear Random Implicit Quasivariational Inclusions

In this paper, we propose iterative algorithms for set valued nonlinear random implicit quasivariational inclusions. We define the related random implicit proximal operator equations and establish an equivalence between them. Finally, we prove the existence and convergence of random iterative sequences generated by random iterative algorithms.

Saddle Point Optimality Criteria of Interval Valued Non-Linear Programming Problem

The present paper aims to develop the Kuhn-Tucker and Fritz John criteria for saddle point optimality of interval-valued nonlinear programming problem.To achieve the study objective,we have proposed the definition of minimizer and maximizer of an interval-valued non-linear programming problem.Also,we have introduced the interval-valued Fritz-John and Kuhn Tucker saddle point problems.After that,we have established both the necessary and sufficient optimality conditions of an interval-valued non-linear minimization problem.Next,we have shown that both the saddle point conditions(Fritz-John and Kuhn-Tucker)are sufficient without any convexity requirements.Then with the convexity requirements,we have established that these saddle point optimality criteria are the necessary conditions for optimality of an interval-valued non-linear programming with real-valued constraints.Here,all the results are derived with the help of interval order relations.Finally,we illustrate all the results with the help of a numerical example.

The effects of self-value on personality

Absractive:This article try to illustrate the re lationship of self-value and person ality by paraphrasing these two concepts,and deduce the effects of self-value to personalit y from this.This article also point out the questions how to direct and help university students to set proper s elf-value and then modle healthy personality.It bring forward supposition of the r esolvement of the questions.On the b ase of the demonstrative research we carry out a validative research.