Nigel Wiseman:Modern Texts,Classics,Terminology,and Language-learning Material

In this article,I trace my career from an early interest in language that eventually led me to engage in Chinese medical translation.Born in the United Kingdom in 1954,I gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in German and Spanish from the University of Heriot-Watt,Edinburgh.Subsequent study of Chinese took me to Taiwan,China,where I gained an interest in Chinese medicine and developed a coherent linguistic approach to Chinese medical term translation,which I and various colleagues have systematically applied in the translation and compilation of numerous works spanning modern texts,classics,dictionaries,and language-learning materials.Our translation approach,though conforming to principles universally recognized by translation theorists,has proven to be highly controversial,with opponents in both Western and Chinese circles.

A Case Study of Periodical Terminologies’Mis-translations in History of Chinese Journalism by Ko Kung-chen under Analysis-Synthesis Translation Mode

From the perspective of analysis-synthesis translation mode,this paper discusses the translator’s responsibility and the translator’s role in the translation of historiography,based on the case of Ko Kung-chen’s History of Chinese Journalism.Missionary J.S.Roberts believed that translation is the logical combination of two processes of analysis and synthesis.The analysis process is characterized by understanding,emphasizing accurate understanding and professional analysis of the source text,while the synthesis process focuses on the transformation of language and culture.The two processes are dependent,forming the whole process of translation altogether.As the indisputable subject of translation,the translator should assume his own subjective responsibility in the two processes.The translator should be responsible for the fact and professional academics in the analysis process,and language and culture and translation itself in the synthesis process,playing the role of a reviewer,disseminator and translator to ensure that the translation text would be correct,accurate and professional so as to realize the value of himself and translation.

Words apart:Standardizing forestry terms and definitions across European biodiversity studies

Forest biodiversity studies conducted across Europe use a multitude of forestry terms,often inconsistently.This hinders the comparability across studies and makes the assessment of the impacts of forest management on biodiversity highly context-dependent.Recent attempts to standardize forestry and stand description terminology mostly used a top-down approach that did not account for the perspectives and approaches of forest biodiversity experts.This work aims to establish common standards for silvicultural and vegetation definitions,creating a shared conceptual framework for a consistent study on the effects of forest management on biodiversity.We have identified both strengths and weaknesses of the silvicultural and vegetation information provided in forest biodiversity studies.While quantitative data on forest biomass and dominant tree species are frequently included,information on silvicultural activities and vegetation composition is often lacking,shallow,or based on broad and heterogeneous classifications.We discuss the existing classifications and their use in European forest biodiversity studies through a novel bottom-up and top-driven review process,and ultimately propose a common framework.This will enhance the comparability of forest biodiversity studies in Europe,and puts the basis for effective implementation and monitoring of sustainable forest management policies.The standards here proposed are potentially adaptable and applicable to other geographical areas and could be extended to other forest interventions.

The notion of dominant terminology in bibliometric research

In this opinion paper, we introduce the expressions of dominant terminology and dominant term in the quantitative studies of science in analogy to the notion of dominant design in product development and innovation.

SNOMED CT: A Clinical Terminology but Also a Formal Ontology

Context and Objective: Over the past few decades, terminologies developed for clinical descriptions have been increasingly used as key resources for knowledge management, data integration, and decision support to the extent that today they have become essential in the biomedical and health field. Among these clinical terminologies, some may possess the characteristics of one or several types of representation. This is the case for the Systematized Nomenclature of Human and Veterinary Medicine—Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), which is both a clinical medical terminology and a formal ontology based on the principles of semantic web. Methods: We present and discuss, on one hand, the compliance of SNOMED CT with the requirements of a reference clinical terminology and, on the other hand, the specifications of the features and constructions of descriptive of SNOMED CT. Results: We demonstrate the consistency of the reference clinical terminology SNOMED CT with the principles stated in James J. Cimino’s desiderata and we also show that SNOMED CT contains an ontology based on the EL profile of OWL2 with some simplifications. Conclusions: The duality of SNOMED CT shown is crucial for understanding the versatility, depth, and scope in the health field.

关于新疆蒙古族传统摔跤的田野调查报告

In 2022,Wusu Municipal Bureau of Sports organized scholars to launch a special field work on Mongolian wrestling tradition in the major territories where Mongolians live,including Ili Khasakh Autonomous Prefecture,Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture and Khovokhsair Mongolian Autonomous Count.The field work deals with the terminology in wrestling,training approaches,opening ceremony,wrestling attire,wrestling tricks and the win-lose qualifications.

Exploration of French-Chinese Translation Methods of Electrical Engineering Terminology Using Online Image-Text Retrieval Mode

With the incessant propulsion of the Open Door Policy,which is related to the consolidation of international collaborative partnerships,an increasing number of Chinese companies are moving toward cooperating countries to participate in infrastructure construction,employing a win-win strategy in favor of the people and governments of both countries.Among the cooperation domains,our country’s electrical companies have achieved a series of remarkable results in the international Engineering,Procurement,and Construction(EPC)project market with their outstanding business capabilities and technical advantages.Nevertheless,some shortcomings cannot be overlooked,the most notable of which appears to be the impediment associated with engineering translation,which has always been an obsession among translators of Chinese companies.Taking the transmission line project in the Republic of Madagascar as an example,an analysis of French-Chinese translation methods of electrical engineering terminology in the field of the transmission line is carried out.

Tentative New Terminology: Initial Comedonal Phase Preceding Acute Inflammatory Phase of Acne Vulgaris—Importance of Early Treatment

We report a case of a 12-year-old female with closed and open comedo without inflammatory lesions at the first visit. She had been treated with topical adapalene once daily, and closed and open comedo subsided without inflammatory lesions one month after the treatment without any side effects induced by adapalen. The recurrence of comedo had not been observed afterwards. In the Japanese Dermatological Association (JDA) guidelines for the treatment of acne vulgaris, comedonal phase has not been stated. Then we propose the tentative new terminology of a comedonal phase and emphasize its importance in the early initial treatment for comedo to prevent the development of the acute inflammatory phase such as red papules and pustules and formation of acne scars.

支持术语公理约束的扩展模糊描述逻辑推理

扩展模糊描述逻辑是对描述逻辑的一种模糊扩展,支持对复杂模糊知识的表示和推理,但该逻辑缺乏支持术语公理约束的推理算法.提出扩展模糊描述逻辑EFALCR+(extended fuzzy attributive concept description language with complements and transitive roles)的受限TBox(terminological box)描述术语公理,给出受限TBox约束下的EFALCR+推理算法,并对该算法进行优化,证明优化后的算法是正确完备的,时间复杂性不超过指数,最后证明受限TBox约束下的EFALCR+推理问题是指数时间完全问题.优化算法的最坏时间复杂性已达到该问题推理算法的复杂度下界,是实现术语公理约束下模糊知识库推理的有效算法.

NigelWiseman的中医翻译思想评介

１９９５年，一本由外国人编写的《汉英英汉中医辞典》在中国大陆出版发行，引起了国内学术界的极大关注。该辞典的编者ＮｉｇｅｌＷｉｓｅ－ｍａｎ（中文名为魏杰）原籍英国，早年攻读语言学，曾主修德文、法文与西班牙文，对汉语情有独钟，倾注了极大的热情。尔后，由...

术语移用的修辞效果和译法初探

从词汇特征来看，术语这种限于在专业领域中使用的词或词组具有严谨单一的逻辑意义：它有明确的内涵外延和固定的认识意义；在使用上，它有较强的限制性和规范性：术语所指的特定概念一般只有在其所属学科领域内才具有系统意义。然而，在文学作品或日常生活中，人们常常有...

FEL公式—术语形成的经济律

本文提出了FEL公式来描述术语形成的经济律:术语系统的经济指数E和术语的平均长度L之乘积恰恰等于该术语系统中单词的术语构成频度F,即:F=EL,这个公式简单而有效。

现代术语学理论要览

20世纪30年代到90年代,经由现代术语学之父——欧根·维斯特及其后继者的不懈努力,普通术语学理论（general theory of terminology,又称为＂传统术语学＂或＂经典术语学＂）作为一门独立的交叉学科得到国际社会（如：国际标准化组织（ISO）和联合国教科文组织（UNESC））的承认,并且以此作为理论基础制定了一系列指导国际术语工作的原则与方法。

五年制高职涉外护理专业Medical Terminology课程开发的研究探索

目的开发沟通公共英语和专业英语的桥梁课程，为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定基础。方法以课题为引领，确定课程标准，开发系列双语教材，培养双语师资队伍，变革教学理念，创新教学方法、教学手段，打造MedicalTermindogy精品课程。结果开发的新课程MedicalTerminology实施一年多来，教学内容与教学方法获得学生的好评，学生参加全国医学英语等级考试（METs）通过率不断提高，为通过出国前的专业英语考试奠定基础。结论MedicalTerminology课程标准定位准确，教材创新，教学方法、教学手段符合学生的认知规律，可为培养实用型国际护理人才奠定坚实的基础。

Comments on Nigel Wiseman s A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine(Ⅰ)——On the“Word-for-word”Literal Approach to Translation

Comments were made on the ＂word-for-word＂ literal translation method used by Mr. Nigel Wiseman in A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. He believes that only literal translation can reflect Chinese medical concepts accurately. The so-called ＂word-for-word＂ translation is actually ＂English-word-for- Chinese-character＂ translation. First, the authors of the dictionary made a list of Single Characters with English Equivalents, and then they gave each character of the medical term an English equivalent according to the list. Finally, they made some minor modifications to make the rendering grammatically smoother. Many English terms thus produced are confusing. The defect of the word-for-word literal translation stems from the erroneous idea that a single character constitutes the basic element of meaning corresponding to the notion of ＂word＂ in English, and the meaning of a disyllabic or polysyllabic Chinese word is the simple addition of the constituent characters. Another big mistake is the negligence of the polysemy of Chinese characters. One or two English equivalents can by no means cover all the various meanings of a single character which is a polysemous monosyllabic word. Various examples were cited from this dictionary to illustrate the mistakes.

Guidelines for the ethical review of laboratory animal welfare People’s Republic of China National Standard GB/T 35892-2018 [Issued 6 February 2018 Effective from 1 September 2018]

These Chinese National Guidelines(GB/T 35892-20181)were issued February 06,2018 and became effective September 01,2018.The authors recognized the urgent need for an authentic English translation to inform the international community of the compliance requirements in China.It was appreciated that the final translation must reflect the specialist understanding of those working under the Guideline whilst remaining faithful to the meaning of the original Chinese text.A three-step translation process was therefore determined.Step 1:A professional interpretation service(KL Communications,UK)was commissioned to prepare a literal translation of the Chinese text.Supportive documents were provided which explained specialist terminology.This translation was checked by two bilingual experts.Step 2:A workshop was held in Nanjing in May 2019 to which were invited experts in laboratory animal welfare and ethical use.These included international native English-speaking and Chinese-speaking delegates.The delegates worked in multilingual teams to review sections of the literal translation ahead of the workshop,and to agree an authentic interpretation during the workshop.Step 3:Following the workshop,three bilingual experts(two native Chinese speakers and one native English speaker)reviewed the entire document to ensure consistency of terminology and general accuracy.This document is thus not a“literal translation”but an“accurate interpretation”of the original text.Any challenge of work being performed under these Guidelines should rely on the Chinese text in the first place.However,this translation may be used as mitigating evidence,especially where those performing the work are non-Chinese speakers.

起作用的术语和手术后的管理途径适用于肝的外科: 受训练者观点

Outcomes in hepatic resectional surgery(HRS) have improved as a result of advances in the understanding of hepatic anatomy,improved surgical techniques, and enhanced peri-operative management.Patients are generally cared for in specialist higher-level ward settings with multidisciplinary input during the initial post-operative period,however,greater acceptance and understanding of HRS has meant that care is transferred,usually after 24-48 h,to a standard ward environment.Surgical trainees will be presented with such patients either electively as part of a hepatobiliary firm or whilst covering the service on-call,and it is therefore important to acknowledge the key points in managing HRS patients.Understanding the applied anatomy of the liver is the key to determining the extent of resection to be undertaken.Increasingly,enhanced patient pathways exist in the post-operative setting requiring focus on the delivery of high quality analgesia,careful fluid balance,nutrition and thromboprophlaxis.Complications can occur including liver,renal and respiratory failure,hemorrhage,and sepsis,all of which require prompt recognition and management.We provide an overview of the relevant terminology applied to hepatic surgery,an approach to the post-operative management,and an aid to developing an awareness of complications so as to facilitate better confidence in this complex subgroup of general surgical patients.

Comments on Nigel Wiseman's A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (Ⅱ) ——On the Use of Western Medical Terms to Express the Concepts of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Mr. Wiseman believes that Western medical terms chosen as equivalents of Chinese medical terms should be the words known to all speakers and not requiring any specialist knowledge or instrumentation to understand or identify, and strictly technical Western medical terms should be avoided regardless of their conceptual conformity to the Chinese terms. Accordingly, many inappropriate Western medical terms are selected as English equivalents by the authors of the Dictionary, and on the other hand, many ready-made appropriate Western medical terms are replaced by loan English terms with the Chinese style of word formation. The experience gained in solving the problems of translating Western medical terms into Chinese when West- ern medicine was first introduced to China is helpful for translating Chinese medical terms into English. However, the authors of the Dictionary adhere to their own opinions, ignoring others＂ experience. The English terms thus created do not reflect the genuine meaning of the Chinese terms, but make the English glossary in chaos. The so-called true face of traditional Chinese revealed by such terms is merely the Chinese custom of word formation and metaphoric rhetoric. In other words, traditional Chinese medicine is not regarded as a system of medicine but merely some Oriental folklore.

Constructing Large Scale Cohort for Clinical Study on Heart Failure with Electronic Health Record in Regional Healthcare Platform:Challenges and Strategies in Data Reuse

Regional healthcare platforms collect clinical data from hospitals in specific areas for the purpose of healthcare management.It is a common requirement to reuse the data for clinical research.However,we have to face challenges like the inconsistence of terminology in electronic health records (EHR) and the complexities in data quality and data formats in regional healthcare platform.In this paper,we propose methodology and process on constructing large scale cohorts which forms the basis of causality and comparative effectiveness relationship in epidemiology.We firstly constructed a Chinese terminology knowledge graph to deal with the diversity of vocabularies on regional platform.Secondly,we built special disease case repositories (i.e.,heart failure repository) that utilize the graph to search the related patients and to normalize the data.Based on the requirements of the clinical research which aimed to explore the effectiveness of taking statin on 180-days readmission in patients with heart failure,we built a large-scale retrospective cohort with 29647 cases of heart failure patients from the heart failure repository.After the propensity score matching,the study group (n=6346) and the control group (n=6346) with parallel clinical characteristics were acquired.Logistic regression analysis showed that taking statins had a negative correlation with 180-days readmission in heart failure patients.This paper presents the workflow and application example of big data mining based on regional EHR data.

Comparative study on WHO Western Pacific Region and World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies international standard terminologies on traditional medicine: Diseases in External Medicine (Part 2)

This is a continued study about how to understand and translate the names of diseases in the external medicine of TCM included in the WPRO Standard and the WFCMS Standard according to the discussion made in the book entitled International Standardization of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine： Study of Theory, Summarization of Practice and Exploration of Methodst, the explanation made in A Concise Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine,