A highly hydrothermal stable copper-based catalyst for catalytic wet air oxidation of m-cresol in coal chemical wastewater

Catalytic wet air oxidation(CWAO) can degrade some refractory pollutants at a low cost to improve the biodegradability of wastewater. However, in the presence of high temperature and high pressure and strong oxidizing free radicals, the stability of catalysts is often insufficient, which has become a bottleneck in the application of CWAO. In this paper, a copper-based catalyst with excellent hydrothermal stability was designed and prepared. TiO_(2) with excellent stability was used as the carrier to ensure the longterm anchoring of copper and reduce the leaching of the catalyst. The one pot sol–gel method was used to ensure the super dispersion and uniform distribution of copper nanoparticles on the carrier, so as to ensure that more active centers could be retained in a longer period. Experiments show that the catalyst prepared by this method has good stability and catalytic activity, and the catalytic effect is not significantly reduced after 10 cycles of use. The oxidation degradation experiment of m-cresol with the strongest biological toxicity and the most difficult to degrade in coal chemical wastewater was carried out with this catalyst. The results showed that under the conditions of 140℃, 2 MPa and 2 h, m-cresol with a concentration of up to 1000 mg·L^(-1) could be completely degraded, and the COD removal rate could reach 79.15%. The biological toxicity of wastewater was significantly reduced. The development of the catalyst system has greatly improved the feasibility of CWAO in the treatment of refractory wastewater such as coal chemical wastewater.

Efficient, continuous oxidation of durene to pyromellitic dianhydride mediated by a V-Ti-P ternary catalyst: The remarkable doping effect

Continuous preparation of pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) from durene has been studied using a fixedbed reactor. The reaction was performed using a phosphorus-vanadium-titanium ternary catalyst.Relatively high selectivity and yield of PMDA was obtained. The in-situ characterization was combined with theoretical calculation to reveal the reaction mechanisms, and the remarkable doping effect was discussed.

Catalytic combustion of methane over nano ZrO_2-supported copper-based catalysts

The nano ZrO2-supported copper-based catalysts for methane combustion were investigated by means of N2 adsorption, TEM, XRD, H2-TPR techniques and the test of methane oxidation. Two kinds of ZrO2 were used as support, one （ZrO2-1） was obtained from the commercial ZrO2 and the other （ZrO2-2） was issued from the thermal decomposition of zirconium nitrate. It was found that the CuO/ZrO2-2 catalyst was more active than CuO/ZrO2-1. N2 adsorption, H2-TPR and XRD measurements showed that larger surface area, better reduction property, presence of tetragonal ZrO2 and higher dispersion of active component for CuO/ZrO2-2 than that of CuO/ZrO2-1. These factors could be the dominating reasons for its higher activity for methane combustion.

Effect of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on catalytic performance of copper-based catalysts for methanol synthesis from syngas

Various Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts have been synthesized by different aluminum emulsions as aluminum sources and their pertormances tor methanol synthesis from syngas have been investigated. The influences of preparation methods of aluminum emulsions on physicochemical and catalytic properties of catalysts were studied by XRD, SEM, XPS,N2 adsorption-desorption techniques and methanol synthesis from syngas. The preparation methods of aluminum emulsions were found to influence the catalytic activity, CuO crystallite size, surface area and Cu0 surface area and reduction process. The results show that the catalyst CN using the aluminum source prepared by addition the ammonia into the aluminum nitrate （NP） exhibited the best catalytic performance for methanol synthesis from syngas.

Dynamic Kinetics of Methanol Synthesis over a Commercial Copper-Based Catalyst

Adsorption, surface reaction and process dynamics on the surface of a commercial copper-based catalyst for methanol synthesis from CO/CO2/H2 were systematically studied by means of temperature programmed desorption (TPD), temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR), in-situ Fourier transform-inferred spec-troscopy(FTIR) and stimulus-response techniques. As a part of results, an elementary step sequence was suggested and a group of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for describing transient conversations relevant to all species on the catalyst surface and in the gas phase in a micro-fixed-bed reactor was derived. The values of the parameters referred to dynamic kinetics were estimated by fitting the solution of the ODEs with the transient response data obtained by the stimulus-response technique with a FTIR analyzer as an on-line detector.

Progress in Processes and Catalysts for Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexanol to Cyclohexanone

The dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone is a crucial industrial process in the production of caprolactam and adipic acid, both of which serve as important precursors in nylon textiles. This endothermic reaction is constrained by thermodynamic equilibrium and involves a complex reaction network, leading to a heightened focus on catalysts and process design. Copper-based catalysts have been extensively studied and exhibit exceptional low-temperature catalytic performance in cyclohexanol dehydrogenation, with some being commercially used in the industry. This paper specifically concentrates on research advancement concerning active species, reaction mechanisms, factors influencing product selectivity, and the deactivation behaviors of copper-based catalysts. Moreover, a brief introduction to the new processes that break thermodynamic equilibrium via reaction coupling and their corresponding catalysts is summarized here as well. These reviews may off er guidance and potential avenues for further investigations into catalysts and processes for cyclohexanol dehydrogenation.

PtCoNi ternary intermetallic compounds anchored on Co,Ni and N co-doped mesoporous carbon:Synergetic effect between PtCoNi nanoparticles and doped mesoporous carbon promotes the catalytic activity

Highly active and robust electrocatalysts are desired for proton exchange membrane fuel cells.Pt-based intermetallic compounds(IMCs) have been recognized as one of the most promising low-platinum catalysts for fuel cells(FCs).Herein,we report a high-performance IMCs by anchoring ordered PtCoNi ternary nanoparticles on the N,Co and Ni co-doped dodecahedral mesoporous carbon(DMC).While the introduced Co and Ni participate in the formation of PtCoNi IMCs,some of them are doped in the mesoporous carbon and coordinated by N to form Co-N_(y)/Ni-N_(z)dual active centers,which further enhances the electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction.Moreover,the addition of Ni results in a negative shift of the d-band center of Pt as compared to the Pt/DMC and Pt_(3)Co/DMC,making it easier to adsorb oxygen on the surface.As expected,our optimal sample Pt_(3)Co_(0.7)Ni_(0.3)/DMC exhibits excellent performance with mass activity and specific activity of 1.32 A mgPt-1and 1.98 mA cm^(-2)at 0.9 V,which are 7.33and 6.19 times that of commercial Pt/C,respectively.The Pt_(3)Co_(0.7)Ni_(0.3)/DMC also reveals much better cathodic performance in an H2-air single fuel cell than commercial Pt/C catalyst with a power density of0.802 W cm^(-2).This work provides critical sights into constructing efficient catalysts by ternary intermetallic strategy and synergetic effect between active components and support.

基于晶格匹配Pt-Co-ZnO三元界面催化剂设计及其催化CO_(2)加氢性能

针对精准构建多组分固体催化剂纳米多元界面的难题,鉴于六方晶型氧化亚钴(hcp-CoO)与氧化锌(ZnO)具有超高的晶格匹配度(大于99.8%),采用晶格匹配策略定向构建Pt-Co-ZnO三元界面,设计合成了三元催化剂Pt-ZnO@CoO,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描透射电镜(STEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)、氢气程序升温还原(H_(2)-TPR)、二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO_(2)-TPD)等方法对其形貌、元素分布、物相结构、元素含量、还原能力和吸附能力进行了表征,进而在固定床反应器上评价了其CO_(2)加氢反应的催化性能。结果表明:在制备的Pt-ZnO@CoO催化剂上,Co、Pt均高度分散于ZnO表面;催化剂经过还原处理,CoO和Pt前体被还原为纳米颗粒,从而形成Pt-Co-ZnO三元界面;Pt-ZnO@CoO催化剂对CO_(2)加氢反应显示出优异的催化活性和稳定性,这是因为其具有高密度的界面位点、较强的还原能力和较强的CO_(2)吸附能力。

掺杂型三维多孔纳米镍催化偶氮染料脱色性能

偶氮染料是纺织印染工业废水中的主要污染物,其大量排放会严重危害生物健康。为了开发一类有效的纳米催化剂对废水中的偶氮染料进行脱色,本文采用简单的水热合成法将Fe、Co元素掺杂到镍纳米材料中形成了具有三维网状多孔结构的三元金属纳米材料(Fe-Co-Ni NPs)。所制备的三元合金纳米材料为三维网状结构,少量的Fe、Co元素掺杂获得了更高的饱和磁化率,而未改变镍的多晶结构。在硼氢化钠存在条件下,由于多种金属元素之间的相互作用,Fe-Co-Ni NPs对刚果红的还原降解具有非常高的催化活性,2 min即可完全脱色,表观速率常数为1.24 min^(−1),明显优于二元Fe-Ni(1.00 min^(−1))、Co-Ni(0.96 min^(−1))及单金属Ni(0.83 min^(−1))纳米晶。Fe-Co-Ni NPs对其它偶氮染料甲基橙、直接红80及硝基苯酚类物质的还原降解也表现出较佳的催化性能。总之,该三元金属催化剂易于合成、成本低,对偶氮染料脱色效果好、稳定性高且可重复使用,非常适合工业偶氮废水的前期脱色处理。

非法处置废三元催化剂致土壤环境损害确认方法的应用研究

本文以广东某地非法处置废三元催化剂为例,通过对废三元催化剂特征污染物的分析、周边土壤环境的调查,确认非法处置废三元催化剂对周边土壤环境是否造成损害。通过构建污染源到受体的路径,来确定污染源与损害之间的关联性,做出污染环境行为与环境损害事实间是否存在因果关系的结论,为后续开展相关土壤环境损害调查工作提供了一定的参考。

Active site identification and engineering during the dynamic evolution of copper-based catalysts for electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction

To date,copper-based catalysts are one of the most prominent catalysts that can electrochemically reduce CO_(2)towards highvalue fuels or chemicals,such as ethylene,ethanol,and acetic acid.However,the chemically active feature of Cu-based catalysts hinders the understanding of the intrinsic catalytic active sites during the initial and the operative processes of electrochemical CO_(2)reduction(CO_(2)RR).The identification and engineering of active sites during the dynamic evolution of catalysts are thereby vital to further improve the activity,selectivity,and durability of Cu-based catalysts for high-performance CO_(2)RR.In this regard,four triggers for the dynamic evolution of catalysts were introduced in detail.Afterward,three typical active-site theories during the dynamic reconstruction of catalysts were discussed.In addition,the strategies in catalyst design were summarized according to the latest reports of Cu-based catalysts for CO_(2)RR,including the tuning of electronic structure,controlling of the external potential,and regulation of local catalytic environment.Finally,the conclusions and perspectives were provided to inspire more investigations and studies on the intrinsic active sites during the dynamic evolution of catalysts,which could promote the optimization of the catalyst system to further improve the performance of CO_(2)RR.

Screening of MgO- and CeO_2-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C_(2+) Hydrocarbons

The catalyst screening tests for carbon dioxide oxidative coupling of methane (CO2-OCM) have been investigated over ternary and binary metal oxide catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by doping MgO- and CeO2-based solids with oxides from alkali (Li2O), alkaline earth (CaO), and transition metal groups (WO3 or MnO). The presence of the peroxide (O2-2) active sites on the Li2O2, revealed by Raman spectroscopy, may be the key factor in the enhanced performance of some of the Li2O/MgO catalysts. The high reducibility of the CeO2 catalyst, an important factor in the CO2-OCM catalyst activity, may be enhanced by the presence of manganese oxide species. The manganese oxide species increases oxygen mobility and oxygen vacancies in the CeO2 catalyst. Raman and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopies revealed the presence of lattice vibrations of metal-oxygen bondings and active sites in which the peaks corresponding to the bulk crystalline structures of Li2O, CaO, WO3 and MnO are detected. The performance of 5%MnO/15%CaO/CeO2 catalyst is the most potential among the CeO2-based catalysts, although lower than the 2%Li2O/MgO catalyst. The 2%Li2O/MgO catalyst showed the most promising C2+ hydrocarbons selectivity and yield at 98.0% and 5.7%, respectively.

One step NaBH_4 reduction of Pt-Ru-Ni catalysts on different types of carbon supports for direct ethanol fuel cells : Synthe sis and characte rization

The ternary catalyst Pt75Ru5Ni20 was conducted on various types of carbon supports including functionalized Vulcan XC-72R(f-CB),functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes(f-MWCNT),and mesoporous carbon(PC-Zn-succinic)by sodium borohydride chemical reduction method to improve the ethanol electrooxidation reaction(EOR)for direct ethanol fuel cell(DEFC).It was found that the particle size of the metals on f-MWCNT was 5.20 nm with good particle dispersion.The alloy formation of ternary catalyst was confirmed by XRD and more clearly described by SEM element mapping,which was relevant to the efficiency of the catalysts.Moreover,the mechanism of ethanol electrooxidation reaction based on the surface reaction was more understanding.The activity and stability for ethanol electrooxidation reaction(EOR)were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry,respectively.The highest activity and stability for EOR were observed from Pt75Ru5Ni20/f-MWCNT due to a good metal-carbon interaction.Ru and Ni presented in Pt-Ru-Ni alloy improved the activity and stability of ternary catalysts for EOR.Moreover,the reduction of Pt content in ternary catalyst led to the catalyst cost deduction in DEFC.

Popping of g-C_3N_4 mixed with cupric nitrate: Facile synthesis of Cu-based catalyst for construction of C-N bond

A novel strategy to synthesize copper-based nanoparticles supported on carbon nitride(C3 N4) was developed by popping of mixture containing C3 N4 and cupric nitrate. Characterizations such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) indicate that the structure of g-C3 N4 maintained although a popping process occurred. High resolution transmission electronic microscopy(HRTEM) characterization illustrated that copper-based nanoparticles with diameter of < 1 nm were well distributed on g-C3 N4. This kind of copper catalyst exhibits high catalytic activity and selectivity in arylation of pyrazole, a simple and effect strategy to construct C-N bond in organic chemistry.According to the results of control experiments and characterizations, cuprous oxide should be the catalytic active phase in the supported coperbased catalyst.

ZnO-CeO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)三元复合催化剂的制备及其对活性红195的光催化降解性能

采用热聚合法和水热法制备了ZnO-CeO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)三元复合催化剂,并以活性红195为目标污染物进行了光催化降解实验。表征结果显示,CeO_(2)和ZnO被成功负载到g-C_(3)N_(4)表面。实验结果表明:当Ce(NO_(3))_(3)·6H_(2)O投加量为0.11 g时制备的催化剂光催化性能最佳,紫外光下反应60 min活性红195的去除率可达91.7%,优于CeO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4);酸性条件有利于活性红195的降解,最佳溶液pH为3.0。ZnO-CeO_(2)/g-C_(3)N_(4)三元复合材料中任意两种组分之间带隙错开,形成了Ⅱ型异质结构,增强了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,可诱导更多的活性物质参与光降解过程。

废汽车三元催化剂湿法回收铂族金属研究

废汽车三元催化剂铂族金属含量较高,随着报废汽车爆发式增长,成为铂族金属开发的重要二次资源。湿法回收铂族金属,具有能耗低、规模灵活的特点,适宜地域内废汽车三元催化剂的消纳。开展预处理-氧化酸浸湿法富集铂族金属工艺研究,较为系统研究预处理方法、氧化酸浸试验条件对铂族金属浸出率影响。试验结果表明,湿法氧化酸浸能有效回收铂族金属,原料细度、盐酸浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间对浸出率影响较大,运用水合肼还原预处理可大幅提高铂族金属浸出率。

Converting industrial waste contact masses into effective multicomponent copper-based catalysts for the Rochow process

In this work, we report a simple and inexpensive approach to synthesize effective multicomponent Cu-Cu2O-CuO catalysts for the Rochow process from industrial waste contact masses （WCMs）. WCMs from the organosilane industry were treated with acid followed by reduction with metallic iron powder. The obtained copper powder was then subjected to controlled oxidation in air at different temperatures, followed by ball milling. The orthogonal array approach was applied to optimize this process, and the stirring speed and pH were found to significantly affect the leaching ratio and copper yield, respectively. When used for the Rochow process, the optimized ternary Cu-Cu2O-CuO catalyst greatly enhanced the dimethyldichlorosilane selectivity and Si conversion compared with Cu-Cu2O-CuO catalysts prepared without ball milling, bare Cu catalysts, and Cu-Cu2O-CuO catalysts with different compositions. This could be attributed to their small particle size and the strong synergistic effect among the multiple components in the catalyst with the optimized composition.

高效可见光响应Zn_(0.11)Sn_(0.12)Cd_(0.84)S_(1.12)/g-C_3N_4异质结光催化剂的制备及性能

以双氰胺、醋酸锌、四氯化锡、醋酸镉和硫化钠为原料,采用水热法制备了三元金属复合硫化物Zn_(0.11)Sn_(0.12)Cd_(0.84)S_(1.12)(ZnSnCdS)及一系列异质结催化剂ZnSnCdS/g-C_3N_4.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见光谱仪(UV-Vis)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、电感耦合等离子体-质谱仪(ICP-MS)、荧光光谱仪(PL)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,ZnSnCdS与g-C_3N_4之间以C—S键紧密结合,构筑了异质结,促进了界面电荷迁移,抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合.可见光下降解染料罗丹明B(RhB)的结果表明,ZnSnCdS/g-C_3N_4异质结催化剂的光催化性能与单纯g-C_3N_4,ZnSnCdS及双组分硫化物/g-C3N4异质结催化剂相比均有大幅度提高,ZnSnCdS与g-C3N4质量比为4∶1时异质结催化剂表现出最大的速率常数(0.1508 min-1),是单纯g-C_3N_4和ZnSnCdS的32.3倍和4.9倍.其它三元金属复合硫化物如ZnMoCdS,MoNiCdS和NiSnCdS与g-C_3N_4之间也能有效形成异质结,促进电子-空穴对的分离和催化性能的提升.

稀土三元催化剂催化二氧化碳/环氧丙烷/环氧环己烷的三元共聚合研究

在稀土三元催化剂(三氯乙酸稀土配合物/二乙基锌/甘油)催化下实现了二氧化碳、环氧丙烷及环氧环己烷的三元共聚合.该催化剂对二氧化碳与环氧环己烷共聚的催化活性比对二氧化碳与环氧丙烷共聚的高.增加反应单体中环氧环己烷的比例可提高共聚物中环己撑碳酸酯的含量,大幅度改善共聚物的耐热性.

MoP/SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2加氢脱硫催化剂的研制

采用共沉淀法制备了SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2复合载体,并用共浸渍法制备了负载型MoP/SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,通过H2原位还原技术对催化剂进行还原处理,在小型连续固定床反应器上进行催化剂的加氢脱硫活性评价。结果表明,SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2复合载体为介孔材料,MoP/SiO2-TiO2-ZrO2比一元及二元载体催化剂的加氢脱硫活性提高了12-31%;Si/Ti/Zr摩尔比以及MoP的负载量对催化剂的活性有很大影响,当n(Si)/n(Ti)/n(Zr)=0.163/0.809/0.028、MoP的负载量为20%时,催化剂的加氢脱硫效果最好:在380℃、压力4.0 Mpa、空速6 h(1、氢油比500条件下,二苯并噻吩的转化率达到了99.1%。