Overall plan and design of the task management system of ternary optical computer

t In this paper an overall scheme of the task management system of ternary optical computer （TOC） is proposed, and the software architecture chart is given. The function and accomplishment of each module in the system are described in general. In addition, according to the aforementioned scheme a prototype of TOC task management system is implemented, and the feasibility, rationality and completeness of the scheme are verified via running and testing the prototype.

Principle and architecture of parallel reconfiguration circuit for ternary optical computer

Reconfiguration is the key to produce an applicable ternary optical computer （TOC）. The method to implement the reconfiguration function determines whether a TOC can step into applied fields or not. In this work, a design of the reconfiguration circuit based on field programmable gates array （FPGA） is proposed, and the structure of the entire hardware system is discussed.

Experimentation of a 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor

A detailed experiment of 1-pixel bit reconfigurable ternary optical processor （TOP） is proposed in the paper. 42 basic operation units （BOUs） and 28 typical logic operators of the TOP are realized in the experiment. Results of the test cases elaborately cover the every combination of BOUs and all the nine inputs of ternary processor. Both the experiment process and results analysis are given in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that the theory of reconfiguring a TOP is valid and that the reconfiguration circuitry is effective.

Principle of MSD floating-point division based on Newton-Raphson method on ternary optical computer

The division operation is not frequent relatively in traditional applications, but it is increasingly indispensable and important in many modern applications. In this paper, the implementation of modified signed-digit （MSD） floating-point division using Newton-Raphson method on the system of ternary optical computer （TOC） is studied. Since the addition of MSD floating-point is carry-free and the digit width of the system of TOC is large, it is easy to deal with the enough wide data and transform the division operation into multiplication and addition operations. And using data scan and truncation the problem of digits expansion is effectively solved in the range of error limit. The division gets the good results and the efficiency is high. The instance of MSD floating-point division shows that the method is feasible.

First-Principles Study of the New Layered Ternary Metal Telluride,Eu_(2)InTe_(5)

In this study,we performed first-principles calculations using the VASP(Vienna Ab initio Simulation)software package to investigate the crystal structure,electronic structure,and optical properties of a new layered ternary metal chalcogenide,Eu_(2)InTe_(5).Our results show that Eu_(2)InTe_(5) is a non-zero-gap metal with a layered structure characterized by strong intra-layer atomic bonding and weak inter-layer interaction,which suggests its potential application as a nanomaterial.We also studied the optical properties,including the absorption coefficient,imaginary and real parts of the complex dielectric constant,and found that Eu_(2)InTe_(5) exhibits strong photoresponse characteristics at the junction of ultraviolet and visible light as well as blue-green light,with peaks at wavelengths of 389 nm and 477 nm.This suggests that it could be used in the development of UV(ultraviolet)detectors and other optoelectronic devices.Furthermore,due to its strong absorption,low loss,and low reflectivity,Eu_(2)InTe_(5) has the potential to be used as a promising photovoltaic absorption layer in solar cells.

Elastic, thermodynamic, electronic, and optical properties of recently discovered superconducting transition metal boride NbRuB:An ab-initio investigation

The elastic, thermodynamic, electronic, and optical properties of recently discovered and potentially technologically important transition metal boride NbRuB, are investigated using the density functional formalism. Both generalized gradient approximation （GGA） and local density approximation （LDA） are used for optimizing the geometry and for estimating various elastic moduli and constants. The optical properties of NbRuB are studied for the first time with different photon polarizations. The frequency （energy） dependence of various optical constants complement quite well the essential features of the electronic band structure calculations. Debye temperature of NbRuB is estimated from the thermodynamical study. All these theoretical estimates are compared with published results, where available, and discussed in detail. Both electronic band structure and optical conductivity reveal robust metallic characteristics. The NbRuB possesses significant elastic anisotropy. Electronic features, on the other hand, are almost isotropic in nature. The effects of electronic band structure and Debye temperature on the emergence of superconductivity are also analyzed.

Effects of built-in electric field and donor impurity on linear and nonlinear optical properties of wurtzite InxGa1-xN/GaN nanostructures

The linear and nonlinear optical absorption coefficients(ACs)and refraction index changes(RICs)of 1s-1p,1p-1d,and 1f-1d transitions are investigated in a wurtzite InxGa1-xN/GaN core-shell quantum dot(CSQD)with donor impurity by using density matrix approach.The effects of built-in electric field(BEF),ternary mixed crystal(TMC),impurity,and CSQD size are studied in detail.The finite element method is used to calculate the ground and excited energy state energy and wave function.The results reveal that the BEF has a great influence on the linear,nonlinear,and total ACs and RICs.The presence of impurity leads the resonant peaks of the ACs and RICs to be blue-shifted for all transitions,especially for 1s-1p transition.It is also found that the resonant peaks of the ACs and RICs present a red shift with In-composition decreasing or core radius increasing.Moreover,the amplitudes of the ACs and RICs are strongly affected by the incident optical intensity.The absorption saturation is more sensitive without the impurity than with the impurity,and the appearance of absorption saturation requires a larger incident optical intensity when considering the BEF.

紫外光学吸收式TOC检测技术研究

总有机碳(TOC)是水中所含有机物的总和,通过检测TOC可以更加全面地评价水体受有机物质污染程度。研究了紫外光学吸收式TOC检测技术,利用有机物和无机物的吸收光谱分界线的254nm的紫外光作为检测光源,并应用锁相放大技术提取微弱的一次谐波幅度信号,实现对TOC浓度的测量。结果表明:该项技术具有实时在线、不接触测量、体积小等优点,可以广泛应用到日常饮用水、工业用水TOC含量的检测。

TOC实验系统中运算器与解码器的同步技术

论述了一种实现百位量级三值光学计算机(TOC)实验系统中光学运算器及光学解码器同步的技术。该技术的原理是以光电传感器感应到的光强度变化来判断光学运算器的一次运算是否完成,若完成则通知光学解码器进行解码。受正在使用的三值光学计算机实验系统已有结构的限制,该技术采用了以光学解码器的控制器为核心、软件控制为主的方案。该方案虽然比纯硬件方案慢,但适合于目前的低速度实验平台,而且便于改进,本身也成为研究三值光学计算机部件间同步技术的一个实验子系统。描述了对当前的三值光学计算机实验平台和软硬件部件所进行的相应改造,实验结果表明了该同步系统的有效性和可靠性。

Composition-dependent ultra-high photoconductivity in ternary CdSxSe1-x nanobelts as measured by optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy

We employ optical pump-terahertz probe spectroscopy to investigate the composition-dependent photoconductivity in ternary CdSxSel_x nanobelts. The observed carrier dynamics of CdS nanobelts display much shorter lifetime than those of ternary CdSKSel_K nanobelts. This indicates the implementation of CdS nanobelts as ultrafast switching devices with a switching speed potentially up to 46.7 GHz. Surprisingly, ternary CdS,-Sel_x nanobelts are found to exhibit much higher photoconductivity than binary CdS and CdSe. This is attributed to the higher photocarrier densities in ternary compounds. In addition, the presence of Se in samples resulted in prominent CdSe-like transverse optical （TO） phonon modes due to electron-phonon interactions. The strength of this mode shows a large drop upon photoexcitation but recovers gradually with time. These results demonstrated that growth of ternary nanostructures can be utilized to alleviate the high surface defect density in nanostructures and improve their photoconductivity.

A High-Density Ternary Barcode Detection System with a Dual-Bias Differential Method

A dual-bias differential method is presented for increasing the detection range of a ternary barcode detection system. The system is provided with a second differential delay circuit with bias control to process optimally gray signals by lowering their averaged level using a clamping circuit. This is added to the primary conventional differential delay circuit without bias control and a comparator to process optimally black signals based on the envelope-differential fixed-period delay (EDFPD) detection technique. This method enables the system to detect over a longer range at high speeds while being capable of handling a large amount of information. The estimate results of gray and white code widths against the clamp bias made through the dynamic operation simulation of a differential circuit using SPICE were nearly consistent with the experimental results. Thereby we can conclude that the dynamic simulation is effective for estimation of an optimum clamp bias voltage. It was confirmed that the detection range of the system with a clamp bias voltage of ?0.4 V for a minimum bar width W = 0.25 mm was 1.4 times that of the conventional EDFPD detection technique. In addition, the system operated at a maximum scanning speed of 7.7 times that of conventional CCD cameras under the practical detection range. The system with clamp bias control is expected to enable the real-time identification of goods on production lines and in automated warehouses.

SD16的三值逻辑光学运算器理论和结构

为推进三值光学计算机产业化应用,同时提高现有运算器的效率和稳定性,本文论述了三值逻辑光学运算器(Ternary Optical Logic Unit,TOLU)的相关理论、工作原理和实际结构.依据降值设计理论,设计了基元特征结构,优化后形成了简洁的TOLU的光路和电路结构,并以制作成功的TOLU为核心,建成三值光学计算机原型系统SD16.在此基础上,提出了运算器实现18种三值逻辑运算基元的重构方法及重构码生成的创新思想,分析了复合运算基元的重构码,建立了复合运算基元与行运算器的关联,解决了任意三值逻辑运算器重构码生成的关键技术难题.实验表明,SD16的三值逻辑光学运算器的构造理论和结构切实可行,运算结果准确,运行稳定可靠,同时验证了三值光学运算器位数众多、按位可分配、按位可重构的优势.

三值光学计算机模拟器的设计与实现

三值光学计算机(ternary optical computer, TOC)作为一种新体系结构的计算机,具有处理器位数众多且易扩展、位功能可重构、位可分组使用等特点,在海量或复杂数据的快速处理方面有很大潜力,但它的应用开发探索尚处于初期。为了扩展其应用范围,提出了一种基于三值光学计算机体系架构的模拟器TOCSim设计方案。该方案通过软件形式模拟TOC的运行过程,并在普通PC机上实现其雏形。TOCSim主要模拟TOC处理器的重构策略、处理器位的分配策略、中间结果解码以及运算效果模拟等过程。通过本模拟器的模拟效果图与TOC原型机上的运行结果光图进行对比,表明该模拟器的设计方案是正确的、可行的。

Lane of parallel through carry in ternary optical adder

At the present 50 to 100 microseconds are necessary for a liquid crystal to change its state from opacity to clarity; 1.14×10-5 microseconds are however proved to be enough for light to pass through a clarity liquid crystal device. Rooted from this great difference in time, an optical adder was constructed with parallel through carry lanes (PTCL) composed of liquid crystals. Because all carries in PTCL process in parallel, the carry delay in the ternary optical computer's adder is avoided. Eliminating the carry delay in adder of ternary optical computer by physical means, the PTCL is also applicable for other types of optical adders. Moreover a light diagram of the adder and one PTCL structure are provided.

Ternary optical computer principle

The fundamental principle and the characteristics of ternary optical computer, using horizontal polarized light, vertical polarized light and no-intensity to express information, are propounded in this paper. The practicability to make key parts of the ternary optical computer from modern micro or integrated optical devices, opto-electronic and electro-photonic elements is discussed. The principle can be applied in three-state optical fiber communication via horizontal and vertical polarized light.

Decrease-radix design principle for carrying/borrowing free multi-valued and application in ternary optical computer

In this paper a new theory referred to as the decrease-radix design （DRD） is proposed, which is found in the research of logic units of ternary （tri-valued） optical computer. Based on the theory proposed, the principles and the regulations of the DRD for making operation units of multi-valued operation with carrying/borrowing free are also presented. The research work has come to the following important conclusion： let D be a special state contained in n physical informative states, then one may figure out any multi-valued processors within n^（n×n） carrying/borrowing free n-valued units by the composition some of n×n×（n-1） simplest basic operating units according to the regulations of DRD proposed in this paper. The detailed systematic way of our design regulations is highlighted step by step in the paper with an example of design of a tri-valued logic optical operating unit. The real architecture, the procedure, and the experimental results of our sample in tri-valued logic operating unit are given. Finally, a re-constructible model of ternary logical optical processor is introduced. The theory proposed in the paper has laid down a solid foundation for the design of re-constructible carrying/borrowing free operating units in ternary optical computers and can be widely used as the designing reference in a variety of multi-valued logic operating units.

A new nonfullerene acceptor with an extended π conjugation core enables ternary organic solar cells approaching 19%efficiency

In organic solar cells(OSCs),it is an effective way to improve the power conversion efficiency(PCE)by adding a guest component with appropriate absorption and energy levels in the host system.Herein,a new nonfullerene acceptor(NFA)named TBF-2Cl was developed by the strategy of expanding theπconjugated core of 2,2’-(((4,4,9,9-tetrahexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b’]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-dichloro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile(IDT-4Cl)with two benzene rings.With increase of benzene units,TBF-2Cl exhibits higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO)level of-3.75 eV than that of one benzene unit based NFA IDT-4Cl and fluorene core based NFA F-2Cl,which facilitates enhancing the open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of ternary devices.Moreover,TBF-2Cl film shows a medium optical bandgap with the absorption range from 500-800 nm,being well complementary with the wide bandgap polymer donor D18 and narrow bandgap NFA CH-6F.Accordingly,a remarkable PCE of 18.92%with a high short-circuit current density(J_(sc))of 27.40 mA·cm^(-2),a fill factor(FF)of 0.749,especially an outstanding V_(oc) of 0.922 V was achieved for the optimal ternary device based on D18:TBF-2Cl:CH-6F,surpassing the binary counterpart(17.08%).The findings provide insight into the development of new guest acceptors for obtaining more efficient OSCs.

三值光学计算机中SJ-MSD加法器的设计与实现

本文介绍三值光学计算机的一种新型并行加法器—SJ-MSD加法器的设计与实现.介绍判断一组三值逻辑变换能够实现并行无连续进位二进制MSD数加法的充分条件(沈氏充分性定理).给出了构成SJ-MSD加法器的五个三值逻辑变换:S1、S2、J1、J2和J3(简称SJ变换),及其操作规则(简称SJ规则),并依据沈氏充分性定理推证了SJ变换和SJ规则构成MSD并行加法器的可靠性.尔后又详细阐述了SJ-MSD加法器在三值光学计算机原型系统SD16上的设计方案和实现方法,并阐述了流水计算和多数据共享SJ-MSD加法器的实现方法.文中最后详细介绍了对SJ-MSD加法器的测试实验.与先期的TW-MSD加法器相比,SJ-MSD加法器减少占用处理器位数约25%,有效提高了三值光学处理器的使用率.

基于三值逻辑光学处理器实现向量矩阵乘法

向量矩阵乘法是一种应用广泛的运算,用光学方法实现向量矩阵乘法能够充分发挥光处理的并行优势,旨在提出一种新的实现向量矩阵乘法的光学方法。受到三值逻辑光学处理器结构的启发,提出用该处理器实现二进制向量矩阵乘法,这个新方法能够克服传统光学向量矩阵乘法器结构中存在的一些不足。详细说明了实现的原理和过程,并讨论了这种新方法的优点,最后展望了这种新型的光学处理器的发展前景。

三值光计算机编码器与解码器原理的实验研究

用普通分离元件(偏振片、液晶、透镜、分光镜)完成了一位三值光信号的编码与解码实验。实验证实了三值光计算机编码器与解码器原理的正确性和可行性。该实验为实现三值光计算机其他核心部件的实验奠定了基础。