Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynami...Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynamic diameter less than ～30 μm), PM_(2.5) (particles withaerodynamic diameter 【 2.5 μm) were determined. The average levels of indoor PM_(2.5) and TSP were108.4 and 172.4 μg·m^(-3), respectively, with PM_(2.5) constituting 62.9% of the TSP mass. Sulfate((32.4 ± 6.2)%), organics ((27.7 ± 8.0)%), and geological material ((12.5 ± 3.4)%) dominatedindoor PM_(2.5), followed by ammonium ((8.9 ± 2.8)%), nitrate ((7.0 ± 2.9)%), and elemental carbon(EC, (3.9 ± 1.5)%). Particle size distribution varied with the number of tourists in the museum.The size of sulfate, organics, EC, nitrate, and ammonium was found to vary in the range of 0.43 to3.3 μm in fraction. Ion balance indicated that the aerosol was acidic, with insufficient ammoniumions to neutralize the sulfuric and nitric acids. High concentrations of acidic aerosols will erodethe Terra-cotta warriors and horses especially in the summer season with high temperature (30℃) andrelative humidity (70%) and undesirable solar radiation inside the museum. More attention should bepaid to protecting these precious antiques made 2000 years ago.展开更多
I. INTRODUCTION In March, 1974, at the foot of Lishan Hill in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, a huge pit with numerous funeral terra-cotta warriors and horses in life-size was discovered to the east
In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the t...In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the third vault that was excavated from March 1994 after the excavation of the No.1 and No.2 vaults 20 years ago.展开更多
K0006(K6)of Qingshihuang’s Mausoleum was excavated in July 2000, from which 12 terracotta officer figures were unearthed for the first time. This article presents the preliminary research of 19 samples from 8 individ...K0006(K6)of Qingshihuang’s Mausoleum was excavated in July 2000, from which 12 terracotta officer figures were unearthed for the first time. This article presents the preliminary research of 19 samples from 8 individuals. Their More’s hardness and water absorption are approximately the same as that of the terra cotta warriors, which implies the similarity of their pottery properties and conservation measures. Both the result of cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicate significant homology of clay materials among individuals of K6 and K1,K2,K3,especially with that of K3. K3 and K6 were simulations of key departments of Qin government and the number of figures was limited. It is quite possible that clays from one single spot could supply enough material for two pits. The supposition that the clay spots and workshops were designated based on the rank of the figures is yet to be proved.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(NSFC 40205018,40121303)supported by Ministry of Science and Technology(2004CB720203).
文摘Particle samples were collected in August 2004 both inside and outsideEmperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum in Xi'an, China. Mass and chemical composition of total suspendedparticles (TSP, particles with aerodynamic diameter less than ～30 μm), PM_(2.5) (particles withaerodynamic diameter 【 2.5 μm) were determined. The average levels of indoor PM_(2.5) and TSP were108.4 and 172.4 μg·m^(-3), respectively, with PM_(2.5) constituting 62.9% of the TSP mass. Sulfate((32.4 ± 6.2)%), organics ((27.7 ± 8.0)%), and geological material ((12.5 ± 3.4)%) dominatedindoor PM_(2.5), followed by ammonium ((8.9 ± 2.8)%), nitrate ((7.0 ± 2.9)%), and elemental carbon(EC, (3.9 ± 1.5)%). Particle size distribution varied with the number of tourists in the museum.The size of sulfate, organics, EC, nitrate, and ammonium was found to vary in the range of 0.43 to3.3 μm in fraction. Ion balance indicated that the aerosol was acidic, with insufficient ammoniumions to neutralize the sulfuric and nitric acids. High concentrations of acidic aerosols will erodethe Terra-cotta warriors and horses especially in the summer season with high temperature (30℃) andrelative humidity (70%) and undesirable solar radiation inside the museum. More attention should bepaid to protecting these precious antiques made 2000 years ago.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘I. INTRODUCTION In March, 1974, at the foot of Lishan Hill in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, a huge pit with numerous funeral terra-cotta warriors and horses in life-size was discovered to the east
文摘In October 1994, another excavation site of the Qin terra-cotta figures of warriors and horses near Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb at the foot of Lishan, Lintong, Shaanxi Province was formally open to the public. This is the third vault that was excavated from March 1994 after the excavation of the No.1 and No.2 vaults 20 years ago.
文摘K0006(K6)of Qingshihuang’s Mausoleum was excavated in July 2000, from which 12 terracotta officer figures were unearthed for the first time. This article presents the preliminary research of 19 samples from 8 individuals. Their More’s hardness and water absorption are approximately the same as that of the terra cotta warriors, which implies the similarity of their pottery properties and conservation measures. Both the result of cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicate significant homology of clay materials among individuals of K6 and K1,K2,K3,especially with that of K3. K3 and K6 were simulations of key departments of Qin government and the number of figures was limited. It is quite possible that clays from one single spot could supply enough material for two pits. The supposition that the clay spots and workshops were designated based on the rank of the figures is yet to be proved.
