Territory and territorial behavior of migrating Common Coot (Fulica atra)

Territory and territorial behavior of the Common Coot（Fulica atra） were studied in two breeding sites,Anbanghe Nature Reserve and Daqing Longfeng wetland,in Heilongjiang Province,China from April to October in 2008 and 2009.In the breeding season,the breeding pairs occupied an area and protected it throughout the reproduction,and both interspecific and intraspecific conflicts were observed.Territory activities became severe since early May,the peak of territory behaviors appeared at late May,and then declined gradually.The territorial activities level was higher than that in the nest building period than in the laying and incubation periods.The most adopted behavioral model was expelling,which was the least energy cost.The degree of territorial behavior tended to be descended since the development of breeding phase.The territory size differed from 1 333 m2 to above 5 000 m2.Wintering population was observed in Poyang Lake of Jiangxi Province.The coots gathered in the open water;however,there was no territory behavior both in the interspecies and intraspecies in wintering sites.The hypotheses why there was territory behaviors for coots both in the interspecies and intraspecies were also discussed.

Intruder familiarity and not duet similarity influences the territory defense in a year-round territorial bird species

To avoid unnecessary energy expenditures in territorial defense,many species(e.g.,insects,amphibians,birds,and mammals)have developed the capability to distinguish between different intruder types using visual,acoustic,and/or chemical signals.Determining the mechanism used for intruder recognition is key to understanding the dynamics of territorial behaviors.In birds that use vocalizations for territorial defense,the frequency and duration of vocalizations or the familiarity with the intruder may be the main mechanism used for intruder recognition.Here,we conducted a playback experiment with territorial White-eared Ground-sparrows(Melozone leucotis),to analyze if territorial pairs recognize intruders using frequency and duration characteristics(a bird’s response is based on how structurally similar the intruders’duets are to their own)or by familiarity with the intruders(neighbors vs.non-neighbors).We focused on duets because this species uses duets exclusively for territorial defense.We broadcasted a duet from a territorial neighbor,two duets from non-neighbors(with different frequency and duration characteristics),and a duet from a control species in 39 territorial pair from three populations.During playback we measured five behavioral responses:latency of the first vocalization,latency of the approach to the speaker,time spent close the speaker(within 5 m),number of individuals that approached the speaker,and the number of vocalizations.We found that territorial White-eared Ground-sparrow pairs responded stronger to neighbors than non-neighbors,and this response is not influenced by duet duration or frequency characteristics.This result suggests that neighbors represent a greater territorial threat for White-eared Ground-sparrows than non-neighbors.Further work is necessary to understand how common this observation is for tropical species that defend small territories year-round.

A Device to Improve Collaborative Practices of Sanitation Department Agents of a Territory: The Case of the Lamkansa District in Casablanca

The aim of this article is to strengthen and improve the collaboration between professional agents of a service that manages one of the technical processes acting on a given territory by synchronizing the spatio-temporal dimensions including all agents assembled for the task. This proposal was tested in the Lamkansa neighborhood in Casablanca, Morocco. The employed approach is based GIS resources and on systemic analysis of communication present in a territory. We were inspired by several methodological developments that carried multi-actor processes in land use planning. We focused our work on strengthening the collaboration between professionals, field agents and office agents, in the process of design and monitoring the liquid sanitation system. The device is based on geolocation and synchronous feedback of topological, geographical, and multimedia data related to the liquid sanitation network. Thanks to a geo-collaborative, participative, and motivating logic, we reduced the management costs of the network and made it faster and more efficient by equally mobilizing another type of non-specialized actors (the inhabitants). This device uses spatial and temporal dimensions to consolidate collaborative work tools through ICT and GIS technologies that thematize and exchange information collected in the field. Furthermore, this device raises great interest as it entails the concept of integration of several actors in a geo-collaborative mode while combining geomatics with communication and information sciences.

Thinking and Research on County-level Territorial Spatial Plans in the Territorial Spatial Plan System:A Case Study of Jiangxi Province

The establishment of the territorial spatial plan system is an important space reform act to meet the new era in China.The reform of territorial spatial plans according to classification is in line with the characteristics of China’s current territorial spatial administration and urban development.At present,China’s provincial and municipal territorial spatial plans have been publicized,and county-level territorial spatial plans are being approved one after another,while the compilation of township-level territorial spatial plans is being carried out in an orderly manner.In this paper,based on the historical background of the establishment of territorial spatial plan system integrating“multiple plans”,the background of territorial spatial plans and the important role of county-level territorial spatial plans were first elaborated,and then the progress of the compilation of county-level territorial spatial plans in Jiangxi Province was sorted out.Finally,the problems existing in the compilation were discussed,and corresponding suggestions were put forward to provide a certain reference for the construction of a scientific and reasonable territorial spatial plan system.

Rural Revitalization Planning under the Territorial Spatial Planning System

With the rapid development of China’s social economy,village planning is increasingly important.Departments should fully draw up practical village plan“integrating various plans”.In the context of“rural revitalization”,how to better promote“rural revitalization”and realize the concept that“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets”is a difficult problem in front of everyone.After many years of pilot of“integrating various plans”,“five levels,three categories and four systems”have been formed,but the territorial spatial planning in the new era under the construction of ecological civilization still faces many problems and challenges.In this paper,the practical village planning of“integrating various plans”under the background of territorial spatial planning was analyzed,aiming to establish and improve a complete rural spatial system and provide an effective scheme for rural governance mechanism by analyzing and refining the key points of rural planning.

国土空间治理的数字化转型:基本内涵、模式演进与关键挑战

研究目的:解析国土空间治理数字化转型基本内涵与模式演进,探讨国土空间治理数字化转型的关键挑战。研究方法:文献综述法、理论分析法、归纳演绎法。研究结果:(1)国土空间治理数字化转型是指多元主体通过大数据、人工智能、区块链等技术手段建立数字国土、参与制定空间发展战略、实施资源优化配置行为,助力高质量国土空间构建的过程;(2)根据对象、主体与目标来解析国土空间治理数字化转型内涵,包括以数字孪生国土空间为基础场域,以政府—市场—社会多跨协同为重要形式,以系统重塑为核心目标三个方面;(3)数字化视域下我国国土空间治理先后经历了自然资源考察、数字地球建设、智慧地球发展、全面推进“数治化”4个发展阶段;(4)从传统国土空间治理向空间治理数字化转型面临数据治理体系不健全、治理需求高度分化、技术理性与民主价值难以统筹等现实问题。研究结论:多元主体利用数字化手段协同开展国土空间治理是加速治理现代化进程的必由之路,扎实推进国土空间治理数字化转型关键在于规范数据管理体系、关联多元场景、完善技术应用空间治理的顶层设计。

中国县域数字乡村发展的空间格局及驱动因素研究

基于北京大学新农村发展研究院公布的2018年中国1880个县域数字乡村指数数据,采用探索性空间数据分析、冷热点分析和地理探测器等方法,考察中国县域数字乡村发展的空间格局及其驱动因素。结果表明:1)中国县域数字乡村发展水平呈现明显的“梯度化”特征,数字乡村发展水平由东部向西部逐渐递减,数字乡村在长三角地区呈“片状分布”,而在西部地区和东北地区呈“点状分布”。2)中国县域数字乡村发展呈现明显的空间集聚特征,在经济发展水平较高、网络基础设施较为完善的长三角地区形成“高-高”集聚。数字乡村发展呈现次热点区和热点区围绕高热点区集聚的“中心-外围”结构形态。在热点区与冷点区之间形成“T”字形狭长地带,将热点区与冷点区分隔开。3)中国县域数字乡村发展的总体基尼系数为0.0359,其中数字乡村的区域间差距是数字乡村发展总体差异的主要来源。4)产业经济、人口教育、财政金融和基础设施的空间分异特征对数字乡村空间分布具有较强的影响。

协同治理视角下国土空间规划实践与思考——以江苏为例

国土空间规划是完善现代化治理手段、提升空间治理能力、推动区域协同发展的重要工具。在总结跨地区、全流程、多主体的协同治理框架下,基于江苏省市县国土空间总体规划多层次同步编制的实践,探讨国土空间总体规划推动区域协同治理的有效路径。跨区域协同治理通过城市定位协同、生态环境治理协同、交通协同、市政基础设施协同、文化协同等手段,实现不同空间协同治理目标的落实;全流程协同治理通过建立常态化沟通磋商机制,实现省市县的纵向传导反馈和多部门、多条线的横向寻求共识,化解跨界地区矛盾;多主体协同治理侧重制度建构,保障行政力、市场力和社会力的多元参与。

“双碳”目标下国土空间优化的挑战与应对

国土空间优化与调控始终是现代化建设面临的重大理论和实践问题。现有的国土空间规划研究多聚焦于对低碳空间治理思路、框架、工具的整体性把握,尚缺乏明确的碳约束目标及行动指南,亟待将“双碳”目标全面融入国土空间规划的目标体系、决策体系和保障体系,发挥规划在空间治理上的统筹引领作用。首先,国土空间优化光论“地”不谈“天”不行,也不能“就土论土、就地论地”;其次,低碳和“双碳”目标并不完全等同,要避免“双碳”研究中忽视国土,也要在研究国土问题中厘清“双碳”;再次,空间优化是个复杂动态过程,需要高度重视深度不确定性。因此,未来有必要建立国土空间抗解性识别分析范式和方法,开发应对深度不确定性的国土空间协同演化集成模型,构建国土空间多目标优化调控理论体系,并沿着科学认知、信息技术、智能规划、创新制度四个主轴展开深入研究和理论构建。

具有防御能力的Variable-Territory捕食模型平衡态正解分析

目的 在Dirichlet边界条件下,首次研究食饵具有防御能力的Variable-Territory捕食模型平衡态正解性质。方法 利用反应扩散方程理论进行定性研究,利用数值模拟进行定量分析。结果 建立了平衡态正解的先验估计和存在的必要条件,得到了分歧解的全局结构和局部稳定性,分析了某些参数的变化对平衡态正解的影响。结论 适当大的食饵与捕食者生长率可使得它们共存。同时,食饵防御能力可以抵御捕食者,且防御能力与食饵生长率呈正相关。

从空间规划体系到国土空间体系——兼析国土空间体系构建下的国土空间治理趋向

研究目的:分析国家治理体系和治理能力现代化背景下,国土空间体系表述的形成脉络及内在逻辑,并从国土空间体系构建视角探讨国土空间治理的未来趋向。研究方法:综合分析法与对比分析法。研究结果:国土空间具有“区域”和“要素”双重特性,建立空间规划体系旨在解决传统国土空间治理的“区域”“要素”缺乏统筹问题。从空间规划体系、国土空间规划体系到国土空间体系的演变,实质上是不断推进迈向高质量发展、强化“区域—要素”统筹的国土空间治理。在构建国土空间体系的指引下,国土空间治理既要聚焦国土空间的高质量发展,绘就国土空间协调发展蓝图,又要完善主体功能区战略和制度,做好国土空间治理的“区域—要素”统筹。研究结论:面向国土空间体系构建,国土空间治理未来应做好国土空间高质量发展导向下的“区域—要素”统筹治理。

数字化转型下的乡村国土空间数字治理技术体系构建

数字技术向乡村地域延伸与渗透,深刻影响着乡村社会、经济和政治的组织方式及结构。乡村国土空间治理的对象、主体、技术都在数字技术的介入下发生了转变。在梳理数字技术介入下乡村发展转型的物质空间特征及作用机制的基础上,剖析了数字化转型下的乡村国土空间治理主体关系,从乡村数字治理的空间底座框架及其关键技术体系两个方面构建了基于乡村多主体协同治理的国土空间数字治理技术体系。

中国古代镇山的地理想象及空间建构

【目的】镇山是中国传统风景营建中自然与文化紧密融合的优秀产物,是多尺度视野下的典型地理想象结果。发掘其中的传统自然价值观、知识体系及空间文化体系,可为当下相关遗产的保护与“城-山”空间体系的发扬提供历史理论依据。【方法】基于爱如生中国方志库量化分析镇山历史信息,结合对图文史料的解析,梳理镇山地理想象内涵的历史变迁,总结镇山地理空间体系构成,归纳城市镇山空间的构建理法。【结果】梳理了镇山地理想象内涵从国家到地方、从神性到世俗、从政治宣扬到政治教化的嬗变历程,总结了宇宙镇山、国家镇山、区域镇山、城市镇山4个层次的地理空间体系差序构成部分,归纳了城市镇山的选取特征及空间秩序组织特征。【结论】镇山文化模式及空间组织具有耦合关系,通过地理想象的视角可以深入探寻其中的内涵,从而推动镇山文化与空间的保护与传承。

省域国土空间生态修复规划体系构建的逻辑与实践——基于“规划—设计—治理”的视角

国土空间生态修复是推进国土空间治理的重要手段,厘清其规划体系的构建逻辑对于国土空间生态修复规划的编制实施和作用发挥至关重要。从需求层次出发,阐明国土空间生态修复规划体系构建的基本逻辑,以浙江省为例,探索建立省域国土空间生态修复规划体系构建的理论。研究表明:(1)国土空间生态修复规划在需求层面上可体现为“功能修复—韧性提升—价值实现”3个层次。(2)围绕着“整体规划—深化设计—系统治理”的逻辑,提出国土空间生态修复规划作为专项规划的体系构建逻辑。(3)基于构建逻辑,将省域国土空间生态修复规划梳理形成“编制—实施—支撑”3个体系。国土空间生态修复规划要从需求层次变化的认识入手,以维护生态安全、提升空间价值为目标,在省域范围内通过纵向传导、横向深化及全流程支撑3个维度构建规划体系,为系统化开展国土空间生态修复工作探索实施路径。

国土空间规划下海岸带的功能定位及空间响应——以上海海岸带为例

海岸带规划作为国土空间规划体系中的唯一涉海规划,不仅要对海岸带地区进行陆海统筹综合管控,而且要对海岸带地区的发展进行战略功能引导,以适应海洋强国建设的蓝色发展要求。文章分析新一轮国土空间规划对海岸带规划的新要求,提出海岸带规划进行功能定位和空间响应的规划策略和方法;结合上海海岸带发展实际,从多维战略对接、区域功能耦合、未来发展趋势应对3个方面谋划海岸带功能定位,提出海岸带“三心二市”的功能内涵;在此基础上提出海岸带空间响应策略,主要包括对接国土空间分层逻辑、海洋功能区划和岸线区段功能耦合、开放式分圈层分区划分、落实核心功能诉求。

新出秦简“新地”与秦代“差序疆域”的建构

秦简所见“新地”的界定应改变过去以时间界定为主线的研究取向,立足秦统一战争的宏观视角,考察郡制推展、罚戍署地规定与“新地”划郡而治、“东故徼”分界下的故秦地与“新地”,结合空间关系进行重新界定。“新地”实际以郡为单位进行划定,在时间上,“新地”可能是秦王政十七年至十九年间开始设置;在空间上,秦统一前东部边境防线“东故徼”变成统一后故秦地与“新地”的分界线。由此“中县道”、故秦地之郡与“新地”构成秦统一后的“差序疆域”。

高密度建成区污水治理提升规划与实施体系研究

污水处理提质增效是存量规划背景下城市更新的重要内容,是改善城市人居生态环境的有效路径。结合城市可持续发展、高质量发展的新要求,以厦门市思明区为研究对象,提出了排水现状排查和数字化的技术方法,探索总结了高密度建成区“溯源排查、正本清源、排水管理进小区”污水治理提升规划模式。借助“多规合一”的国土空间规划体系,针对性地提出技术标准、实施细则和政策规章等配套措施,建立了污水治理系统“智慧型”信息管理平台,构建了完善的规划实施体系,有效统筹了高密度建成区污水治理的“规划、建设、管理”三大环节,为新时期推动污水治理体系和治理能力现代化提供新思路。

智慧国土的基本内涵与发展方向

当前,国家大力推动数字化转型和高质量发展,对自然资源与国土空间的数字化发展与应用提出了更高要求。虽然近些年国土空间数字化发展取得了很大成绩,但对标数字化转型和高质量发展的迫切要求,尚存在着与业务融合不深、技术支撑不够、整体合力不强、发展动能不足等问题,突出表现为高质量信息供给不足、高层次分析能力不强、高层次赋能手段短缺。因此,应以智慧国土为抓手,统筹数字化发展,推进智慧化应用。本文分析了智慧国土的基本内涵,提出以数据—信息—知识为主线,统筹国土空间的数字化发展,实现一体化建模、集成化管理及知识化服务;从全面动态感知、系统精准认知及全域智慧管控的角度,提升自然资源管理和国土空间治理各项工作的智慧化应用水平,实现在实景三维空间研判、用时空信息说话、凭时空知识决策。为了切实地构建国土空间治理的数字化生态、促进国土空间治理体系和治理能力现代化,今后还要加强顶层设计,推动科技创新,开展试点示范,加快专业改革。

成也家,败也家——进化心理学视野中的三类汉代家庭

在儒家理论脉络中,修身齐家乃是治国平天下的必要条件。不过,这样的理论却未涉及一个问题:修身齐家是不是治国的充分条件或是充分必要条件?答案可能是否定的。如果这里所说的“家庭”仅仅是属地小家庭、主干家庭或联合家庭的话,那么,只要家庭成员的总数不至于超出邓巴数太远,家庭成员彼此之间的“守望相助”依然能够将大家庭本身建设成一个健康的伦理共同体。而一旦家庭的规模超越了邓巴数规定的上限,那么,由于人类心智的信息处理能力从采集—狩猎时代演化而来的信息处理上限的制约,儒家大家庭就会走向分裂与解体。因此,若要在远超地域性的广袤土地上建立更复杂的社会,这样的社会就不能仅仅依赖基于温情的家庭建构原则,而必须依赖于抽象人假设的新建构原则,由此在“家”与“国”之间设置缓冲器,并同时借此在社会网络迅速扩大的前提下有效减少个体心智的信息处理负担。

城市国土空间监测初探

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