Cryptocurrency technology revolution:are Bitcoin prices and terrorist attacks related?

As a financial innovation of the information age,cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion.Exploring from a terrorism perspective,this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatil-ity vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin.Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price,but their effects are slightly different.Compared to terrorist brutality,terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price,showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of ter-rorist attacks.In turn,the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible.Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism,but it does not currently play an important role.Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing,helping to maintain world peace and security.

Modeling heterogeneous behaviors with different strategies in a terrorist attack

Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations.To overcome this lim-itation,we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks.We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians.The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that sup-ported pedestrians’altruistic behaviors.A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists.Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.

Epidemio-Clinical Profile of Psychotrauma in Military Victims of Terrorists Attacks in Benin in December 2021

Introduction: In December 2021, Beninese soldiers were victims of armed terrorist attacks. This study aims to determine the psychological impact of the events experienced on the victims in order to better prevent post-traumatic stress disorder. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from December 13 to 14, 2021, i.e. 12 days after the oldest event and 4 days after the most recent. The experience of the event was assessed with the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory and the Peritraumatic Dissociation Experiences Questionnaire. Symptoms experienced in the hours and days after the event were assessed with the Revised Event Impact Scale. Results: 36 soldiers were included out of the 38 survivors, i.e. 94.73%. They were 51.43% victims of the night assault, 37.14% of the ambush on patrol and 11.43% of the explosion of vehicle on mine, all male. The average age was 31 years with extremes of 25 and 49 years. The 25 - 30 year olds predominated, 52.78%. 100% of soldiers had significant peritraumatic dissociation, of which 94.44% also had significant peritraumatic distress. 100% of the soldiers had manifestations of intrusion, 89% of manifestations of avoidance and 83% of manifestations of hyperexcitation. 88.89% had an index for acute stress including 100% of victims of night assault and vehicle explosion on mine. Conclusion: This study shows a high prevalence of peritraumatic reactions, recognized factors favoring post-traumatic stress disorder, and the interest of their evaluation for medical and psychological help adapted to the victims.

Review on emergency medical response against terrorist attack

Terrorism is a global issue and a constant international threat. As a result, anti-terrorism and emergency response strategies are tasks of critical importance that have a direct impact on the national security of every country in the world. This paper reviews new characteristics of international anti-terrorism measures and offers an in-depth reflection on emergency medical response countermeasures; additionally, this paper presents the goals of related research, which include: 1) to present a model of a highly efficient medical response command; 2) to introduce the pre-planning phases of the emergency medical response; 3) to establish a response system capable of handling various types of terror attacks; 4) to promote anti-terrorism awareness to the general public and emphasize its prevention; and 5) to continue basic investigations into emergency medical responses for various types of terrorist attacks(for example, the classifications and characteristics of new injuries, pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of the resultant stress disorders, improved high-efficiency medical response measures and equipment, etc.).

The possibility of a human-borne with bioagent terrorist at foreign Forward Operating Bases entry control point:the perceptions of U.S. military or security personnel,a preliminary report

Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim of this study was to obtain U.S.military and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat experience.Results:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that "ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)",only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.Conclusion:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many U.S.military or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of U.S.combat post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.

Medical aspects of terrorist bombings: A focus on damage control surgery and damage control resuscitation

Although terrorist bombings have tormented the world for a long time, currently they have reached unprecedented levels and become a continuous threat without borders, race or age. Almost all of them are caused by improvised explosive devices. The unpredictability of the terrorist bombings, leading to simultaneous generation of a large number of casualties and severe "multidimensional" blast trauma require a constant vigilance and preparedness of every hospital worldwide. Approximately 1.0%-2.6% of all trauma patients and 7% of the combat casualties require a massive blood transfusion. Coagulopathy is presented in 65% of them with mortality exceeding 50%. Damage control resuscitation is a novel approach, developed in the military practice for treatment of this subgroup of trauma patients. The comparison with the conventional approach revealed mortality reduction with 40%-74%, lower frequency of abdominal compartment syndrome(8% vs 16%), sepsis(9% vs 20%), multiorgan failure(16% vs 37%) and a significant reduction of resuscitation volumes, both crystalloids and blood products. Damage control surgery(DCS) and damage control resuscitation(DCR) are promising new approaches, contributing for the mortality reduction among the most severely wounded patients. Despite the lack of consensus about the optimal ratio of the blood products and the possible influence of the survival bias, we think that DCR carries survival benefit and recommend it in trauma patients with exsanguinating bleeding.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Mediated by Exposure Level in French Civil Firefighters Following a Terrorist Attack: Some Hypotheses towards a Structural Model

To date, few studies have investigated the impact of organizational factors such as organizational status or the rank of firefighters on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a terrorist attack. To fill this gap in the scientific literature, this field study aimed to investigate the consequences of terrorist attacks on firefighters’ psychological health in terms of PTSD. Data were collected in France following two terrorist attacks. PTSD was assessed with the PCL-S (DSM-IV) 3 to 6 months after the events. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with existing PTSD models were inconclusive, leading us to find a two-factor model via an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A cluster analysis showed different symptom profiles that were influenced by the exposure level. Elements for a structural model explaining PTSD symptoms are proposed and suggest a central role of the exposure level. Firefighters I/II represented an at-risk sub-population, suggesting that PTSD was mainly experienced among those who performed tasks not common to their occupation.

Improvised Technique for Analyzing Data and Detecting Terrorist Attack Using Machine Learning Approach Based on Twitter Data

Social media are interactive computer mediated technology that facilitates the sharing of information via virtual communities and networks. And Twitter is one of the most popular social media for social interaction and microblogging. This paper introduces an improved system model to analyze twitter data and detect terrorist attack event. In this model, a ternary search is used to find the weights of predefined keywords and the Aho-Corasick algorithm is applied to perform pattern matching and assign the weight which is the main contribution of this paper. Weights are categorized into three categories: Terror attack, Severe Terror Attack and Normal Data and the weights are used as attributes for classification. K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are two machine learning algorithms used to predict whether a terror attack happened or not. We compare the accuracy with our actual data by using confusion matrix and measure whether our result is right or wrong and the achieved result shows that the proposed model performs better.

Using Multi-Attribute Decision Methods in Mathematical Modeling to Produce an Order of Merit List of High Valued Terrorists

The authors present a methodology and an example of preparing an order of merit list to rank terrorist based upon decision maker weights. This research used an old terrorist data set as our base data to keep the information unclassified. This data is used to demonstrate this methodology. The authors perform numerical iterative criteria weight sensitivity analysis to show the effects on the model’s outputs in changes in the weights. Through their analysis the most critical criterion is identified.

反恐医学的形成演化、研究进展与面临的挑战

进入21世纪后,恐怖袭击事件不断发生,袭击方式日趋多样化,造成的伤亡后果也越来越严重。有别于普通的群体性伤亡事件,恐怖袭击事件伤员救治在现场环境、伤员群体、损伤类型等方面都有着特殊性,各国医疗机构在有效应对恐怖袭击伤员救治过程中逐渐形成了一个新的医学领域——反恐医学。近年来,反恐医学在应急预案、检伤分类、医疗救援响应、模拟演练等方面都积累了大量的经验,取得了丰富的研究成果,但同时,仍然面临许多严峻的挑战。文章通过对反恐医学的形成与研究进展、医疗救援应对恐怖袭击的实践应用及面临的挑战进行综述,以期为我国医疗救援系统更好地应对恐怖袭击提供借鉴和参考。

基于风险的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法

国际安全环境发生重大变化的新形势下,城市涉恐安全面临严峻挑战。基于风险理论,构建了城市目标遭受恐怖袭击风险描述和安防策略优化函数,提出了定量的城市目标反恐安防策略优化方法。并以某高铁站为例,通过模型分析、数据比较和优化反馈,获得其遭受恐怖袭击风险评估、现有安防措施有效性和策略优化结论,验证了方法的有效性,为解决城市涉恐安全问题提供决策和技术支撑。

Forensic odontology identification response to terrorist attacks in Paris November 2015

The terrorist attacks of November 2015 led to the immediate death of 129 victims admitted to the Legal and Forensic Medicine Institute of Paris,including 41 unidentified.During the Disaster Victim Identification(DVI)operations,22 bodies were examined by the postmortem(PM)dental team with the aim of establishing PM odontograms.At the same time,the dental expert in the antemortem(AM)unit collected a large number of dental files,progressively filtered as the list of missing persons became reduced.Feedback from these events has highlighted the difficulties of implementing the DVI chain principles in a legal framework,published the day before the attacks,and also the technical complexity of collecting dental data on a week end of terror.The return on experience after this event has represented a paradigm shift on previous methods of DVI in Paris and even more in France.Indeed,the victim identification procedure was redesigned,integrating new technical means such as a CT scan directly on spot,allowing the extraction of maxillofacial data as soon as possible in order to support the PM dental examination team.Moreover,the National Dental Council proceeded to the overall remodeling of the dental identification unit,which is composed of trained members,from local,regional and national aspects.These forensic experts are dedicated,at the request of the legal authorities,to DVI operations and deployed throughout the country capable of managing AM and PM data.This unit aims also to share experiences and awarenessraising among health professionals and investigators in order to optimize a better submission of AM elements and also to enhance the major interest of odontology as a primary identifier in disaster.

An overview of forensic operations performed following the terrorist attacks on November 13,2015,in Paris

On the evening of November 13,2015,the city of Paris and its surroundings was hit by a series of attacks committed by terrorist groups,using firearms and explosives.The final toll was 140 people deceased(130 victims and 10 terrorists or their relatives)and more than 413 injured,making these attacks the worst mass killings ever recorded in Paris in peacetime.This article presents the forensic operations carried out at the Medicolegal Institute of Paris(MLIP)following these attacks.A total of 68 autopsies of bodies or body fragments and 83 external examinations were performed within 7 days,and the overall forensic operations(including formal identification of the latest victims)were completed 10 days after the attacks.Over this period,156 body presentations(some bodies were presented several times)were provided to families or relatives.Regarding the 130 civilian casualties,129 died from firearm wounds and one died from blast injuries after an explosion.Of the 10 terrorists or their relatives who were killed,eight died from suicide bombing,one was shot by police and one died from crush injuries due to partial collapse of a building following the police raid against a terrorist’s hideout after the attacks.All mass shootings were perpetrated with AK-47 or Zastava M70 assault rifles using 7.62mm39mm cartridges.In the case of ballistic injuries,death was most often obviously caused by craniocerebral injuries,extensive organ lacerations and/or massive haemorrhage.Among the terrorists killed by bombing,the lesion patterns were body transection,multiple amputations,extreme organ lacerations and the presence of foreign bodies owing to the shrapnel load(steel nuts,glass fragments)or the explosive charge fastening system of the devices.This discussion highlights the particular difficulties of interpretation encountered within the framework of ballistic injuries,a conclusion that should lead to a modest and realistic approach in these exceptional situations where forensic operations involve a very large number of victims in a constrained time.

Belgium experience in disaster victim identification applied in handling terrorist attack at Brussels Airport 2016

The Belgian disaster victim identification(DVI)team is involved in many investigations in our country.Indeed,this specialized team of the federal police oversees searching for and investigating criminally buried dead bodies,identification of unknown putrefied corpses,and more.The Belgian DVI team also assists with the identification of victims of mass disasters(natural,accidental,and mass murders).In this article,we consider the contributions of different teams(forensic pathology,anthropology,and odontology,federal police,and crime scene investigation)both on the scene of the attack at the Brussels National Airport(Zaventem)and in the laboratory work(autopsies,sample studies).

Agent-based modeling of emergency evacuation in a railway station square under sarin terrorist attack

Evacuation modeling is a promising measure to support decision making in scenarios such as flooding,explosion,terrorist attack and other emergency incidents.Given the special attention to the terrorist attack,we build up an agent-based evacuation model in a railway station square under sarin terrorist attack to analyze such incident.Sarin dispersion process is described by Gaussian puff model.Due to sarin’s special properties of being colorless and odorless,we focus more on the modeling of agents’perceiving and reasoning process and use a Belief,Desire,Intention(BDI)architecture to solve the problem.Another contribution of our work is that we put forward a path planning algorithm which not only take distance but also comfort and threat factors into consideration.A series of simulation experiments demonstrate the ability of the proposed model and examine some crucial factors in sarin terrorist attack evacuation.Though far from perfect,the proposed model could serve to support decision making.

Identifying terrorist attack victims

The terrorist attacks that occurred in France in 2015 and 2016,which had many victims,proved that it is essential to identify victims following the methodology developed by International Criminal Police Organization(INTERPOL)for such events.Initially designed for natural disasters,this approach must be strictly respected should a terrorist attack occur.This includes the specific collection of bodies and body parts,as well as the setup of an antemortem unit,postmortem unit,and Identification Commission.This commission is made up of specialists and will make decisions on the basis of primary identifying elements(fingerprints,DNA,dental records)and/or secondary identifying elements(other distinctive and particularly discriminating signs).A multidisciplinary team,combining specifically trained police officers and scientists,must provide a reliable and consolidated list of deceased people based on biometric elements cross checked with elements from the investigations.Any list of names generated on another basis should be excluded.Identification of the deceased by relatives(visual recognition),even if the bodies do not appear mutilated and/or decayed,should be avoided to avert erroneous death announcements,body presentations,or even burials or cremations.Similarly,identifying victims only on the basis of their personal effects(such as an identity card)must be absolutely avoided.All bodies,even those whose identities seem obvious to the first responders or to the relatives,must be registered as“X”during the crime scene search and properly identified according to the INTERPOL protocol.The same protocol should be applied to unconscious injured people.Considering the expectations of our modern society for rapid information circulation and quick responses from the authorities,the French team has made a few adjustments to speed up the identification process without compromising its integrity.Validated and supported by both the French judicial and administrative authorities in the light of the experience of the November 2015 attacks in Paris,this innovative method proved its effectiveness during the Nice attack in July 2016.It can only be successful in a context where all the individuals involved in the crisis,up to the highest authorities,understand it,support it,and relay it in the best interest of the victims’families.

基于威胁度评价的巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件空间分布特征研究

基于巴基斯坦境内2011—2020年恐怖袭击事件数据信息,利用量化评估方法计算恐怖袭击事件的威胁度,采用核密度、空间自相关、Gi*指数以及新兴时空热点等分析方法,研究巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件的空间演变特征。研究表明:巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件按威胁度从低到高可分为五个等级,各等级在空间分布特征上具有一致性。2011—2020年巴基斯坦境内恐怖袭击事件呈现显著的空间聚集性,在聚集区域上主要分为三个核心活跃区,即白沙瓦、奎达、卡拉奇。恐怖袭击事件的热点区域主要集中在这三个核心活跃区,无冷点区域。恐怖袭击事件的新兴时空热点模式主要以连续热点和持续的热点为主并且相对稳定,同样分布在三个核心活跃区附近,冷点区域大部分以连续冷点的形式出现,新增冷点则主要出现在马拉坎附近区域。

Repatriation Urged for Suspected Terrorists

Beijing has vigorously con- demned the United States’ recent transfer of suspected Uygur terrorists to Palau and called for their repatriation to China, according to the Chi- nese Foreign Ministry.