Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether

The toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether （MTBE） to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was tested and assessed for a 15-d incubation with concentrations of MTBE from high （2.00×10^4 mg/L） to low （2 mg/L）. The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was in the range 1.00× 10^4-2.00× 10^4 mg/L （the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurred during the day 1-5）. Low concentrations （2-500 rag/L） stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L during day 3-5. The toxicity of MTBE （72-120 h EC50） was 6.65×10^3-9.58×10^3 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14× 10^4-2.00× 10^4 mg/L for A. floc-aquae. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low and the toxicity was influenced by the duration time of the test.

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.

Determination of methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) in Chinese fuels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/flame ionization detector

A method was developed to determine the concentration of methyl tert-butyl ether(MTBE) in gasoline, diesel and heating oil by gas chromatography(GC) with mass spectrometry(GC-MS) or flame ionization detection(FID). The diluted gasoline was directly injected into the GC, and the complete separation of MTBE from co-eluting hydrocarbons was not required. GC/MS or GC/FID method can be used to analyze MTBE in different concentration range and have good consistency.

2D-Cell Experiment on Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Transport in Saturated Zone of Groundwater

As an additive of gasoline,methyl ten-butyl ether(MTBE)has a higher solubility in water,which is about 20 times as high as that of benzene.This characteristic results in MTBE dissolving out of the gasoline into the soil and groundwater.Due to relative unique physicochemical behavior of MTBE it would be an ideal candidate for use in environmental forensic investigations.In order to study the transport and distribution of MTBE in saturated zone of ground water,a two-dimensional experimental cell was setup to simulate the real environment of the groundwater flow.The effects of soil and groundwater flow velocity on the MTBE transport were investigated.The results show that the mobile distance of MTBE in vertical direction was smaller than that in horizontal direction paralleling with the groundwater flow.Because the main dynamics of groundwater flow direction was convection and dispersion,the movement of MTBE is also diffusion in the vertical direction.In addition,the transport of MTBE was more quick in high permeability porous media,and the increase of groundwater flow velocity can accelerate the MTBE plume development,but the irregularity and randomness of the plume are enhanced synchronously.These research results can give some helps for the investigation of MTBE movement in the groundwater,also can make some references for other petroleum contamination behavior.

Optimizing the Synthesis of Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether in Continuous Catalytic Distillation Column Using New Ion Exchange Resin Catalyst

Liquid phase synthesis of one of the important fuel oxygenate, ethyl tert-butyl ether （ETBE）, from etha-nol and tert-butyl alcohol （TBA） has been studied in catalytic distillation column （CDC） using ion exchange resin catalyst CT-145H. A packed CDC of 1.2 m height and 50 mm diameter with indigenously developed reactive sec-tion packing was used to generate experimental data. Effect of different key variables on product purity in distillate, was investigated to find the optimum operating conditions for ETBE synthesis. The optimum conditions for 0.2 kg·s-1 of ethanol feed were found：reboiler duty of 375 W, molar feed ratio of 1︰1.3 of reactants, and reflux ratio of 7. Concentration profiles for each component along each column section at optimum conditions were also drawn. Neither output nor input multiplicity was observed at experimental conditions.

Theoretical Studies on the Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions for Methyl Vinyl Ether and Ozone

The interconversion between the two distinct isomers of methyl vinyl ether （MVE）, the formation of the primary ozonides from O3-initated reactions of MVE, the transformation between the primary ozonides, and the subsequent fragmentation were studied using quantum chemical methods at the BHandHLYP/6311＋＋G（d,p） level of theory for optimized geometries and frequency calculations and at the QCISD/631G（d,p） level for the single point energy calculations. The rate coefficients were calculated for the temperature range 280-440 K by using the canonical transition state theory （TST）. For ozone addition to MVE, there are two different possibilities discussed on the basis of two different possible orientations for ozone attack. The results of the theoretical study indicate that although the synperiplanar-MVE is 7.11 kJ/mol more stable than the antiperiplanar-MVE, the antiperiplanar-MVE plays a more important role in formation of the primary ozonides because the primary ozonides formed from the ozone addition antiperiplanar-MVE are more stable and the energy barriers corresponding to transition states are lower. The intereonversion between the primary ozonides formed from the ozone addition to antiperiplanar-MVE is the most accessible compared with the transformations between other primary ozonides. The cleavage of the primary ozonides mainly leads to the formation of the CH2OO, which is in agreement with the experimental estimates. The calculated overall rate constant for the ozone-initiated reactions is 4.8× 10^-17 cm^3/（molecule.s） at 298.15 K, which agrees with the experimental value for ethyl vinyl ether.

POLYMERIZATION OF ISOBUTYL VINYL ETHER CATALYSED BY DINUCLEAR HALF-TITANOCENES

Polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether(IBVE)has been studied with mononuclear half-titanocene,CpTiCl_3[1]and dinuclear half-titanocenes,[(C_5H_4)_2(CH_2)_n][(TiCl_3)_2][2(n=3),3(n=6)],and[(C_5H_4)_2(CH_2)_n[(TiCl_2OR_2](R=2,6- diisopropylphenoxyl)[4(n=3),5(n=6)],in the presence of methyl aluminoxanes(MAO)as cocatalyst in methylene chloride.The influences of the length of polymethylene brigde and the substitution of aryloxy group at the metal center have been investigated at three polymerization temperature(...

A Facile One-pot Method for the Synthesis of Vinyl Ethers from 2-Hydroxyalkyl Phenyl Selenides

A mild, one-pot procedure for the synthesis of vinyl ethers in good yields from 2-hydroxyalkyl phenyl selenides with primary or secondary organic halides has been developed.

Study on Pervaporation Membranes for Removing Methanol from C_5 or Methyl Tert-butyl Ether Mixtures

Several pervaporation membranes, cellulose acetate (CA), polyvinylbutyral (PVB), poly(MMA-co-AA), MMA-AA-BA, CA/PVB blend and CA/poly(MMA-co-AA) blend, were prepared, and their pervaporation properties were evaluated by separation of methanol/C5 or methanol/MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether). The results shows that the CA composite membrane has a high separation performance (flux Jmenthanol =350g.m-2.h-1 and separation factor a > 400) for methanol/C5 mixtures, and the pervaporation characteristics of MMA-AA-BA copolymer membranes changes with the ratio of copolymer. For CA/poly(MMA-co-AA) blend membrane, the pervaporation performance is improved in comparison with CA or poly(MMA-co-AA) membrane. From the experiment of CA/PVB blend membranes for methanol/MTBE mixture, it is found that the compatibility of blends may affect the separation features of blend membrane.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NEW COMBLIKE POLYMER BASED ON POLY (VINYL METHYL ETHER-ALT-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) BACKBONE

A new comblike polymer host for polymer electrolyte was synthesized by reacting monomethyl ether of poly(ethylene glycol) with poly(vinyl methyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) and endcapping the residual carboxylic acid with methanol. Butanone was selected as a solvent for the esterification in order to obtain a completely soluble product. The synthesis process was traced through by LR. Compared with the model compounds, the presumed structure of this comblike polymer has been proved to be valid by C-13 NMR The comb polymer is a white rubbery solid. It can be dissolved in butanone and THF, and manifests good film forming ability.

功能性全氟膦酸酯乙烯基醚的合成

报道了功能性全氟膦酸酯乙烯基醚的合成方法。全氟乙烯基醚磺酰氟经硼氢化钠还原和浓硫酸酸化转化为全氟乙烯基醚亚磺酸,脱亚磺酸和碘化后得到全氟乙烯基醚碘代烷,收率约58%。基于金属试剂-卤化物的交换反应,以全氟乙烯基醚碘代烷和卤(氯/溴)代膦酸酯为反应物,在正丁基锂或格式试剂存在下进行低温反应;或基于Michaelis-Becker反应,在二(三甲基硅基)氨基钠或锂等化学计量下与亚磷酸二乙酯进行反应,均可以成功获得目标单体全氟膦酸酯乙烯基醚,2种路线的分离收率分别为34%和25%。该方法避免使用毒性大的氯气或液溴保护不饱和双键,极大简化了合成步骤,为功能性全氟乙烯基醚类单体和全氟膦酸酯乙烯醚的合成提供了新途径。

IBVE/AANa/VAc无皂乳液的合成与性能

本文以异丁基乙烯基醚、丙烯酸钠和醋酸乙烯酯为反应单体合成无皂乳液。研究了AANa的用量对乳液稳定性的影响,考察了VAc/IBVE的比例与聚合物性能的关系,同时分析了乳胶粒的形貌。结果表明,亲水性单体AANa对乳液的稳定性、粒径大小影响较大。调整反应单体VAc/IBVE的比例可以得到不同分子量、不同玻璃化转变温度的聚合物,该无皂乳液具有明显的核壳结构。

乙烯基醚系列产品合成过程的热力学研究

乙烯基醚是一类重要的聚合单体,但针对其合成过程的系统热力学分析尚未见报道。分别采用Benson法、Joback法等方法,以经典热力学公式为基础,计算了乙炔与不同醇(甲醇、乙醇、丁醇、异丁醇以及叔丁醇)合成对应乙烯基醚类化合物(乙烯基甲醚、乙烯基乙醚、乙烯基丁醚、乙烯基异丁醚以及乙烯基叔丁醚)的热力学参数,包括在反应温度为283~363 K下的焓变(△_(r) H^(θ))、熵变(△_(r) S^(θ))、吉布斯自由能(△_(r) G^(θ))和反应平衡常数(K)。系统分析和总结了不同结构的醇与乙炔发生亲核加成反应过程的难易程度,以及热力学反应参数的变化规律。结果表明,所有反应均为强放热反应且均可自发进行,反应温度越低反应进行得越彻底。即使在近室温(283 K)条件下,乙烯基醚类化合物仍可顺利合成,且反应温度越低,安全性越高。本研究结果可为乙烯基醚工业化生产提供理论指导。

聚羧酸超塑化剂的制备及性能研究

为实现混凝土中水泥等材料的高效分散,以乙烯基丁基聚氧乙烯、丙烯酸等大单体为主要材料,添加金属氧化物助剂、烯丙基磺酸钠小分子单体以及H_(2)O_(2)引发剂等材料制备聚羧酸超塑化剂(VPCE)。从丙烯酸用量、引发剂成分、反应温度以及小分子单体种类等方面优化聚羧酸超塑化剂的制备方案。研究表明,VPCE的最优制备方案为:单体烯丙基磺酸钠、丙烯酸、乙烯基丁基聚氧乙烯的合理用量分别为2.50、9.88、90.00 g,最优引发体系为H_(2)O_(2)/ZnO,用量分别为1.50、0.01 g,最优反应温度为20℃,引发剂最佳滴加时间为45 min。最优方案制备的聚羧酸超塑化剂,水泥净浆的流动度可达到283 mm。

全氟乙烯基醚类单体的自由基共聚合、基于“SuFEx”点击反应的后修饰及其性能

首先在常压和非氟溶剂中通过自由基热引发共聚合制备了6种全氟乙烯基醚类单体与非氟乙烯基醚类单体的共聚物,然后经“SuFEx”点击反应进行功能化修饰制得聚合物分子刷,进一步通过透析法构筑高含氟量的聚合物纳米粒子。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氟谱(^(19)F-NMR)、核磁共振氢谱(^(1)H-NMR)差示扫描量热分析(DSC)和凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)等详细表征了含氟聚合物的结构、接枝率及物化性能,证明全氟乙烯基醚类单体与非氟乙烯基醚类单体共聚合得到交替共聚物,与乙酸乙烯酯单体共聚合得到无规共聚物。同时“SuFEx”点击反应可以实现磺酰氟(―SO_(2)F)共聚物侧链的高效接枝。紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、动态光散射(DLS)和透射电镜(TEM)分析表明,两亲性氟化共聚物自组装形成了流体力学粒径120 nm左右的球形胶束状聚集体,且具有较低的临界聚集浓度。

全氟正丙基乙烯基醚的合成研究进展

对全氟正丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)的合成和纯化专利和文献进行了总结。通过分析PPVE现有主要合成和纯化方法的特点,为氟化工和制药等行业在合成、纯化以及应用PPVE时提供技术参考。

磺化聚乙烯醇/侧链磺化聚芳醚酮交联复合膜的制备与性能

通过溶液共混热处理方法,制备了磺化聚乙烯醇(SPVA)含量不同的SPVA/侧链磺化聚芳醚酮交联复合膜(Cr-SSPxx)。交联网络结构有效增强了交联复合膜的力学性能、热稳定性、氧化稳定性及尺寸稳定性,扫描电镜显示,交联复合膜呈现了更好的相容性和均一性。随交联度增加,交联复合膜的溶胀率呈现明显下降趋势,在25℃和80℃时,Cr-SSP30膜的溶胀率分别仅有3.7%和7.6%。由于SPVA对醇有阻碍作用,以及交联网络结构增加了膜的致密性,故该系列Cr-SSPxx膜展现出非常优秀的阻醇性能,交联复合膜的甲醇渗透率明显低于纯S-SPAEK膜和磺化聚乙烯醇/侧链型磺化聚芳醚酮复合膜,Cr-SSP30膜的甲醇渗透率仅为9.4×10^(-8) cm^(2)/s。虽然与磺化聚乙烯醇/侧链型磺化聚芳醚酮复合膜相比,交联复合膜的质子传导率有所降低,但由于独特的侧链磺化结构能够促进质子传导,质子传导率最低的Cr-SSP30膜的传导率在25℃和80℃时也都分别达到了0.034 S/cm和0.065 S/cm,同时表现出了更高的质子选择性,能够满足直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)的使用要求,有望在DMFC中得到应用。

微通道反应法合成乙二醇单乙烯基醚的工艺研究

以乙二醇(EG)和乙炔为原料,以氢氧化钾为催化剂,使用微通道反应器合成乙二醇单乙烯基醚(EGVE),考察合成工艺参数对转化率和反应选择性的影响,并通过红外确认目标产物。结果表明,最佳的微通道反应法合成工艺条件为温度180℃,背压0.75 MPa,催化剂量为6%~8%,进液速度1 mL/min。反应后转化率为28%以上,反应选择性为85%以上,红外结构与标准图谱一致。

五氟丙酰氟的制备及应用

综述了以六氟环氧丙烷及其低聚物、三氟甲基三氟乙烯基醚、全氟丙酸全氟丙酯及丙酸丙酯、丙酸酐为原料制备五氟丙酰氟的方法及其优缺点,概述了五氟丙酰氟下游含氟精细化学品的的应用前景,为五氟丙酰氟的制备及应用提供参考。

异丁基乙烯基醚-马来酸酐共聚物化工合成及表征分析研究

为研究异丁基乙烯基醚-马来酸酐共聚物的相关特性,采用溶液自由基共聚合方法,实验合成了异丁基乙烯基醚与马来酸酐交替共聚物。对比研究了反应时间、溶剂比、加料方式、溶剂种类和聚合温度等因素对共聚产品收率及产品特性黏度的影响。将马来酸酐和异丁基乙烯基醚混和物溶解在乙酸乙烯酯中,滴加入57℃下的环己烷中,合成得到异丁基乙烯基醚和马来酸酐的交替共聚物,产率在90%以上。