In many machine learning applications,data are not free,and there is a test cost for each data item. For the economical reason,some existing works try to minimize the test cost and at the same time,preserve a particul...In many machine learning applications,data are not free,and there is a test cost for each data item. For the economical reason,some existing works try to minimize the test cost and at the same time,preserve a particular property of a given decision system. In this paper,we point out that the test cost one can afford is limited in some applications. Hence,one has to sacrifice respective properties to keep the test cost under a budget. To formalize this issue,we define the test cost constraint attribute reduction problem,where the optimization objective is to minimize the conditional information entropy. This problem is an essential generalization of both the test-cost-sensitive attribute reduction problem and the 0-1 knapsack problem,therefore it is more challenging. We propose a heuristic algorithm based on the information gain and test costs to deal with the new problem. The algorithm is tested on four UCI（University of California-Irvine） datasets with various test cost settings. Experimental results indicate the appropriate setting of the only user-specified parameter λ.展开更多
This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the...This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the proposed work is to find the relationship between the test model of an overriding method and its overridden method using the constraint propagation. In this context the approach shows that the test cases developed for testing an original method can be used for testing its overriding method in a subclass and then the number of test cases can be reduced considerably. The second objective is the use of invalid data which do not satisfy the precondition constraint and induce valid output values for introducing a new concept of test called secure testing. The implementation of this approach is based on a random generation of test data and analysis by formal proof.展开更多
基于车车通信的TACS(Train Autonomous Control System)列车运行系统通过深度融合车载控制系统和信号系统来实现线路资源管理、列车定位及追踪运行等各项关键功能,对可靠性和安全性的要求严格。针对TACS系统在复杂场景下的车载设备测试...基于车车通信的TACS(Train Autonomous Control System)列车运行系统通过深度融合车载控制系统和信号系统来实现线路资源管理、列车定位及追踪运行等各项关键功能,对可靠性和安全性的要求严格。针对TACS系统在复杂场景下的车载设备测试存在输入空间组合爆炸、测试用例冗余甚至无效等问题,提出一种车载设备分阶段组合测试方法。首先,以TACS车载设备自动折返场景为研究对象,依据相关规范文件分析其功能需求,提出测试阶段的划分原则与方法,辨识各个阶段下的测试参数、取值及约束,建立各阶段测试模型。其次,提出一种基于测试需求分阶段优化覆盖的组合测试用例生成算法,通过计算各阶段下的测试需求,采用基于贪婪覆盖策略的算法,结合Z3约束求解器,动态生成组合测试用例,实现约束异构影响下的测试需求全覆盖。最后,得到满足约束条件和覆盖强度的车载设备测试用例集。研究结果表明:该方法能够生成满足约束及覆盖率的测试用例集,有效减少了同一场景下模型间67.75%的冗余覆盖;与主流测试工具进行对比,该方法在覆盖强度为2时减少约50%的冗余测试用例,在覆盖强度为3时减少约36%的冗余测试用例。研究成果通过提高测试用例集的精简性,有效地降低了测试成本,为TACS车载设备测试用例的生成提供了参考。展开更多
Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic t...Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). In addition, ATPG needs to deal with new defects caused by process variation when IC is shrinking. To reduce the computation effort of ATPG, test generation could be started earlier at higher abstraction level, which is in line with top-down design methodology that has become more popular nowadays. In this research, we employ Chen’s high-level fault model in the high-level ATPG. Besides shorter ATPG time as shown in many previous works, our study showed that high-level ATPG also contributes to test compaction. This is because most of the high-level faults correlate with the gate-level collapsed faults especially at input/output of the modules in a circuit. The high-level ATPG prototype used in our work is mainly composed by constraint-driven test generation engine and fault simulation engine. Experimental result showed that more reduced/compact test set can be generated from the high-level ATPG.展开更多
Image segmentation is a key and fundamental problem in image processing,computer graphics,and computer vision.Level set based method for image segmentation is used widely for its topology flexibility and proper mathem...Image segmentation is a key and fundamental problem in image processing,computer graphics,and computer vision.Level set based method for image segmentation is used widely for its topology flexibility and proper mathematical formulation.However,poor performance of existing level set models on noisy images and weak boundary limit its application in image segmentation.In this paper,we present a region consistency constraint term to measure the regional consistency on both sides of the boundary,this term defines the boundary of the image within a range,and hence increases the stability of the level set model.The term can make existing level set models significantly improve the efficiency of the algorithms on segmenting images with noise and weak boundary.Furthermore,this constraint term can make edge-based level set model overcome the defect of sensitivity to the initial contour.The experimental results show that our algorithm is efficient for image segmentation and outperform the existing state-of-art methods regarding images with noise and weak boundary.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 60873077/F020107
文摘In many machine learning applications,data are not free,and there is a test cost for each data item. For the economical reason,some existing works try to minimize the test cost and at the same time,preserve a particular property of a given decision system. In this paper,we point out that the test cost one can afford is limited in some applications. Hence,one has to sacrifice respective properties to keep the test cost under a budget. To formalize this issue,we define the test cost constraint attribute reduction problem,where the optimization objective is to minimize the conditional information entropy. This problem is an essential generalization of both the test-cost-sensitive attribute reduction problem and the 0-1 knapsack problem,therefore it is more challenging. We propose a heuristic algorithm based on the information gain and test costs to deal with the new problem. The algorithm is tested on four UCI（University of California-Irvine） datasets with various test cost settings. Experimental results indicate the appropriate setting of the only user-specified parameter λ.
文摘This paper presents an approach for extending the constraint model defined for conformity testing of a given method of class to its overriding method in subclass using inheritance principle. The first objective of the proposed work is to find the relationship between the test model of an overriding method and its overridden method using the constraint propagation. In this context the approach shows that the test cases developed for testing an original method can be used for testing its overriding method in a subclass and then the number of test cases can be reduced considerably. The second objective is the use of invalid data which do not satisfy the precondition constraint and induce valid output values for introducing a new concept of test called secure testing. The implementation of this approach is based on a random generation of test data and analysis by formal proof.
文摘基于车车通信的TACS(Train Autonomous Control System)列车运行系统通过深度融合车载控制系统和信号系统来实现线路资源管理、列车定位及追踪运行等各项关键功能,对可靠性和安全性的要求严格。针对TACS系统在复杂场景下的车载设备测试存在输入空间组合爆炸、测试用例冗余甚至无效等问题,提出一种车载设备分阶段组合测试方法。首先,以TACS车载设备自动折返场景为研究对象,依据相关规范文件分析其功能需求,提出测试阶段的划分原则与方法,辨识各个阶段下的测试参数、取值及约束,建立各阶段测试模型。其次,提出一种基于测试需求分阶段优化覆盖的组合测试用例生成算法,通过计算各阶段下的测试需求,采用基于贪婪覆盖策略的算法,结合Z3约束求解器,动态生成组合测试用例,实现约束异构影响下的测试需求全覆盖。最后,得到满足约束条件和覆盖强度的车载设备测试用例集。研究结果表明:该方法能够生成满足约束及覆盖率的测试用例集,有效减少了同一场景下模型间67.75%的冗余覆盖;与主流测试工具进行对比,该方法在覆盖强度为2时减少约50%的冗余测试用例,在覆盖强度为3时减少约36%的冗余测试用例。研究成果通过提高测试用例集的精简性,有效地降低了测试成本,为TACS车载设备测试用例的生成提供了参考。
文摘Advancements in semiconductor technology are making gate-level test generation more challenging. This is because a large amount of detailed structural information must be processed in the search process of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). In addition, ATPG needs to deal with new defects caused by process variation when IC is shrinking. To reduce the computation effort of ATPG, test generation could be started earlier at higher abstraction level, which is in line with top-down design methodology that has become more popular nowadays. In this research, we employ Chen’s high-level fault model in the high-level ATPG. Besides shorter ATPG time as shown in many previous works, our study showed that high-level ATPG also contributes to test compaction. This is because most of the high-level faults correlate with the gate-level collapsed faults especially at input/output of the modules in a circuit. The high-level ATPG prototype used in our work is mainly composed by constraint-driven test generation engine and fault simulation engine. Experimental result showed that more reduced/compact test set can be generated from the high-level ATPG.
基金supported in part by the NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund of the Integration of Informatization and Industrialization(U1609218)NSFC(61772312,61373078,61772253)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province(2017GGX10110)NSF of Shandong Province(ZR2016FM21,ZR2016FM13)
文摘Image segmentation is a key and fundamental problem in image processing,computer graphics,and computer vision.Level set based method for image segmentation is used widely for its topology flexibility and proper mathematical formulation.However,poor performance of existing level set models on noisy images and weak boundary limit its application in image segmentation.In this paper,we present a region consistency constraint term to measure the regional consistency on both sides of the boundary,this term defines the boundary of the image within a range,and hence increases the stability of the level set model.The term can make existing level set models significantly improve the efficiency of the algorithms on segmenting images with noise and weak boundary.Furthermore,this constraint term can make edge-based level set model overcome the defect of sensitivity to the initial contour.The experimental results show that our algorithm is efficient for image segmentation and outperform the existing state-of-art methods regarding images with noise and weak boundary.
