Drug Susceptibility Test of Volatile Oil of Artemisiaargyi to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The volatile oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction, and the extraction rate of volatile oil was 0.68%. Thevolatile oil of A. argyi was emulsified with 1% Tween-80, and drug susceptibility test was conducted with avian Escherichia coli. The results showedthat the volatile oil of A. argyi had antibacterial effect against avian E. coli, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 50 mg/mL. Taking sixcommon antibiotics as the control, drug susceptibility test was conducted with volatile oil of A. argyi. The results showed that 10 strains of E. coliwere sensitive to the volatile oil of A. argyi, three of which had different degrees of resistance and one had the tendency of resistance.

Patch testing and cross sensitivity study of adverse cutaneous drug reactions due to anticonvulsants: A preliminary report

AIM To evaluate the utility of patch test and cross-sensitivity patterns in patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions(ACDR) from common anticonvulsants. METHODS Twenty-four(M:F = 13:11) patients aged 18-75 years with ACDR from anticonvulsants were patch tested 3-27 mo after complete recovery using carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and sodium valproate in 10%, 20% and 30% conc. in pet. after informed consent. Positive reactions persisting on D3 and D4 were considered significant. RESULTS Clinical patterns were exanthematous drug rash with or without systemic involvement(DRESS) in 18(75%), Stevens-Johnsons syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis(SJS/TEN) overlap and TEN in 2(8.3%) patients each, SJS and lichenoid drug eruption in 1(4.2%) patient each, respectively. The implicated drugs were phenytoin in 14(58.3%), carbamazepine in 9(37.5%), phenobarbitone in 2(8.3%), and lamotrigine in 1(4.7%) patients,respectively. Twelve(50%) patients elicited positive reactions to implicated drugs; carbamazepine in 6(50%), phenytoin alone in 4(33.3%), phenobarbitone alone in 1(8.3%), and both phenytoin and phenobarbitone in 1(8.33%) patients, respectively. Cross-reactions occurred in 11(92%) patients. Six patients with carbamazepine positive patch test reaction showed cross sensitivity with phenobarbitone, sodium valproate and/or lamotrigine. Three(75%) patients among positive phenytoin patch test reactions had cross reactions with phenobarbitone, lamotrigine, and/or valproate. CONCLUSION Carbamazepine remains the commonest anticonvulsant causing ACDRs and cross-reactions with other anticonvulsants are possible. Drug patch testing appears useful in DRESS for drug imputability and cross-reactions established clinically.

Isolation and Identification of Pseudomonas solanacearum and Its Drug Sensitivity Test

Ten pathogenic strains were isolated fi-om gingers infected by blast, and were identified by substrate utilization test and biochemical test. The identifica- tion results showed that these ten strains accorded with the basic characteristics of Pseudomonas solanacearum. Drug sensitivity test of ten strains was carried out, and prevention agents were screened to provide an experimental basis for the control of ginger blast.

Threefold Increase in the Number of Drug Resistant TB Cases after Introduction of Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing: Experiences from Two South India Districts

Background: In India, tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, and the advent of drug resistance TB (DR-TB) has worsened the situation. The Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) has introduced universal drug susceptibility testing (UDST) for all diagnosed TB cases in 2018. We conducted this study to know the advantage of implementing UDST when compared to selective testing existent in 2017 on key diagnostic cascade parameters and to identify the challenges in the implementation of UDST. Methods: The study was conducted in two districts of Karnataka, India during January 2017-December 2018. The quantitative part consisted of before-and-after design and the qualitative part consisted of descriptive design. Results: In 2017 (during selective testing/“before” period) out of the 2440 TB patients, 80 (3%) were diagnosed with Isoniazid and Rifampicin resistance patients;in contrast in 2018 (during UDST/“after” period) of the 5129 TB patients 258 (5%) were diagnosed with Isoniazid and Rifampicin resistance. However, the proportion of eligible patients tested for rifampicin resistance during the “after” period was 60% when compared to 100% during the “before” period and median turnaround time for testing was also longer during the “after” period when compared to the “before” period (32.5 days vs 27.5 days). Major reasons for these two gaps were found to be difficulties in collecting sputum specimens and transportation. Conclusion: The rollout of UDST has led to a three-fold increase in a number of DR-TB cases detected in the region. There is a need for the programme to increase the proportion tested for DST by increasing the laboratory capacity and address the challenges in sputum collection and transportation.

Drug Sensitivity Test and Regression Verification of Escherichia coli from Rex Rabbit

[ Objectives] The paper aimed to select drugs reasonably for treatment of rex rabbit colibacillosis, and to isolate the pathogenicity of Escherichia coll. [ Methods ] Pathogen isolation, drug sensitivity test and pathogen regression test were performed with rex rabbits killed by E. coli in clinic. [ Results] The isolate was E. coli 0-23, susceptible to amikacin and cefotaxime sodium; when the challenge dose was 1.0 mL/rabbit （about one billion E. coli）, the test animal would discharge mucous feces. [ Conclusions] The results provided model support for clinical medicine selection against rex rabbit colibacillosis.

Isolation, Identification and Drug Sensitivity Test of a Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain from Minks with Diarrhea

[Objectives] The study aimed to identify the pathogen that causes diarrhea in minks. [Methods] Liver tissues were aseptically collected from dead minks with diarrhea. By bacterial isolation and culture,morphological observation,biochemical test and pathogenicity test,the isolated strain was identified as pathogenic E. coli. [Results]The pathogen causing diarrhea in minks was confirmed as a pathogenic E. coli strain. Drug sensitivity test indicated that the isolated pathogenic E. coli strain was highly sensitive to ceftazidime,cefotaxime,enrofloxacin,florfenicol and cephradine,moderately sensitive to ampicillin,ciprofloxacin,amikacin,doxycycline,lincomycin and gentamycin,and resistant to amoxycillin,neomycin,spectinomycin,polymyxin and penicillin. [Conclusions] This study provided reference for the prevention and control of abortion in female minks in Qinhuangdao region.

Bioengineered humanized livers as better three-dimensional drug testing model system

AIM To develop appropriate humanized three-dimensional ex-vivo model system for drug testing. METHODS Bioengineered humanized livers were developed in this study using human hepatic stem cells repopulation within the acellularized liver scaffolds which mimics with the natural organ anatomy and physiology. Six cytochrome P-450 probes were used to enable efficient identification of drug metabolism in bioengineered humanized livers. The drug metabolism study in bioengineered livers was evaluated to identify the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity responses.RESULTS The bioengineered humanized livers showed cellular and molecular characteristics of human livers. The bioengineered liver showed three-dimensional natural architecture with intact vasculature and extra-cellular matrix. Human hepatic cells were engrafted similar to the human liver. Drug metabolism studies provided a suitable platform alternative to available ex-vivo and in vivo models for identifying cellular and molecular dynamics of pharmacological drugs.CONCLUSION The present study paves a way towards the development of suitable humanized preclinical model systems for pharmacological testing. This approach may reduce the cost and time duration of preclinical drug testing and further overcomes on the anatomical and physiological variations in xenogeneic systems.

Isolation and Identification of Four Strains of Salmonella and Drug Susceptibility Test

In order to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria causing dead chickens in a chicken farm in Qinhuangdao area, the liver, heart and other organs of dead chickens suspected of salmonella disease were collected aseptically, and streaked on SS agar medium and chromagar medium. Transparent colonies were observed on SS agar medium, and purple and transparent colonies on CAS medium. The isolate was conducted purification, staining microscopy, biochemical tests, and 16 S rRNA sequence analysis, and the results showed that four strains of the isolated bacte-ria were salmonella. The 16 S rRNA sequence analysis of four strains of salmonella showed that the isolates shared more than 99% homology. Drug susceptibility test was performed using paper method, and the results showed that most of the strains were resistant to tilmicosin, cefradine and sul-famethoxazole, but were sensitive to ceftriaxone.

Isolation, Identification and Drug Susceptibility Test of a Strain of Escherichia coli Causing Fox Pneumonia

[Objective] The paper was to determine the pathogen causing fox pneumonia in a breeding factory in Changli County.[Method]Through autopsy, a dominant strain was isolated from the lung of dead foxes, which was then performed Gram staining, 16 S rRNA sequence analysis and biochemical identification.[Result] The strain was negative in Gram staining, and was identified as E. coli through 16 S rRNA sequence analysis and biochemical identification. Drug susceptibility test was conducted using 15 kinds of drug susceptibility papers. The E. coli was sensitive to florfenicol, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin;intermediately sensitive to amikacin, gentamicin;and strongly resistant to penicillin, ampicillin,cefradine, sulfamethoxazole, lincomycin, streptomycin and amoxicillin.[Conclusion] It is difficult to treat E. coli causing fox pneumonia with traditional antibiotics clinically.

Clinical Distribution and Drug Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in a Hospital from 2019 to 2021

Objective:To analyze the clinical distribution and drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii(AB)and provide reference for the treatment of AB infection.Methods:AB isolated from clinical specimens of Huaihua First People’s Hospital from 2019 to 2021 were collected and identified by VITEK 2 Compact,an automated microbial identification and susceptibility testing system,in which drug sensitivity test was also performed.Excel was used for statistical analysis.Results:Among the 1,311 AB strains,81.16%(1,064 strains)were from sputum samples,and the departments with the highest detections rates of AB were neurosurgery(24.33%),intensive care(15.48%)and infectious disease(11.44%).The drug sensitivity test showed that the resistance rate of 1,311 AB strains to compound sulfamethoxazole and amikacin was 28.38%and 20.54%,respectively,and the resistance rate to 10 other kinds of common antibiotics was more than 40%.Conclusion:The 1,311 AB strains isolated were widely distributed in clinical settings and had strong resistance to commonly used antibiotics.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of pathogens and drug resistance,formulate reasonable and effective infection control measures,and ensure that antibiotics are used in a reasonable manner.

2020—2022年自贡市第一人民医院细菌耐药性监测

目的了解自贡市第一人民医院临床分离菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集我院2020—2022年临床分离菌株,采用VITEK自动化鉴定及药敏系统、纸片扩散法及E-test方法进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感试验,以2022年美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)折点标准判断结果。结果共分离出临床菌株13324株,其中革兰阴性菌占69.6%,革兰阳性菌占30.4%。前五位分离菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和流感嗜血杆菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为24.1%和73.0%。耐利奈唑胺屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的检出率分别为2.1%和12.4%,分离出1株耐万古霉素的屎肠球菌。脑脊液中分离的4株肺炎链球菌均为青霉素非敏感菌株,未检出非脑脊液来源耐青霉素肺炎链球菌。耐碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌的检出率为12.3%。而耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率低,分别为1.1%和2.9%。铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和庆大霉素的耐药率逐年增加;鲍曼不动杆菌对常见抗菌药物耐药率明显高于铜绿假单胞菌,耐碳青霉烯类菌株检出率分别为41.9%和6.9%。未分离出耐头孢噻肟的流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌。结论临床分离菌以革兰阴性菌为主,常见分离菌的耐药率呈现平稳或略有降低的特点。然而,耐利奈唑胺粪肠球菌和耐阿莫西林/克拉维酸流感嗜血杆菌检出率明显升高,应加强医院感染防控措施和抗菌药物的合理使用。

某医院近10年大肠埃希菌分离率和耐药率的变迁情况

目的总结近10年中国医科大学附属第一医院大肠埃希菌的分离率和耐药率,为临床抗感染经验治疗提供依据。方法数据来自2013年至2022年间从中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊患者中分离的大肠埃希菌,使用VITEK 2和VITEK MS进行菌种鉴定,使用VITEK2和KB法进行药物敏感性试验,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行分析。结果2013年至2022年共分离6845株菌株,其中80.5%来自住院患者,19.5%来自门诊和急诊患者。常见标本类型为尿液(57.8%)、血液(15.0%)、分泌物(9.2%)、引流液(8.1%)。大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)分离率为57.2%(54.3%~61.5%)。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率较低,仅为1.2%(0.2%~2.6%)。结论大肠埃希菌仍是临床感染的重要病原菌,对多种抗菌药物存在不同程度的耐药,且耐药率有上升趋势,临床医师应给予足够的关注。

蜥蜴源黏质沙雷氏菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验

为弄清西北农林科技大学博览园1只观赏蜥蜴突发全身皮肤化脓溃烂、尾巴坏死脱落的病原,采集患病蜥蜴的坏死病灶及血液病料进行细菌分离纯化、生理生化试验、动物致病性试验、16S rRNA基因测序鉴定。结果显示,从病料中分离并纯化出1株菌株,该分离菌株的生理生化特性与黏质沙雷氏菌相符,且该菌对实验小鼠有致病性,其16S rRNA基因序列与NCBI中黏质沙雷氏菌的参考序列同源性为98%。结果表明,所分离到的菌株为黏质沙雷氏菌。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌株对诺氟沙星、丁胺卡那、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星、头孢噻肟等5种抗菌药物高度敏感,对复方新诺明中度敏感,对环丙沙星、头孢噻吩、庆大霉素、头孢氨苄、苯唑西林、多黏菌素B、林可霉素、四环素、氨苄西林等9种抗菌药物耐药。研究结果为筛选有效治疗药物提供了参考依据。

利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果的工作模式探讨

目的 探讨利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果工作模式的意义。方法 介绍利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验的工作流程、工作开展情况。结果 我院将常规药敏试验解读工作形成标准化系统板块嵌入临床药师工作站中,医生站以及检验科LIS系统与其智能化链接,使得报告的查收、发送以及接收均在线上完成,减少了中间环节,医生可在查收药敏试验结果的同时,更清晰地查看临床药师的用药建议。结论 利用临床药师工作站解读药敏试验结果的工作模式充分利用了信息化优势,提高了临床药师的临床参与度。该工作模式可量化,且覆盖科室范围较广,获得了临床的认可。

2022年沈阳市某三级甲等医院细菌耐药监测结果分析

目的分析2022年沈阳市某三级甲等医院病原菌分布及其耐药情况,为医院制定抗菌药物应用策略提供依据。方法收集从2022年沈阳市某三级甲等医院就诊患者中分离的病原菌,按照全国临床检验操作规程的要求进行菌株鉴定及药敏试验,使用Whonet 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果2022年共分离4968株病原菌,其中前5位为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、屎肠球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯药物耐药率分别为1.9%和17.7%,阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为26.7%和25.0%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)分离率15.6%。万古霉素耐药屎肠球菌、利奈唑胺耐药粪肠球菌分离率分别为7.1%、11.6%。热带念珠菌对氟康唑耐药率>20%。结论该医院病原菌分布及耐药率与国内其他地区监测结果存在差异,有必要进行医院菌株的耐药监测,及时了解病原菌分布及耐药情况,为抗感染诊治提供依据。

耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌耐药特征及联合治疗策略

目的 分析耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)的基因分型和耐药性,并评估头孢他啶/阿维巴坦(CZA)与其他抗菌药物联合使用对CRKP治疗效果的影响,为临床提供更有效的治疗策略。方法 分析2023年10-12月成都市第三人民医院住院患者标本中分离的CRKP菌株。采用Atofms100全自动微生物质谱检测仪和MicroScan-96细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对菌株进行鉴定和药敏分析,用胶体金免疫层析技术对菌株进行耐碳青霉烯酶基因分型。采用纸片扩散法检测CZA与氨曲南(ATM)、美罗培南(MEM)联合应用的药敏反应。结果 共分离出CRKP 210株,其中产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶126株(占比60.0%),产金属β-内酰胺酶81株(占比38.6%)。CRKP对多数β-内酰胺类和碳青霉烯类抗生素表现出高耐药率,而对多粘菌素B、替加环素和CZA表现出较高敏感性。携带不同耐药基因类型的CRKP在药物敏感性上有所分化。CZA与ATM、MEM的联合药敏试验显示,对于产金属β-内酰胺酶和产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶CRKP菌株,CZA与ATM展现出良好的协同作用,协同率分别为100.0%(81/81)和99.2%(125/126);对于产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶CRKP,CZA与MEM也显示出协同作用,协同率为99.2%(125/126)。结论 CRKP分离率高,耐药性强。不同基因亚型的CRKP抗菌药物敏感性有所差异。CZA与ATM、MEM的联合使用为治疗不同基因分型CRKP感染提供了有效策略。建议在临床治疗中,根据CRKP的产酶类型选择合适的联合用药方案。

湖南某规模奶牛场乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为明确湖南某规模奶牛场临床型乳房炎病原菌种类及耐药情况,对32份临床型乳房炎患牛乳样进行传统细菌培养、生化试验、16S rDNA核苷酸序列检测和药敏试验。结果共分离鉴定大肠杆菌23株,乳房链球菌12株,肺炎克雷伯氏菌5株,样品检出率分别为71.9%(23/32)、37.5%(12/32)、15.6%(5/32);药敏试验显示,大部分大肠杆菌和乳房链球菌对青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、林可霉素耐药严重,耐药率达50%~86.9%,对亚胺培南、四环素及红霉素较敏感,敏感率达75%~82.6%;肺炎克雷伯氏菌对大部分抗生素耐药程度较低,对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、四环素、红霉素敏感率为100%。建议该养殖场抓好环境卫生、提高生物安全,建立科学、合理治疗方案。

烫疗药提取工艺及质量标准提升研究

目的:优选烫疗药浸渍提取工艺,提升烫疗药质量标准。方法:以浸渍溶剂浓度、浸渍时间、浸渍温度、原料粉碎度为考察因素,以川续断皂苷Ⅵ含量和醇溶性浸出物为评价指标,通过L9(34)正交试验优选烫疗药最佳浸渍提取工艺;采用薄层色谱法(TLC)对烫疗药中防风、大黄、姜黄进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对川续断皂苷Ⅵ进行定量测定。结果:筛选的最佳浸提工艺为将烫疗药处方饮片粉碎成细粉碎度,以50%的乙醇为溶剂,室温下浸渍5 d;川续断皂苷Ⅵ在19.30715~154.45720μg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均加样回收率为102.37%,RSD=1.48%(n=6);定性鉴别中防风、大黄、姜黄斑点清晰,分离效果较好,具有鉴别特征。结论:优选的浸提工艺稳定可行;所建立的质量控制方法稳定性及重现性良好,专属性较强,可作为烫疗药的质量控制依据。

儿童重症肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液的病原菌及药敏试验分析

目的了解儿童重症肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的病原菌及药敏试验情况。方法选取该院2021年1月至2023年4月收治的100例重症肺炎患儿作为研究对象,对所有患儿进行支气管镜肺泡灌洗,并分析其BALF病原菌及药敏试验情况。结果100例患儿BALF中共培养出病原菌131株,革兰阴性菌98株(74.81%),革兰阳性球菌33株(25.19%),其中流感嗜血杆菌(25.19%)、肺炎链球菌(21.37%)占比较高,卡他布兰汉菌(15.27%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.45%)其次。重症肺炎患儿BALF中前4位病原菌主要以<1岁(97.37%)、1~3岁(96.88%)占比较高,>3~7岁(94.12%)、>7~14岁(92.31%)相对较少。各年龄BALF中流感嗜血杆菌、卡他布兰汉菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分布情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);各年龄BALF中肺炎链球菌分布情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。20株流感嗜血杆菌对四环素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、复方磺胺甲噁唑均较敏感,对氯霉素敏感性其次,对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛耐药性均较高;15株卡他布兰汉菌对头孢噻肟较敏感,对氨苄西林耐药性最高;8株肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟较敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、氯霉素耐药性均较高,对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、四环素耐药性其次;20株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、氯霉素均较敏感,对青霉素G、泰利霉素敏感性其次,对复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药性较高,对四环素、头孢噻肟、克林霉素耐药性其次。结论儿童重症肺炎BALF中病原菌以流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌多见,且0~3岁患儿病原菌占比高于>3~14岁,临床应合理用药以预防耐药菌株产生。