Excitation and Detection of Shear Horizontal Waves with Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Nondestructive Testing of Plates

The fundamental shear horizontal（SH0） wave has several unique features that are attractive for long-range nondestructive testing（NDT）. By a careful design of the geometric configuration, electromagnetic acoustic transducers（EMATs） have the capability to generate a wide range of guided wave modes, such as Lamb waves and shear-horizontal（SH） waves in plates. However, the performance of EMATs is influenced by their parameters. To evaluate the performance of periodic permanent magnet（PPM） EMATs, a distributed-line-source model is developed to calculate the angular acoustic field cross-section in the far-field. Numerical analysis is conducted to investigate the performance of such EMATs with different geometric parameters, such as period and number of magnet arrays, and inner and outer coil widths. Such parameters have a great influence on the directivity of the generated SH0 waves that arises mainly in the amplitude and width of both main and side lobes. According to the numerical analysis, these parameters are optimized to obtain better directivity. Optimized PPM EMATs are designed and used for NDT of strip plates. Experimental results show that the lateral boundary of the strip plate has no perceivable influence on SHO-wave propagation, thus validating their used in NDT. The proposed model predicts the radiation pattern ofPPM EMATs, and can be used for their parameter optimization.

Numerical simulation of plate rigid restraint cracking tests based on cohesive element model

Cohesive element is developed from the Dugdal-Barenblatt model in the field of fracture mechanics. The mechanical constitutive relation of cohesive element can be artificially assumed depending on the specific applications. It has been successfully applied in the study of crystal plasticity/brittle fracture process and decohesion between delaminations. In this paper, tensile experiments of large steel plate with different length of pre-existing cracks are conducted. Based on commercial software ABAQUS, cohesive element is adopted to simulate the tensile tests, and appropriate parameter values are obtained by fitting displacement-force curves. Using these parameters, a numerical method is presented by applying cohesive element to thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method （TEP-FEM） to simulate plate rigid restraint cracking （PRRC） tests. By changing constitutive relation of cohesive element, dimensions of the model and welding conditions, the influence of welding restraint intensity and welding conditions on the crack propagation are discussed, respectively. Three types of welding cold cracking are simulated. Significant influence of welding cold cracking on resistant stress in welding line is captured by this numerical method.

Comparison of the Rose Bengal Plate and the Complement Fixation Tests with the Tube Agglutination Test for Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of economic importance. The clinical manifestations vary in humans;therefore a good diagnostic test is required to confirm the disease. The serum tube agglutination (SA) test, though still the most widely test used, can be problematic for the diagnosis of chronic infections. The other supplementary tests, such as the complement fixation (CF) test and ELISA, require special equipment, reagents and trained personnel. The Rose Bengal plate (RBP) test has shown potential as a good rapid diagnostic test. This is a report of serum samples from suspected cases of brucellosis that were tested using the RBP, SA and CF tests. The RBP test was shown to have a better relative sensitivity and as good specificity as the SA when compared with the CF test, and may be a useful initial diagnostic test for hospitals in remote rural areas if properly conducted with well stored antigen.

Testing of a Full-Scale Composite Floor Plate

A full-scale composite floor plate was tested to investigate the flexural behavior and in-plane effects of the floor slab in a grillage of composite beams that reduces the tendency for longitudinal splitting of the concrete slab along the line of the primary beams. This is important in cases where the steel decking is discontinuous when it is orientated parallel to the beams. In this case, it is important to demonstrate that the amount of transverse reinforcement required to transfer local forces from the shear connectors can be reduced relative to the requirements of Eurocode 4. The mechanism under study involved in-plane compression forces being developed in the slab due to the restraining action of the floor plate, which was held in position by the peripheral composite beams;while the secondary beams acted as transverse ties to resist the forces in the floor plate that would otherwise lead to splitting of the slab along the line of the primary beams. The tendency for cracking along the center line of the primary beam and at the peripheral beams was closely monitored. This is the first large floor plate test that has been carried out under laboratory conditions since the Cardington tests in the early 1990s, although those tests were not carried out to failure. This floor plate test was designed so that the longitudinal force transferred by the primary beams was relatively high (i.e., it was designed for full shear connection), but the transverse reinforcement was taken as the minimum of 0.2% of the concrete area. The test confirmed that the primary beams reached their plastic bending resistance despite the discontinuous decking and transverse reinforcement at the minimum percentage given in Eurocode 4. Based on this test, a reduction factor due to shear connectors at edge beams without U-bars is proposed.

Horizontal Push Plate Test and Simulation of CRTS II Slab Ballastless Track

Good interlayer interface performance is the key to maintaining the stability of CRTSⅡslab ballastless track structure.In a project,the tangential cohesion parameters of CRTSⅡslab ballastless track structure are generally measured by horizontal push plate test,so as to measure the interlayer interface performance.Horizontal push plate contraction scale and full scale tests of CRTSⅡslab ballastless track structure are carried out to obtain the tangential force-displacement relation curve of the interlayer interface,thus obtaining the parameters of cohesion model.A threedimensional progressive damage analysis model for CRTSⅡslab ballastless track structure is established,the whole process inversion of the horizontal push plate test is carried out,and the reliability of the contraction scale test results is verified by means of simulation and comparative analysis of test results.The results show that the greater the tangential stiffness of the interlayer interface of the track structure,the weaker the interlayer deformation coordination capability;the more significant the non-uniformity of the interface damage,the more likely the stress concentration;the greater the fracture toughness,the less likely the disjoint in the interlayer interface of the track structure.

Edge crack growth of mortar plate specimens under uniaxial loading tests

In this paper, a compression-to-tension conversion technique is developed by applying predominant mode I loading test, using a servo-controlled compression system. The technique is applied to thin mortar plate specimens of different widths that include a prefabricated crack on either a single side to facilitate unilateral crack propagation, or prefabricated cracks positioned on both sides asymmetrically with respect to the specimen midpoint to facilitate bilateral crack propagation under direct tensile stress with a loading rate of 0.001 mm/s. The results show that the main pathways of unilateral crack propagation governing specimen failure are fluctuated locally, but present an approximately straight line overall in the absence of pre-existing internal defects. However, the pathways of bilateral crack propagation are relatively complex, although they present similar characteristics. Analysis results suggest that bilateral crack propagation can be basically divided into three stages, i.e. a stage of linear propagation, a stage representing deviation from the other crack, and a stage where one crack approaches either the other crack or approaches the opposite edge of the specimen, and thereby forming a continuous crack through the specimen. In addition, the stressestrain curves of bilateral crack specimens do not vary significantly around the point of peak stress prior to specimen failure, which means that the specimens do not fail instantaneously.

Statistical tests of recent plate tectonic units by using geodetic data

The statistical testing models of the plate tectonic units and the hypothesis of their rigidity is presented by using the dense geodetic data, and to a certain extent the established statistic value can be regarded as a quantitative index to compare the rigidity degrees of different blocks. The several conclusions about the global megaplates and the regional tectonics of China are tested and verified by actual calculations, which testifies the effectiveness of this method in testing the rigidity degree and delineating their boundaries.

牛羊布鲁氏菌病虎红平板凝集试验技术要点分析

牛羊布鲁氏菌病(布病)为牛羊养殖过程中的重大传染性疾病,既是养殖场(户)在生产管理中的关键防控对象,也是我国兽医部门每年春防、秋防规定必须严格监测的疫病。为了提升当前基层兽医人员对牛羊布病的防控检测水平,提高检测结果的准确性,结合团队成员近几年在基层牛羊布病虎红平板凝集试验检测指导的经验,依据中华人民共和国卫生行业标准WS269-2019《布鲁氏菌病诊断标准》,对基层兽医技术人员在检测过程中的操作误区进行详尽剖析,并提出精细化、规范化的指导建议。旨在提升基层技术人员的操作技能,并为相关研究提供参考。

5种虎红平板凝集检测试剂盒应用效果评价

为评价常见市售虎红平板凝集试验(RBT)试剂盒的试验特性,选取基层动物疫病预防控制机构常用的5种试剂盒,以布鲁氏菌竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(cELISA)结果为相对金标准,分别对60份阳性、50份阴性布鲁氏菌病羊血清进行检测。结果显示,5种RBT试剂检测结果敏感性为70%~91.67%,特异性为94%~100%,符合率为81.82%~92.73%,与布鲁氏菌cELISA检测方法的Kappa值介于0.64~0.86。其中有2种RBT试剂检测结果与cELISA检测结果无统计学差异。研究结果为基层动物疫病预防控制机构选择适合的筛检试剂建立了参考方法,为进一步提高布鲁氏菌流行情况估计和布鲁氏菌病疫病净化效果评估等工作的准确性提供了可靠的技术支持。

Non-Contact Stress Measurement during Tensile Testing Using an Emat for SH₀-Plate Wave and Lamb Wave

The stress on a test specimen during tensile testing is generally measured by a strain gauge. This method has some problems in that it would influence the measurement conditions of the tensile test and can evaluate only the position at which the strain gauge is attached. The acoustoelastic method is proposed as a method replacing the strain gauge method. However, an ultrasonic sensor with a piezoelectric oscillator requires a coupling medium to inject an ultrasonic wave into a solid material. This condition, due to the error factor of the stress measurement, makes it difficult for the ultrasonic sensor to move on the specimen. We then tried to develop a non-contact stress measurement system during tensile testing using an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) with an SH0-plate wave and S0-Lamb wave. The EMAT can measure the propagation time in which the ultrasonic wave travels between a receiver and a transmitter without a coupling medium during the tensile testing and can move easily. The interval between the transmitter and the receiver is 10mm and can be moved along the parallel direction or the vertical direction of the tensile load. The transit time was measured by a cross-correlation method and converted into the stress on the test specimen using the acoustoelastic method. We confirmed that the stress measurement using an SH0-plate wave was superior to that with an S0-Lamb wave.

S31603复合板压力容器点蚀行为试验研究

针对S31603复合板压力容器不锈钢层不同点蚀深度的发展进程及穿透至碳钢层后的电偶腐蚀风险,通过预制不同点蚀深度的S31603复合板试片组,分别在实验室和现场S31603复合板压力容器内进行腐蚀试验,并对试片进行宏观分析、低倍观察、高倍观察及腐蚀产物表征分析。结果表明,S31603复合板预制的点蚀坑深度穿透至碳钢层时发生了明显的电偶腐蚀,实验室腐蚀试验和现场试验最高点蚀速率分别达到4.954,1.023 mm/a;用S31603复合板试片预制的点蚀坑深度穿透至碳钢层后碳钢优先发生电偶腐蚀;S31603复合板试片预制的点蚀坑深度处于不锈钢层时腐蚀轻微,也未萌生新的点蚀,相邻点蚀坑之间也未见明显的腐蚀影响。在含Cl-的酸性腐蚀性介质环境下,当S31603复合板压力容器点蚀深度处于不锈钢层时腐蚀轻微,当点蚀深度穿透至碳钢层后,会发生明显的电偶腐蚀,需要缩短S31603复合板压力容器开罐检修周期以保证安全使用。

基于光纤感测的急倾斜煤层采动围岩变形特征研究

将分布式光纤传感技术应用于急倾斜煤层采场围岩变形及应力分布特征物理相似模型试验,通过在模型中沿煤层倾向布置传感光纤与沿煤层底板铺设压力传感器,实时监测模型内部变形场与应力场,并结合数值模拟分析了急倾斜煤层顶板应变分布及演化特征。结果表明:工作面上部区域应力值小于下部和中部区域,中部区域应力值最大;随工作面推进,采空区底板应力逐渐释放,应力值不断降低,采空区两侧边界煤柱下方煤层底板应力逐渐升高,且中、下部采空区底板应力恢复程度显著高于上部底板;沿煤层倾向布置的光纤应变曲线呈三段分布,具有前后2处应变波峰区及采空区对应的中部波谷区,前波峰远高于后波峰;工作面中上部顶板变形程度大于下部顶板;数值模拟与光纤检测结果一致,均表现出中上部顶板变形显著大于下部。研究弥补了物理相似模型试验监测手段短板。

端板对Savonius风力机启动性能的影响

为探究端板对Savonius风力机启动性能的影响,利用数值模拟和风洞试验相结合的方法对比研究了端板对两叶片、三叶片Savonius风力机在不同风速下的静态启动性能,并对流场进行了分析.结果表明:对于两叶片Savonius风力机,有端板风力机较无端板风力机平均启动力矩提升了85.4%(u=8 m/s),且反向启动力矩小,但无端板风力机启动力矩波动范围较有端板风力机小;对于三叶片Savonius风力机,有端板风力机较无端板风力机平均启动力矩提升了17.9%(u=8 m/s),但有端板风力机存在反向力矩,无端板风力机较有端板风力机整体力矩波动范围小且无反向启动力矩;端板的存在改变了叶片端部的流动情况和压力分布,叶片个数不同影响规律也不同.研究结果可以为Savonius风力机的结构设计提供参考.

Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算模型和总疲劳寿命计算

基于位错随循环加载次数的增加加速移动、聚合形成疲劳裂纹的试验事实,假设疲劳裂纹萌生速率是循环加载次数的单调递增幂函数,通过积分推导出疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算模型。Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳试验结果显示,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命、扩展寿命和总疲劳寿命均随应力幅和名义最大应力的降低而增加,疲劳裂纹形成寿命与总疲劳寿命的比值为0.82~0.90。我国《钢结构设计标准》建议的总疲劳寿命计算式的计算误差为-17.0%~+84.9%。以椭球面断裂模型作为裂尖开裂判据,对Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹扩展进行了理论计算和数值模拟。以疲劳裂纹萌生处应变溢出时裂纹长度0.05 mm作为疲劳裂纹萌生临界尺寸,标定的Q460C钢缺口板的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命计算式、扩展寿命计算式和总疲劳寿命计算式的计算误差分别为-15.0%~-1.2%、-12.4%~+2.8%和-12.1%~-1.4%。

三种血清学方法和qPCR方法在鸡滑液囊支原体检测中的综合应用研究

为评价不同方法对鸡滑液囊支原体(MS)活疫苗免疫和非免疫状态鸡群的监测效果,研究分别采用HI、SPA与ELISA三种抗体检测方法和qPCR方法同步对某养殖场A、B和C三组鸡群进行MS感染和抗体水平监测,其中A鸡群23日龄免疫MS活疫苗(MS-H株),B、C鸡群不免疫MS疫苗。结果显示:三种血清学检测方法所测MS抗体阳性率趋势基本一致,HI抗体效价变化规律和ELISA抗体效价变化规律相似,但血清学方法相对于qPCR方法具有一定的滞后性,qPCR可以最早发现MS野毒感染,且在使用活疫苗免疫的情况下对疫苗和野毒进行鉴别检测。研究提示:在条件允许的情况下,qPCR可以作为MS首选的监测方法;当检测条件受限时,上述三种血清学方法同样也可以用于评估MS野毒感染状况,但对结果的判断受母源抗体水平、疫苗免疫状况、野毒感染时间等多重因素的影响,在结果判断时应进行综合分析。

地基承载力特征值确定土变形模量的探讨

目前我国地基沉降计算主要采用土压缩模量来计算,再用经验系数对计算结果进行修正。这种方法对于一些结构性较强的硬土地基误差较大,主要原因是取样扰动影响。为此,探讨了变形模量与地基承载力特征值的理论联系,在笔者提出的确定变形模量经验方法基础上,总结出依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量的方法,该方法具有理论依据,可便捷地通过岩土工程勘察报告中常提供的地基承载力特征值确定土的变形模量,能够更为准确计算地基沉降值。采用不同方法(压板试验法、压缩模量推求法、标贯击数法、承载力经验法、依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量法)计算了若干试验案例,通过对不同方法结果的对比,初步验证了依据地基承载力特征值确定变形模量法是可行的。

干式直流电容器全链条国产化关键技术探讨

高性能薄膜电容器广泛应用于新能源交通工具、输变电工程、医疗救治器械和电磁脉冲武器等领域,其中干式直流电容器更是柔性直流输电的重要装备。目前薄膜电容器生产过程中从原料到重要装备完全依靠国外技术,高端薄膜电容器超净聚丙烯(PP)原料完全依赖从国外进口,加工双向拉伸BOPP薄膜和电极蒸镀等大型生产设备都是从发达国家购买,严重制约了我国薄膜电容器技术研发和工程应用,特别是在当前的复杂国际环境下带来诸多隐患,一旦国外禁止向我国出售相关原料和设备,将严重影响我国高科技领域的发展。由此,在当前复杂的国际环境和我国政府提出的“双碳”目标背景下,必须下大力气着力解决影响薄膜电容器领域发展的诸多关键因素,依靠自主技术服务于新能源系统建设。在国家重点研发计划“干式直流电容器用电介质薄膜材料”重点专项支持下,本文从薄膜电容器用电工级超净PP原料入手,探讨通过相关领域科研院所与相关企业深度合作,进行电工级超净PP原料技术攻关,解决研发验证过程中存在的问题,从全局观出发力图解决我国干式直流电容器工程应用面临的重大问题,形成我国干式直流电容器全链条国产化关键技术。

Analysis and seismic tests of composite shear walls with CFST columns and steel plate deep beams

A composite shear wall concept based on concrete filled steel tube （CFST） columns and steel plate （SP） deep beams is proposed and examined in this study. The new wall is composed of three different energy dissipation elements： CFST columns; SP deep beams; and reinforced concrete （RC） strips. The RC strips are intended to allow the core structural elements - the CFST columns and SP deep beams - to work as a single structure to consume energy. Six specimens of different configurations were tested under cyclic loading. The resulting data are analyzed herein. In addition, numerical simulations of the stress and damage processes for each specimen were carried out, and simulations were completed for a range of location and span-height ratio variations for the SP beams. The simulations show good agreement with the test results. The core structure exhibits a ductile yielding mechanism characteristic of strong column-weak beam structures, hysteretic curves are plump and the composite shear wall exhibits several seismic defense lines. The deformation of the shear wall specimens with encased CFST column and SP deep beam design appears to be closer to that of entire shear walls. Establishing optimal design parameters for the configuration of SP deep beams is pivotal to the best seismic behavior of the wall. The new composite shear wall is therefore suitable for use in the seismic design of building structures.

双层带钢板暗支撑装配整体式混凝土剪力墙抗震性能研究

为研究带钢板暗支撑装配整体式混凝土剪力墙的抗震性能,设计制作1片双层带钢板暗支撑装配整体式混凝土剪力墙和1片双层带钢板暗支撑现浇混凝土剪力墙,其中装配整体式剪力墙内置钢板暗支撑在墙身与基础梁和上下墙身水平连接节点处采用双面角焊缝连接以适应施工时的安装尺寸冗余度要求。对试件进行低周反复加载试验,结果表明:采用双面角焊缝连接预制墙身内置钢板暗支撑可以适应较大的施工冗余度,并且保证暗支撑传力的可靠性;装配整体式剪力墙具有和现浇剪力墙等同的水平承载力、刚度退化水平和耗能能力;2个构件均为弯曲破坏,但装配整体式剪力墙在一层墙体后浇带与预制墙身接缝处也产生塑性铰。