Objective:To assess the hemodynamic changes that occurred in the main testicular artery at two different locations such as supra and marginal ones in bulls at three different ages.Methods:Eighteen Baladi bulls were di...Objective:To assess the hemodynamic changes that occurred in the main testicular artery at two different locations such as supra and marginal ones in bulls at three different ages.Methods:Eighteen Baladi bulls were divided according to their age into three different age groups:1 year[n=6;groupⅠwith bodyweight(380±10)kg],3 years[n=6;groupⅡwith bodyweight(570±10)kg],and 6 years old[n=6;groupⅢwith bodyweight(650±10)kg]Baladi bulls.Circumference of the scrotum,thickness of the mediastinum,testicular dimensions,vascularity,and hormonal levels were measured.Testicular hemodynamics were assessed by Doppler ultrasound scanning.Results:Testicular width,length,and volume were significantly different among the three age groups,with the highest in bulls of groupⅢ(P<0.05).The bulls in groupⅢhad significantly higher mediastinal line thickness and scrotal circumference than groupⅠ(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between groupⅡand groupⅢ.Bulls in groupⅡshowed a decline in Doppler indices(resistance and pulsatility indexes)at both testicular branches compared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Supra and marginal end diastolic velocities in the three age groups were significantly different,with the highest in groupⅡ(P<0.05).Time average velocity(cm/s)was significantly elevated in groupⅡcompared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Both testicular echotextures were significantly decreased in groupⅡ(P<0.05).Estradiol and nitric oxide metabolites were significantly high in groupⅡcompared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the level of plasma testosterone was maximum in groupⅢ(P<0.05).Positive correlations were found between supratesticular artery resistance and pulsatility indexes(r=0.81;P<0.001),while both resistance and pulsatility indexes had correlated negative with estradiol(r=-0.71 and r=-0.91;P<0.001),and nitric oxide metabolites(r=-0.92 and r=-0.72;P<0.001).Conclusions:Three-year old Baladi bull has the lesser Doppler indices with lesser echotexture and greater nitric oxide with estradiol concentrations,which directs a significant ability for the thermoregulation process.These parameters will help in breeding selection.展开更多
Varicocele is prevalent in infertile individuals as well as in normal adolescents and adults.It has an increasing trend with growing age.Infertile individuals with varicocele,develop varying degrees of sperm abnormali...Varicocele is prevalent in infertile individuals as well as in normal adolescents and adults.It has an increasing trend with growing age.Infertile individuals with varicocele,develop varying degrees of sperm abnormalities that range from mild to severe semen abnormalities,even azoospermia may develop.The main proposed features of these abnormalities are incompetence of one-way valves of the draining veins of testes,that allow backflow of blood into testes.This backflow produces abnormally high intra-testicular pressure and temperature,that has been confirmed by thermography and pressure estimation in various studies.Microsurgical varicocelectomy may reverse the pathologic effects on spermatogenesis in most patients,which points towards the cause and effect relationship of varicocele with testicular damage.We propose that the prolonged effect of gravity might or may not be the initiating factor for varicocele,as in our experience,around 1/4th of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had no varicocele before treatment,developed varicocele within 3 to 6 mo of treatment with gonadotropins.Occasionally varicocele is produced by"Nutcrackerphenomenon",which is compression of left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery.The deleterious effects of varicocele may develop slowly,causing delayed secondary infertility or rapidly,leading to azoospermia or individual may be spared of damage due to unknown factors that need further research.展开更多
文摘Objective:To assess the hemodynamic changes that occurred in the main testicular artery at two different locations such as supra and marginal ones in bulls at three different ages.Methods:Eighteen Baladi bulls were divided according to their age into three different age groups:1 year[n=6;groupⅠwith bodyweight(380±10)kg],3 years[n=6;groupⅡwith bodyweight(570±10)kg],and 6 years old[n=6;groupⅢwith bodyweight(650±10)kg]Baladi bulls.Circumference of the scrotum,thickness of the mediastinum,testicular dimensions,vascularity,and hormonal levels were measured.Testicular hemodynamics were assessed by Doppler ultrasound scanning.Results:Testicular width,length,and volume were significantly different among the three age groups,with the highest in bulls of groupⅢ(P<0.05).The bulls in groupⅢhad significantly higher mediastinal line thickness and scrotal circumference than groupⅠ(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between groupⅡand groupⅢ.Bulls in groupⅡshowed a decline in Doppler indices(resistance and pulsatility indexes)at both testicular branches compared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Supra and marginal end diastolic velocities in the three age groups were significantly different,with the highest in groupⅡ(P<0.05).Time average velocity(cm/s)was significantly elevated in groupⅡcompared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Both testicular echotextures were significantly decreased in groupⅡ(P<0.05).Estradiol and nitric oxide metabolites were significantly high in groupⅡcompared to the other two groups(P<0.05).Meanwhile,the level of plasma testosterone was maximum in groupⅢ(P<0.05).Positive correlations were found between supratesticular artery resistance and pulsatility indexes(r=0.81;P<0.001),while both resistance and pulsatility indexes had correlated negative with estradiol(r=-0.71 and r=-0.91;P<0.001),and nitric oxide metabolites(r=-0.92 and r=-0.72;P<0.001).Conclusions:Three-year old Baladi bull has the lesser Doppler indices with lesser echotexture and greater nitric oxide with estradiol concentrations,which directs a significant ability for the thermoregulation process.These parameters will help in breeding selection.
文摘Varicocele is prevalent in infertile individuals as well as in normal adolescents and adults.It has an increasing trend with growing age.Infertile individuals with varicocele,develop varying degrees of sperm abnormalities that range from mild to severe semen abnormalities,even azoospermia may develop.The main proposed features of these abnormalities are incompetence of one-way valves of the draining veins of testes,that allow backflow of blood into testes.This backflow produces abnormally high intra-testicular pressure and temperature,that has been confirmed by thermography and pressure estimation in various studies.Microsurgical varicocelectomy may reverse the pathologic effects on spermatogenesis in most patients,which points towards the cause and effect relationship of varicocele with testicular damage.We propose that the prolonged effect of gravity might or may not be the initiating factor for varicocele,as in our experience,around 1/4th of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism patients who had no varicocele before treatment,developed varicocele within 3 to 6 mo of treatment with gonadotropins.Occasionally varicocele is produced by"Nutcrackerphenomenon",which is compression of left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery.The deleterious effects of varicocele may develop slowly,causing delayed secondary infertility or rapidly,leading to azoospermia or individual may be spared of damage due to unknown factors that need further research.
