Rainfall-triggered waste dump instability analysis based on surface 3D deformation in physical model test

Landslide is the second largest natural disaster after earthquake. It is of significance to study the evolution laws and failure mechanism of landslides based on its surface 3D deformation information. Based on the rainfall-triggered waste dump instability model test, we studied the failure mechanisms of the waste dump by integrating surface deformation and internal slope stress and proposed novel parameters for identifying landslide stability. We developed a noncontact measurement device, which can obtain millimeter-level 3D deformation data for surface scene in physical model test;Then we developed the similar materials and established a test model for a waste dump. Based on the failure characteristics of slope surface, internal stress of slope body and displacement contours during the whole process, we divided the slope instability process in model test into four stages: rainfall infiltration and surface erosion, shallow sliding, deep sliding, and overall instability. Based on the obtained surface deformation data, we calculated the volume change during slope instability process and compared it with the point displacement on slope surface. The results showed that the volume change can not only reflect the slow-ultra acceleration process of slope failure, but also fully reflect the above four stages and reduce the fluctuations caused by random factors. Finally, this paper proposed two stability identification parameters: the volume change rate above the slip surface and the relative velocity of volume change rate. According to the calculation of these two parameters in model test, they can be used for study the deformation and failure mechanism of slope stability.

Physical model test and application of 3D printing rock-like specimens to laminated rock tunnels

Weak structural plane deformation is responsible for the non-uniform large deformation disasters in layered rock tunnels,resulting in steel arch distortion and secondary lining cracking.In this study,a servo biaxial testing system was employed to conduct physical modeling tests on layered rock tunnels with bedding planes of varying dip angles.The influence of structural anisotropy in layered rocks on the micro displacement and strain field of surrounding rocks was analyzed using digital image correlation(DIC)technology.The spatiotemporal evolution of non-uniform deformation of surrounding rocks was investigated,and numerical simulation was performed to verify the experimental results.The findings indicate that the displacement and strain field of the surrounding layered rocks are all maximized at the horizontal bedding planes and decrease linearly with the increasing dip angle.The failure of the layered surrounding rock with different dip angles occurs and extends along the bedding planes.Compressive strain failure occurs after excavation under high horizontal stress.This study provides significant theoretical support for the analysis,prediction,and control of non-uniform deformation of tunnel surrounding rocks.

Relationship Between Gene-Phenotype and Clinical Manifestations of Chromosomal Copy Number Variations Indicated by Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing

Objective:To analyze the clinical value of non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)in detecting chromosomal copy number variations(CNVs)and to explore the relationship between gene expression and clinical manifestations of chromosomal copy number variations.Methods:3551 naturally conceived singleton pregnant women who underwent NIPT were included in this study.The NIPT revealed abnormalities other than sex chromosome abnormalities and trisomy 13,18,and 21.Pregnant women with chromosome copy number variations underwent genetic counseling and prenatal ultrasound examination.Interventional prenatal diagnosis and chromosome microarray analysis(CMA)were performed.The clinical phenotypes and pregnancy outcomes of different prenatal diagnoses were analyzed.Additionally,a follow-up was conducted by telephone to track fetal development after birth,at six months,and one year post-birth.Results:A total of 53 cases among 3551 cases showed chromosomal copy number variation.Interventional prenatal diagnosis was performed in 36 cases:27 cases were negative and 8 were consistent with the NIPT test results.This indicates that NIPT’s positive predictive value(PPV)in CNVs is 22.22%.Conclusion:NIPT has certain clinical significance in screening chromosome copy number variations and is expected to become a routine screening for chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications.However,further interventional prenatal diagnosis is still needed to identify fetal CNVs.

B/KNO_(3)点火药装药的烤燃特性研究

为研究B/KNO_(3)点火药的热安全性,建立多点测温烤燃实验装置,对不同升温速率、不同装药密度条件下的B/KNO_(3)点火药装药进行多点测温烤燃实验,以获得点火药装药发生点火的准确时间与烤燃过程中不同监测点的温度历程。建立B/KNO_(3)点火药装药烤燃实验的数值计算模型并进行了数值模拟,计算中考虑了点火药的自热分解反应与相变吸热。通过与实验结果的对比,标定B/KNO_(3)点火药装药的热物性参数和反应动力学参数。研究结果表明:B/KNO_(3)点火药的指前因子为7.763×10^(13)s^(-1),活化能为2.0787×10^(5)J/mol;在点火药装药的烤燃过程中,随着升温速率的减小,点火延期时间逐渐增加,点火区域逐渐向中心移动,点火环境温度逐渐降低;在装药密度变化不太大的情况下,点火药的点火特征差别不大。

Analysis of CET3 Based on Language Testing

In this paper,some basic theories and terms of language testing,like types of language tests and qualities of good tests were briefly discussed.Then CET3(College English Test Band3) in Beijing was analyzed from three perspectives:design principles,item formats and test content. In the end,some suggestions were given to improve this test.

3/4开口试验段汽车风洞的风阻测量误差分析与修正

汽车风洞用3/4开口试验段模拟真实道路气动环境,有限的试验段尺寸、地面边界层及射流剪切层会干扰流场,从而引起风阻测量误差。根据简化势流模型分析,3/4开口试验段存在模型实体阻塞、喷口阻塞、收集口阻塞以及水平压力梯度4项系统误差源,其中模型实体阻塞让风阻测量值偏低,喷口和收集口阻塞让风阻测量值偏高,彼此平衡抵消机制使3/4开口试验段风洞具有能够适应更大尺寸模型的优势。利用Mercker-Wiedemann修正方法,结合同济大学整车气动声学风洞,计算修正了3辆不同尺寸车型的风阻系数。结果显示:设定风阻系数误差不超过1%为标准,3/4开口试验段汽车风洞最大阻塞比为15%;水平压力梯度对风阻系数误差的影响更大,风洞设计和验收标准应保证dC_(p)(x)/dx≤0.001/m。

一种基于Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC气凝胶的热防护系统隔热性能研究

飞行器再入大气层时,高速气流的冲刷作用会在其表面产生极高热流密度和压力,这种双重载荷可能对飞行器的结构材料造成严重的热损伤,甚至导致飞行事故。针对该问题,文章设计了以Al_(2)O_(3)/SiC复合气凝胶作为隔热层的轻质三明治结构热防护系统,并通过氧−乙炔烧蚀试验对典型高温条件下该热防护系统的隔热性能进行测试,结果显示:热防护系统的线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率随隔热层厚度的增加而逐渐减小,当系统厚度为14 mm时,线烧蚀率和质量烧蚀率分别为0.0019 mm·s^(-1)和0.0031 g·s^(-1),且烧蚀形貌整体性较好,说明热防护系统具有优异的隔热及力学性能。同时,通过有限元仿真方法对热防护系统进行热力耦合分析,对烧蚀试验结果进行了验证。

功能性状和立地条件与树木根系NO_(3)^(-)吸收能力的关系

【目的】养分是干旱瘠薄立地中树木生长的重要限制因素,树木对干旱瘠薄立地中养分的吸收利用方式决定其生态适应对策。本研究通过野外原位测定,探究根系氮吸收动力学及其与根系形态性状间的耦合关系,为揭示林木根系在干旱瘠薄环境中的生理功能奠定基础。【方法】以北京市百望山森林公园内的山桃、栓皮栎和元宝枫为对象,采用以硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-))为唯一氮源的改良型梯度霍格兰营养液,在一般程度的干旱瘠薄立地和极端程度的干旱瘠薄立地中分别开展野外原位测定根系NO_(3)^(-)吸收动力学研究,并通过Pearson相关性分析和通径分析研究根系NO_(3)^(-)吸收速率与根系功能性状间的关系。【结果】树种、立地条件和两者的交互效应对NO_(3)^(-)吸收速率和动力学参数均有显著或极显著的影响。3个树种对氮的亲和性均较高,元宝枫根系对NO_(3)^(-)的吸收速率偏低,在2种立地条件中均显著低于山桃和栓皮栎。生长在更加干旱瘠薄立地中的速生树种对NO_(3)^(-)的吸收具有补偿性。根系功能性状与NO_(3)^(-)的吸收速率有很好的耦合关系,比根长和比根表面积对根系NO_(3)^(-)吸收速率有显著正效应,根直径和根组织密度则相反。分支结构性状中,分支强度和链接数对根系NO_(3)^(-)吸收速率的作用较弱。【结论】生长速度较快的山桃和栓皮栎根系的NO_(3)^(-)吸收速率在极端干旱瘠薄立地胁迫下显著降低,元宝枫则相反。采取提高最大吸收速率和降低氮亲和力的“速度策略”可保障速生树种根系对NO_(3)^(-)的补偿性吸收。高比根长、高比根表面积、低根直径和低根组织密度的形态性状组合,可有效提高根系在干旱瘠薄立地中对NO_(3)^(-)的吸收速率。

利用SSR标记鉴定西瓜杂交种新喜3号纯度

为了提高杂交种筛选效率,从23对西瓜简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat,SSR)引物中筛选适用于西瓜杂交种新喜3号及其亲本的特异性引物并进行种子纯度鉴定。结果表明,1对引物BVWS00208在亲本间具有多态性且在杂交后代中兼具双亲条带,属于共显性标记。将该引物在98个杂交后代中进行验证,纯度鉴定结果为98.9%,通过传统田间纯度鉴定结果为98.0%,二者误差≤1%。综上,SSR引物BVWS00208能够作为特异引物对西瓜杂交种新喜3号进行种子纯度鉴定,且该方法便捷经济,能为该品种的制种和推广提供技术支持。

Effects of 3D deformation and nonlinear stress–strain relationship on the Brazilian test for a transversely isotropic rock

To improve the accuracy of indirect tensile strength for a transversely isotropic rock in the Brazilian test, this study considered the three-dimensional (3D) deformation and the nonlinear stress–strain relationship. A parametric study of a numerical Brazilian test was performed for a general range of elastic constants, revealing that the 3D modeling evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 40% higher than the plane stress modeling. For the actual Asan gneiss, the 3D model evaluated the indirect tensile strength up to 10% higher and slightly enhanced the accuracy of deformation estimation compared with the plane stress model. The nonlinearity in stress–strain curve of Asan gneiss under uniaxial compression was then considered, such that the evaluated indirect tensile strength was affected by up to 10% and its anisotropy agreed well with the physical intuition. The estimation of deformation was significantly enhanced. The further validation on the nonlinear model is expected as future research.

T3 Loop Test试验误起柴油机原因分析及改进

基于TRICON平台的反应堆保护系统T3 Loop Test试验主要验证Tricon机柜与非安全相关一层DCS系统及第三方系统的硬接线连接的正确性。在方家山机组调试期间发生了T3试验误起柴油机的事件,通过对事件的分析,发现了T3 Loop Test试验程序存在的设计隐患,并进行了改进,成功消除了该项设计隐患,保障了核电站的安全稳定运行。

A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 2:Validation and mechanical replicability

Each rock joint is unique by nature which means that utilization of replicas in direct shear tests is required in experimental parameter studies.However,a method to acquire knowledge about the ability of the replicas to imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.In this study,a novel method is presented for geometric quality assurance of replicas.The aim is to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear testing data as a prerequisite for reliable subsequent analyses of the results.In Part 1 of this study,two quality assurance parameters,smf and V_(Hp100),are derived and their usefulness for evaluation of geometric deviations,i.e.geometric reproducibility,is shown.In Part 2,the parameters are validated by showing a correlation between the parameters and the shear mechanical behavior,which qualifies the parameters for usage in the quality assurance method.Unique results from direct shear tests presenting comparisons between replicas and the rock joint show that replicas fulfilling proposed threshold values of σ_(mf)<0.06 mm and
|V_(Hp100)|
<0.2 mm have a narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint in all aspects apart from having a slightly lower peak shear strength.The wear in these replicas,which have similar morphology as the rock joint,is in the same areas as in the rock joint.The wear is slightly larger in the rock joint and therefore the discrepancy in peak shear strength derives from differences in material properties,possibly from differences in toughness.It is shown by application of the suggested method that the quality assured replicas manufactured following the process employed in this study phenomenologically capture the shear strength characteristics,which makes them useful in parameter studies.

An optimal stacking order for mid-bond testing cost reduction of 3D IC

In order to solve the problem that the testing cost of the three-dimensional integrated circuit(3D IC)is too high,an optimal stacking order scheme is proposed to reduce the mid-bond test cost.A new testing model is built with the general consideration of both the test time for automatic test equipment(ATE)and manufacturing failure factors.An algorithm for testing cost and testing order optimization is proposed,and the minimum testing cost and optimized stacking order can be carried out by taking testing bandwidth and testing power as constraints.To prove the influence of the optimal stacking order on testing costs,two baselines stacked in sequential either in pyramid type or in inverted pyramid type are compared.Based on the benchmarks from ITC 02,experimental results show that for a 5-layer 3D IC,under different constraints,the optimal stacking order can reduce the test costs on average by 13%and 62%,respectively,compared to the pyramid type and inverted pyramid type.Furthermore,with the increase of the stack size,the test costs of the optimized stack order can be decreased.

Al_(2)O_(3)-TiC陶瓷材料微细电火花加工试验研究

为研究电火花加工Al_(2)O_(3)-TiC陶瓷材料工艺参数对工艺性能的影响,设计了混合2-3水平正交试验方法。研究加工极性、极间电压、最大放电电流、增益、脉冲频率、脉宽、放电间隙与电极长度损耗、电极轮廓损耗、材料去除率之间的规律。通过极差分析,获得了工艺参数对工艺性能的影响趋势。结合方差分析,表明加工极性对电极损耗有显著影响,极间电压、最大放电电流显著影响材料去除率。综合三项工艺性能,最优的参数组合为负加工极性、130 V极间电压、50 A最大放电电流、45增益、150 Hz脉冲频率、1.0μs脉宽、放电间隙40μm。

4 m×3 m风洞大迎角机构上位机软件

针对大迎角机构机械装置、控制硬件的改造升级,基于Labview框架平台设计编写上位机控制软件。优化更新基于TCP/IP协议的Socket通信,增设虚拟支杆设定、模型防碰撞识别等功能。编制的控制软件已成功应用于气动中心4 m×3 m低速风洞大迎角试验。结果表明,该软件有效提升了试验质量效率和设备运行安全。

弹头形状对TC4-Al_(3)Ti叠层复合板侵彻性能影响的数值分析

TC4-Al_(3)Ti叠层复合材料由于其低密度、高强度的特点被广泛应用于装甲防护材料。为深入研究TC4-Al_(3)Ti叠层复合板的抗侵彻性能,结合弹道冲击试验和有限元数值模拟技术,采用一级轻气炮试验台对TC4-Al_(3)Ti叠层复合板进行弹道冲击试验,并利用LS-DYNA软件建立了接近弹道冲击试验工况的有限元模型,通过对比分析模拟仿真及试验获得的弹体剩余速度和靶板破坏形态,验证了该有限元模型的有效性。在此基础上,重点开展了弹头形状对靶板抗侵彻性能的影响研究。结果表明:在所研究速度范围内,TC4-Al_(3)Ti叠层复合板抗平头弹的侵彻能力最强,其次是半球形头弹,而对球形弹的抵抗能力最弱。

3D Ice Shape Description Method Based on BLSOM Neural Network

When checking the ice shape calculation software,its accuracy is judged based on the proximity between the calculated ice shape and the typical test ice shape.Therefore,determining the typical test ice shape becomes the key task of the icing wind tunnel tests.In the icing wind tunnel test of the tail wing model of a large amphibious aircraft,in order to obtain accurate typical test ice shape,the Romer Absolute Scanner is used to obtain the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape on the tail wing model.Then,the batch-learning self-organizing map(BLSOM)neural network is used to obtain the 2D average ice shape along the model direction based on the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape,while its tolerance band is calculated using the probabilistic statistical method.The results show that the combination of 2D average ice shape and its tolerance band can represent the 3D characteristics of the test ice shape effectively,which can be used as the typical test ice shape for comparative analysis with the calculated ice shape.

Approximation Schemes for the 3-Partitioning Problems

The 3-partitioning problem is to decide whether a given multiset of nonnegative integers can be partitioned into triples that all have the same sum. It is considerably used to prove the strong NP-hardness of many scheduling problems. In this paper, we consider four optimization versions of the 3-partitioning problem, and then present four polynomial time approximation schemes for these problems.

Finite element and experimental analysis of Vickers indentation testing on Al_2O_3 with diamond-like carbon coating

Numerical simulation and experimental study of the Vickers indentation testing of the Al2O3 ceramic coated by diamond-like carbon(DLC) layer were conducted.The numerical analysis was implemented by a two-dimensional finite element(FE) axis symmetry model.FE analysis results gave insight into the fracture mechanism of DLC films coated on brittle ceramic(Al2O3) substrates.The maximum principal stress field was used to locate the most expected area for crack formation and propagation during the Vickers indentation testing.The results show that the median crack initiates in the interface under indenter,before ring crack occurs as the indenter presses down.Finally,the plastic deformation appears when the indenter penetrates into the substrate.The thicker DLC coating increases the Vickers hardness and fracture toughness.

EQNiCr-3带极堆焊材料的微观组织与力学性能研究

研究通过采用光学显微镜探究了EQNiCr-3带极堆焊材料中的微观组织特征,观察了EQNiCr-3合金堆焊层组织形貌及其晶粒尺寸,并进行力学性能试验,分析了不同热输入下堆焊金属的组织性能。试验结果表明,所研究的堆焊层中,γ-Ni基固溶体为主要的组成相,且在其内部分布有大量的弥散强化相,这些微观组织的协同作用显著提高了材料的硬度和抗拉强度。利用显微硬度测试和拉伸试验,评价了热处理状态下EQNiCr-3带极堆焊材料的力学性能。研究发现,经过多次焊接热循环后,材料硬度和抗拉强度较原始状态下分别提升了约10%,而断后伸长率略有下降。