为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模...为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模型进行验证,率定期及验证期决定系数(R2)均值为0.8左右,均方根误差(RMSE)均值分别为1.0℃及0.04左右;采用8个冻土监测点1971—2000年冻融期逐日冻土深度进行验证,决定系数(R2)均值为0.89,均方根误差(RMSE)均值为214.81 mm。模型模拟黄河源区1956—2020年逐月流量过程,效率系数(NSE)为0.8左右,相对误差(RE)为5%左右,表明模型能较好地模拟黄河源区径流过程。利用M-K趋势检验分析得到1956—2020年黄河源区径流呈不显著增加趋势,其变化趋势是降水与气温共同影响的结果。冻融期、非冻融期径流与全年趋势一致。降水增加、气候变暖及冻土退化使径流组分发生变化,地表径流及地下径流均呈增加趋势,但地下径流在全年及冻融期增加趋势更加显著。展开更多
Nitric oxide(NO)emissions from alpine ecosystems conventionally being long-term cultivated with feed crops are not well quantified.The authors attempted to address this knowledge gap by performing a year-round experim...Nitric oxide(NO)emissions from alpine ecosystems conventionally being long-term cultivated with feed crops are not well quantified.The authors attempted to address this knowledge gap by performing a year-round experimental campaign in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Fertilized(F)and unfertilized(UF)treatments were established within a flat calcareous-soil site for the long-term cultivation of feed oats.NO fluxes and five soil variables were simultaneously measured.A single plow tillage accounted for approximately 54%–73%of the NO releases during the cropping period(CP);and the non-cropping period(NCP)contributed to 51%–58%of the annual emissions.The direct NO emissions factor(EFd)was 0.021%±0.021%.Significantly lower Q10 values(p<0.01)occurred in the F treatment during the CP(approximately 3.6)compared to those during the other period or in the other treatment(approximately 4.9?5.1),indicating a fertilizer-induced reduction in the temperature sensitivity.The selected soil variables jointly accounted for up to 72%(p<0.01)of the variance for all the fluxes across both treatments.This finding suggests that temporally and/or spatially distributed fluxes from alpine calcareous-soil ecosystems for feed crop production may be easily predicted if data on these soil variables are available.Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that the EFd is larger in alpine feed-oat fields than those in this study if the soil moisture content is higher during the period following the basal application of ammoniumor urea-based fertilizer.展开更多
文摘为研究黄河源区径流演变规律,以WEP-QTP(The Water and Energy transfer Processes in the Qinghai⁃Tibet Plateau)模型为基础构建基于水热耦合的黄河源区冻土水文模型。采用玛曲站2019—2021年冻融期逐日土壤温度及土壤液态含水率对模型进行验证,率定期及验证期决定系数(R2)均值为0.8左右,均方根误差(RMSE)均值分别为1.0℃及0.04左右;采用8个冻土监测点1971—2000年冻融期逐日冻土深度进行验证,决定系数(R2)均值为0.89,均方根误差(RMSE)均值为214.81 mm。模型模拟黄河源区1956—2020年逐月流量过程,效率系数(NSE)为0.8左右,相对误差(RE)为5%左右,表明模型能较好地模拟黄河源区径流过程。利用M-K趋势检验分析得到1956—2020年黄河源区径流呈不显著增加趋势,其变化趋势是降水与气温共同影响的结果。冻融期、非冻融期径流与全年趋势一致。降水增加、气候变暖及冻土退化使径流组分发生变化,地表径流及地下径流均呈增加趋势,但地下径流在全年及冻融期增加趋势更加显著。
基金jointly financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2016YFA0602303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41775141,41375152,and 41603075)
文摘Nitric oxide(NO)emissions from alpine ecosystems conventionally being long-term cultivated with feed crops are not well quantified.The authors attempted to address this knowledge gap by performing a year-round experimental campaign in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Fertilized(F)and unfertilized(UF)treatments were established within a flat calcareous-soil site for the long-term cultivation of feed oats.NO fluxes and five soil variables were simultaneously measured.A single plow tillage accounted for approximately 54%–73%of the NO releases during the cropping period(CP);and the non-cropping period(NCP)contributed to 51%–58%of the annual emissions.The direct NO emissions factor(EFd)was 0.021%±0.021%.Significantly lower Q10 values(p<0.01)occurred in the F treatment during the CP(approximately 3.6)compared to those during the other period or in the other treatment(approximately 4.9?5.1),indicating a fertilizer-induced reduction in the temperature sensitivity.The selected soil variables jointly accounted for up to 72%(p<0.01)of the variance for all the fluxes across both treatments.This finding suggests that temporally and/or spatially distributed fluxes from alpine calcareous-soil ecosystems for feed crop production may be easily predicted if data on these soil variables are available.Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that the EFd is larger in alpine feed-oat fields than those in this study if the soil moisture content is higher during the period following the basal application of ammoniumor urea-based fertilizer.
