The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Roadway Design and Evacuation Routes in Delaware

As the global temperature continues to increase, the sea level continues to rise at a rapid rate that has never been seen before. This becomes an issue for many facets of life but one of the most impacted is the transportation infrastructure. Many people living in low elevation coastal areas can become trapped by flooding with no way in or out. With Delaware being a coastal state, this would affect a large portion of the population and will have detrimental effects over time if nothing is done to combat sea level rise. The issue with sea level rise in transportation is that once the roads become flooded, they become virtually unusable and detour routes would be needed. If all the roads in a coastal area were to be affected by sea level rise, the options for detours would become limited. This article looks at direct solutions to combat sea level rise and indirect solutions that would specifically help transportation infrastructure and evacuation routes in Delaware. There is not one solution that can fix every problem, so many solutions are laid out to see what is applicable to each affected area. Some solutions include defense structures that would be put close to the coast, raising the elevation of vulnerable roads throughout the state and including pumping stations to drain the water on the surface of the road. With an understanding of all these solutions around the world, the ultimate conclusion came in the form of a six-step plan that Delaware should take in order to best design against sea level rise in these coastal areas.

The Influence of Price Discrimination from Airports on the Route Development Behavior of Airlines

Given the prominence and magnitude of airport incentive schemes,it is surprising that literature hitherto remains silent as to their effectiveness.In this paper,the relationship between airport incentive schemes and the route development behavior of airlines is analyzed.Because of rare and often controversial findings in the extant literature regarding relevant influencing variables for attracting airlines at an airport,expert interviews are used as a complement to formulate testable hypotheses in this regard.A fixed effects regression model is used to test the hypotheses with a dataset that covers all seat capacity offered at the 22 largest German commercial airports in the week 46 from 2004 to 2011.It is found that incentives from primary choice,as well as secondary choice airports,have a significant influence on Low Cost Carriers.Furthermore,Low Cost Carriers,in general,do not leave any of both types of airports when the incentives cease.In the case of Network Carriers,no case is found where one joins a primary choice airport and receives an incentive.Insufficient data between Network Carriers and secondary choice airports in the time when incentives have ceased means that no statement can be given.

Research on the Harmony between Route Design of and Landscapes along Highway

Through analyzing landscape environment which is the principal factor to be considered in the route design of highway,principles to be followed by the highway route design are proposed,and approaches of maintaining the harmony between route design and landscape along the highway under different conditions are discussed.

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of single-crystal ZnO hexagonal pyramids by PEG400-assisted thermal decomposition route

Large-scale synthesis of ZnO hexagonal pyramids was achieved by a simple thermal decomposition route of precursor at 240 oC in the presence of PEG400. The precursor was obtained by room-temperature solid-state grinding reaction between Zn（CH3COO）2-2H2O and Na2CO3. Crystal structure and morphology of the products were analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The results of further experiments show that PEG400 has an important role in the formation of ZnO hexagonal pyramids. Difference between the single and double hexagonal pyramid structure may come from the special thermal decomposition reaction. The photoluminescence （PL） spectra of ZnO hexagonal pyramids exhibit strong near-band-edge emission at about 386 nm and weak green emission at about 550 nm. The Raman-active vibration at about 435 cm-1 suggests that the ZnO hexagonal pyramids have high crystallinity.

The Training Model and Development Route of Market-oriented Professional Farmers

To cultivate new professional farmers is a key way for rural labor development, resolving existing problems such as how to farming. It is notable that government and market take advantages in training of new professional farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to guarantee government and market playing the roles. The research explored market-oriented farmer training model and the characteristics and investigated training routes for new professional farmers.

Analysis of the Chinese air route network as a complex network

The air route network, which supports all the flight activities of the civil aviation, is the most fundamental infrastructure of air traffic management system. In this paper, we study the Chinese air route network （CARN） within the framework of complex networks. We find that CARN is a geographical network possessing exponential degree distribution, low clustering coefficient, large shortest path length and exponential spatial distance distribution that is obviously different from that of the Chinese airport network （CAN）. Besides, via investigating the flight data from 2002 to 2010, we demonstrate that the topology structure of CARN is homogeneous, howbeit the distribution of flight flow on CARN is rather heterogeneous. In addition, the traffic on CARN keeps growing in an exponential form and the increasing speed of west China is remarkably larger than that of east China. Our work will be helpful to better understand Chinese air traffic systems.

A review of the current state of biofuels production from lignocellulosic biomass using thermochemical conversion routes

The rapid increase in energy demand,the extensive use of fossil fuels and the urgent need to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions have raised concerns in the transportation sector.Alternate renewable and sustainable sources have become the ultimate solution to overcome the expected depletion of fossil fuels.The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to liquid(BtL)transportation fuels seems to be a promising path and presents advantages over first generation biofuels and fossil fuels.Therefore,development of BtL systems is critical to increase the potential of this resource in a sustainable and economic way.Conversion of lignocellulosic BtL transportation fuels,such as,gasoline,diesel and jet fuel can be accomplished through various thermochemical processes and processing routes.The major steps for the production of BtL fuels involve feedstock selection,physical pretreatment,production of bio-oil,upgrading of bio-oil to transportation fuels and recovery of value-added products.The present work is aiming to give a comprehensive review of the current process technologies following these major steps and the current scenarios of biomass to liquid facilities for the production of biofuels.

Synthesis of condensed polynuclear aromatic resin from furfural extract oil of reduced-pressure route Ⅱ

As an industrial byproduct of oil refining,furfural extract oil from reduced-pressure route Ⅱ with high aromatic content was used to prepare heat-resistant condensed polynuclear aromatic（COPNA） resin for the first time.The basic properties of furfural extract oil and the resultant COPNA resin were characterized by infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy（1H-NMR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA） and elemental analysis（EA）.The result showed that heat treated furfural extract oil was successfully used for the synthesis of heat-resistant COPNA resin.The average structural parameters of raw materials and prepared resin were calculated by the improved Brown-Ladner method,and the averaged molecular structure of the resin was obtained.The reaction mechanism for the synthesis of COPNA resin was suggested as an acid-catalyzed positive ion type polymerization.

A New Route for Synthesis of Entecavir

A new economical synthetic route of the key intermediate 6. The synthesis of a modified Mitsunobu reaction. of entecavir was presented, involving the preparation 6 was conveniendy achieved in good overall yield by a modified Mitsunobu reaction.

Electrochemical Cycled Structure of MnV_2O_6 Nanoribbons Synthesized via Hydrothermal Route

1 Introduction Low-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes, have received much attention for their superior optical, electrical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Owing to their low dimensionality and quantum continement effect, low-dimensional nanoscale materials can be exploited as fundamental building blocks for nanoscience and nanodevices^[1-3]. In recent years, efforts have been devoted to develop new approaches to synthesize one-dimensional（lD） nanostructrued vanadium oxides or vanadates materials, such as V205, NaV2Os, and CuV206, which have been widely investigated in catalytic or electrochemical fields due to their outstanding structural flexibility^[4-6].

Land Cover Changes and Drivers in the Water Source Area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China from 2000 to 2015

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project(MR-SNWDP)in China,with construction beginning in 2003,diverts water from Danjiangkou Reservoir to North China for residential,agriculture and industrial use.The water source area of the MR-SNWDP is the region that is most sensitive to and most affected by the construction of this water diversion project.In this study,we used Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)and HJ-1 A/B images from 2000 to 2015 by an object-based approach with a hierarchical classification method for mapping land cover in the water source area.The changes in land cover were illuminated by transfer matrixes,single dynamic degree,slope zones and fractional vegetation cover(FVC).The results indicated that the area of cropland decreased by 31%and was replaced mainly by shrub over the past 15 years,whereas forest and settlements showed continuous increases of 29.2% and 77.7%,respectively.The changes in cropland were obvious in all slope zones and decreased most remarkably(–43.8%)in the slope zone above 25°.Compared to the FVC of forest and shrub,significant improvement was exhibited in the FVC of grassland,with a growth rate of 16.6%.We concluded that local policies,including economic development,water conservation and immigration resulting from the construction of the MR-SNWDP,were the main drivers of land cover changes;notably,they stimulated the substantial and rapid expansion of settlements,doubled the wetlands and drove the transformation from cropland to settlements in immigration areas.

From mandatory icebreaker guiding to a permission regime: changes to the new Russian legislation of the Northern Sea Route

This article focuses on two issues. The first concerns definitions of the Northern Sea Route （NSR） in old and new Russian legislation, and the second relates to Russian rules on icebreaker guiding. Based on a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant Russian legal provisions enacted in 2013 and previous laws in this area, we offer the following conclusions. （1） Our legal analysis indicates that Russia＇s view of the NSR as a historical national transportation route has not changed. However, the new law redefines the scope and coverage of the NSR, which now comprises the internal waters, territorial sea, adjacent zone, and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. In fact, the new law resolves previous ambiguity regarding extension of the NSR boundary to the high seas. （2） Based on an analysis of the new rules on icebreaker guiding, the article concludes that NSR is transitioning from a mandatory icebreaker guiding regime into a permit regime. This is particularly evident in its provision of a concrete, practical, and predictable clause on permissible or impermissible conditions relating to independent navigation. According to the new rules, it is possible for foreign ships to undertake independent navigation in the NSR. The Russian NSR policy, therefore, appears to have changed significantly, and has future potential for opening the NSR up to the international community.

Effects of Blending Routes on the Morphology and Properties of PA-6/Nano-CaCO_3/MA-POE Ternary Composites

The effect of blending routes on the morphology and properties of Polyamide-6 (PA-6)/nano-CaCO3/Maleated ethylene-octane copolymer (MA-POE) ternary composite was analyzed using static mechanical test (DMA), TEM (transmission electronic microscope) and SEM (scanning electron microscope). It was found that MA-POE, as an impact modifier, had a profound effect upon the toughness of the PA-6/nano-CaCO3 composite. In particular, by adopting two-stage blending route, the microstructure of the ternary composites turned to core-shell structure, and the impact toughness was improved greatly. At the same time, tensile strength and dynamic storage modulus (E1) were higher than those with one-stage blending route processed ternary composite. The results suggest that blending routes may improve the properties of PA-6/nano-CaCO3/MA-POE ternary composites.

Asymptomatic Genital Infection of Human Papillomavirus in Pregnant Women and the Vertical Transmission Route

To further investigate the vertical transmission route of human papillomavirus (HPV) and the indication for the choice of mode of delivery, the infective status of 152 asymptomatic pregnant wemen and the maternal-fetal transmission were studied. By using general primers in polymerase chain reaction (GP-PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, HPV DNA positive rate in cervical secretions and venous blood in asymptomatic pregnant women was 36.21 % and 52.78 %, respectively, and the identified genotypes were mainly HPV_16 and _18. The maternal-fetal transmission rate of HPV via genital tract as well as blood was 40.91 % and 57.89 %, respectively. It was concluded that besides the transmission route of genital tract and amniotic fluid, there was also transplacental transmission of HPV in utero. Therefore,in our opinion, it is not an absolut indication to perform a cesarean delivery for the pregnant women with HPV asymtomatic genital infection.

Urban Repair Routes Toward Cultural Tourism:A Case Study of the Old Town of Jiazhou in Leshan,Sichuan

Cultural tourism is one of the directions of urban transformation and development,but there are still problems such as fragmentation of resource development models.Urban repair,as a comprehensive,systematic,and holistic updating project under the guidance of the problem,is an important way to promote the sustainable development of urban cultural tourism by paying attention to the connotative development of the "stock" of urban scale.Based on the analysis of the western urban cultural renaissance concept,this study closely followed the actual situation of cultural tourism development in the old city of China,re-examined the scale,goals and values of the current urban repair research to find breakthroughs for urban repair,put forward basic routes for the renewal of the built-up area,and analyzed the project practice of the Old Town of Jiazhou,with a view to providing a new "repair" model for promoting cultural tourism in small and medium-sized cities in China.

Geological conditions and key rock mechanics issues in the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project

In terms of special geological conditions of the Western Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the classification method for surrounding rocks is discussed by combining with the construction method of tunnel boring machine （TBM）. The classification standard of surrounding rocks is put forward on the basis of physical simulations and engineering practices. Damage, deformation and evolution of surrounding rocks induced by TBM excavation are discussed. Meanwhile, the long-term deformation mechanisms and stability of surrounding rocks are also studied. On this basis, a three-dimensional constitutive model for interbedded sandstone slate and a fiat shell-joint element-foundation system for calculating internal forces of segment lining are established. The deformation features of surrounding rocks of deep and steep interbedded sandstone slate and their influences on internal forces of segment lining are presented. Finally, the design methods of segment lining constructed in deep and steep flysch are proposed.

Research in migration route of hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) in the Bohai Bay using method of SSR marker

This study provides new insights for the hatchery released Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis),including proportion,dynamic migration route,after they were released into nature for stock enhancement using a new strategy quite different than ever.Chinese shrimp were sampled at 22 survey stations during two investigation voyages acrossing 74 survey stations in the Bohai Sea from July 16 to August 9 in 2015.Among 289 sampled individuals during the second voyage,totally 155 shrimps were identified as hatchery shrimp released into the Laizhou Bay at mid-May in 2015 based on finger-print of eight SSR(simple sequence repeats)markers,and the proportion of hatchery released shrimp in recapture samples were from 41.30%–85.71%in each station with an average value 53.63%,which verified a previous view point that up to 90%of autumn season Chinese shrimp landing in the Bohai Sea were composed of hatchery released.Meanwhile,the dynamic migration route of hatchery released shrimp revealed that part of released shrimp migrated heading northwest along the west coast of the Bohai Sea up to the Bohai Bay but just remained at the Laizhou Bay until over-wintering migration at midOctober when they initiate over-wintering migration.Present unnatural spring season shrimp fishing model cut the throat of spawner shrimp chance to swim back to their respective spawning plants at each spring,it still no chance to clarify whether the hatchery released shrimp could replenish to the reproduce population and complete a whole life cycle as same as their natural relatives.

Superconducting Single-Layer T-Graphene and Novel Synthesis Routes

Single-layer superconductors are ideal materials for fabricating superconducting nano devices.However,up to date,very few single-layer elemental superconductors have been predicted and especially no one has been successfully synthesized yet.Here,using crystal structure search techniques and ab initio calculations,we predict that a single-layer planar carbon sheet with 4-and 8-membered rings called T-graphene is a new intrinsic elemental superconductor with superconducting critical temperature(Tc)up to around 20.8 K.More importantly,we propose a synthesis route to obtain such a single-layer T-graphene,that is,a T-graphene potassium intercalation compound(C4 K with P4/mmm symmetry)is firstly synthesized at high pressure(>11.5 GPa)and then quenched to ambient condition;and finally,the single-layer T-graphene can be either exfoliated using the electrochemical method from the bulk C4 K,or peeled off from bulk T-graphite C4,where C4 can be obtained from C4 K by evaporating the K atoms.Interestingly,we find that the calculated Tc of C4 K is about 30.4 K at 0 GPa,which sets a new record for layered carbon-based superconductors.The present findings add a new class of carbon-based superconductors.In particular,once the single-layer T-graphene is synthesized,it can pave the way for fabricating superconducting devices together with other 2 D materials using the layer-by-layer growth techniques.

Reviews and Expectations on the Maiden Voyage of a Chinese Merchant Ship in the Arctic Northeast Route

This paper introduces the preparatory work and conducts an integrated review on the maiden voyage of a Chinese commercial ship on the Arctic Northeast Route. It puts forth expectations on the exploitation and utilization of the Arctic Northeast Route in the aspects of safety, fastness, low costs, low consumption of energy and less pollution, knowledge of maritime law and navigation practice, building seaworthiness ships and making studies on the methods of sailing and maneuvering for navigation in polar waters, training qualified seafarers with navigation experiences in ice waters and establishing a safeguard system for the navigation in this route through the analysis on the weather, temperature, ice condition, route and hydrology encountered in the practice of a Chinese merchant ship in its maiden voyage in the route, and studies on the ice pilotage, convoy by icebreaker, practical condition of communication and navigation equipment in sea areas of high latitude and the economic benefit of the navigation in the Arctic Northeast Route.

Autumn migration routes of fledgling Chinese Egrets(Egretta eulophotes)in Northeast China and their implications for conservation

The Chinese Egret(Egretta eulophotes)is a globally threatened bird species living on the coast and islands of Liaoning,northeastern China,mainly in summer.To further protect the breeding population of Chinese Egrets,it is important to understand the current protection status of their distribution sites at pre-migration period and migration routes.Thirty-three individuals were tagged with satellite transmitters at Fantuo Island in Changhai and Xingren Island in Zhuanghe,Liaoning Province,northeastern China,in July of 2016,2017,and 2018,to identify important distribution sites during the pre-migration period,as well as detailed migration routes.The results showed that coastal mudflats in Liaoning and the west coast of North Korea were important feeding and roosting sites for fledgling Chinese Egrets from August to September.The home range sizes in August were significantly larger than in September.The eastern coast from Shandong to Guangdong,as well as Taiwan,China,and Manila Bay and Galileo Islands in the Philippines,were important stopover sites during fall migration.Specifically,we found that the egrets’autumn migration could be divided into four routes,i.e.,sea-crossing migration(SCM),coastal migration(CM),inland migration(IM),and mixed migration(MM).The migration distance,timing,speed,and straightness of the four routes also differed.The SCM routes were the straightest,and had the fastest migration speed and shortest travel time,while the IM routes had the lowest straightness and speed,and the longest duration.Manila Bay and Bohol Island in the Philippines,the west coast of Tanintharyi in Myanmar,and the Zengwun River Estuary in Taiwan,China,were wintering sites.Our findings on the key distribution sites along pre-migration and fall migration routes,including some stopover sites,have important implications for the conservation of and global action plan development for the vulnerable Chinese Egret.