The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2(DM2) is based either on increased plasma glucose or Glycated hemoglobin levels. Since these measures are the only means for diagnosis of DM2, they must be well adapted to each...The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2(DM2) is based either on increased plasma glucose or Glycated hemoglobin levels. Since these measures are the only means for diagnosis of DM2, they must be well adapted to each population according to their metabolic characteristics, given that these may vary in each population. The World Health Organization(WHO) determined the cut-points of plasma glucose levels for the diagnosis of DM2 by associating hyperglycemia with the risk of a specific microvascular complication-retinopathy. Cardiovascular diseases are however the principal causes of mortality in patients with DM2 and we reported that in the Colombo-Ecuadorian population impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are both riskmarkers for myocardial infarction. We propose that the current cut-points accepted by the WHO need to be revaluated in populations such as Latin America and that there should be lower cut points for glycaemia in this population, to reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular complications associated with DM2.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer significantly contributes to cancer mortality globally.Gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM)is a stage in the Correa cascade and a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer.The natural history of GI...BACKGROUND Gastric cancer significantly contributes to cancer mortality globally.Gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM)is a stage in the Correa cascade and a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer.The natural history of GIM formation and progression over time is not fully understood.Currently,there are no clear guidelines on GIM surveillance or management in the United States.AIM To investigate factors associated with GIM development over time in African American-predominant study population.METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study in a single tertiary hospital in Washington DC.We retrieved upper esophagogastroduodenoscopies(EGDs)with gastric biopsies from the pathology department database from January 2015 to December 2020.Patients included in the study had undergone two or more EGDswith gastric biopsy.Patients with no GIM at baseline were followed up until they developed GIM or until the last available EGD.Exclusion criteria consisted of patients age<18,pregnancy,previous diagnosis of gastric cancer,and missing data including pathology results or endoscopy reports.The study population was divided into two groups based on GIM status.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard induced by patient demographics,EGD findings,and Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status on the GIM status.RESULTS Of 2375 patients who had at least 1 EGD with gastric biopsy,579 patients were included in the study.138 patients developed GIM during the study follow-up period of 1087 d on average,compared to 857 d in patients without GIM(P=0.247).The average age of GIM group was 64 years compared to 56 years in the non-GIM group(P<0.001).In the GIM group,adding one year to the age increases the risk for GIM formation by 4%(P<0.001).Over time,African Americans,Hispanic,and other ethnicities/races had an increased risk of GIM compared to Caucasians with a hazard ratio(HR)of 2.12(1.16,3.87),2.79(1.09,7.13),and 3.19(1.5,6.76)respectively.No gender difference was observed between the study populations.Gastritis was associated with an increased risk for GIM development with an HR of 1.62(1.07,2.44).On the other hand,H.pylori infection did not increase the risk for GIM.CONCLUSION An increase in age and non-Caucasian race/ethnicity are associated with an increased risk of GIM formation.The effect of H.pylori on GIM is limited in low prevalence areas.展开更多
The eight-item Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS) is a measure of self-efficacy in general health management that is used to predict health outcomes and behaviors. The PHCS has been shown to be a reliable and va...The eight-item Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS) is a measure of self-efficacy in general health management that is used to predict health outcomes and behaviors. The PHCS has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument but has been used in primarily white European Americans. The PHCS is positively correlated to health status and coping abilities. Younger, healthier populations score higher on the PHCS compared to elderly who are managing chronic illness. This study examined the PHCS in three Midwestern samples: African American elders which revealed two separate factors in PHCS;Native Americans who evaluated the PHCS as a single construct;and a Spanish speaking sample. In the latter sample, findings suggest health competence may be a multi-dimensional construct. Further evaluation of the Spanish version of the PHCS and population characteristics are needed to measure health competence beliefs.展开更多
The National Research Council recommends that genetic differentiation among subgroups of ethnic samples be lower than 3%of the total genetic differentiation within the ethnic sample to be used for estimating reliable ...The National Research Council recommends that genetic differentiation among subgroups of ethnic samples be lower than 3%of the total genetic differentiation within the ethnic sample to be used for estimating reliable random match probabilities for forensic use.Native American samples in the United States’Combined DNA Index System(CODIS)database represent four language families:Algonquian,Na-Dene,Eskimo-Aleut,and Salishan.However,a minimum of 27 Native American language families exists in the US,not including language isolates.Our goal was to ascertain whether genetic differences are correlated with language groupings and,if so,whether additional language families would provide a more accurate representation of current genetic diversity among tribal populations.The 21 short tandem repeat(STR)loci included in the Globalfiler^(■)PCR Amplification Kit were used to characterize six indigenous language families,including three of the four represented in the CODIS database(i.e.Algonquian,Na-Dene,and Eskimo-Aleut),and two language isolates(Miwok and Seri)using major population genetic diversity metrics such as F statistics and Bayesian clustering analysis of genotype frequencies.Most of the genetic variation(97%)was found to be within language families instead of among them(3%).In contrast,when only the three of the four language families represented in both the CODIS database and the present study were considered,4%of the genetic variation occurred among the language groups.Bayesian clustering resulted in a maximum posterior probability indicating three genetically distinct groups among the eight language families and isolates:(1)Eskimo,(2)Seri,and(3)all other language groups and isolates,thus confirming genetic subdivision among subgroups of the CODIS Native American database.This genetic structure indicates the need for an increased number of Native American populations based on language affiliation in the CODIS database as well as more robust sample sets for those language families.展开更多
采用闭锁群体继代选育的方法(Closed population continuing selection and breeding method)对美国品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)进行提纯选育,并利用选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼亲本作为母本,奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)作为...采用闭锁群体继代选育的方法(Closed population continuing selection and breeding method)对美国品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)进行提纯选育,并利用选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼亲本作为母本,奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)作为父本进行杂交生产子一代(简称"美奥"罗非鱼),再对子一代开展网箱养殖对比实验,以养殖实验的结果来评价选育尼罗罗非鱼的效果。结果表明:(1)实验组美国品系尼罗罗非鱼雌性后备亲本留种率P2世代分别比第P0、P1世代提高了103.16%和35.92%,P1世代比P0世代提高了49.47%,远高于同期未经选育的美国品系尼罗罗非鱼;(2)实验组"美奥"罗非鱼杂交组合的雌性亲本产苗量高达21.5万尾,高于对照组的21.2万尾;实验组产苗前期、高峰期和后期后代雄性率分别为96.27%、97.01%和95.70%,高于对照组的94.37%、95.65%和94.18%,但均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;(3)经过选育的"美奥"罗非鱼平均体长、平均体质量、绝对增重率、绝对增长率、特定生长率和生长指标均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);600g以上的罗非鱼所占的比例由对照组的51.2%增加到64.6%,增幅达到26.2%;头部比例有变小的趋势,头长/体长在0.30以下的比例由对照组的19.0%上升到32.07%,增幅达68.8%;实验组"美奥"罗非鱼的雄性率、单产及肥满度等主要经济指标均比对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,"美奥"罗非鱼的选育效果良好,可为"尼奥"罗非鱼的苗种生产提供亲本保障。展开更多
文摘The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2(DM2) is based either on increased plasma glucose or Glycated hemoglobin levels. Since these measures are the only means for diagnosis of DM2, they must be well adapted to each population according to their metabolic characteristics, given that these may vary in each population. The World Health Organization(WHO) determined the cut-points of plasma glucose levels for the diagnosis of DM2 by associating hyperglycemia with the risk of a specific microvascular complication-retinopathy. Cardiovascular diseases are however the principal causes of mortality in patients with DM2 and we reported that in the Colombo-Ecuadorian population impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are both riskmarkers for myocardial infarction. We propose that the current cut-points accepted by the WHO need to be revaluated in populations such as Latin America and that there should be lower cut points for glycaemia in this population, to reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular complications associated with DM2.
文摘BACKGROUND Gastric cancer significantly contributes to cancer mortality globally.Gastric intestinal metaplasia(GIM)is a stage in the Correa cascade and a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer.The natural history of GIM formation and progression over time is not fully understood.Currently,there are no clear guidelines on GIM surveillance or management in the United States.AIM To investigate factors associated with GIM development over time in African American-predominant study population.METHODS This is a retrospective longitudinal study in a single tertiary hospital in Washington DC.We retrieved upper esophagogastroduodenoscopies(EGDs)with gastric biopsies from the pathology department database from January 2015 to December 2020.Patients included in the study had undergone two or more EGDswith gastric biopsy.Patients with no GIM at baseline were followed up until they developed GIM or until the last available EGD.Exclusion criteria consisted of patients age<18,pregnancy,previous diagnosis of gastric cancer,and missing data including pathology results or endoscopy reports.The study population was divided into two groups based on GIM status.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard induced by patient demographics,EGD findings,and Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)status on the GIM status.RESULTS Of 2375 patients who had at least 1 EGD with gastric biopsy,579 patients were included in the study.138 patients developed GIM during the study follow-up period of 1087 d on average,compared to 857 d in patients without GIM(P=0.247).The average age of GIM group was 64 years compared to 56 years in the non-GIM group(P<0.001).In the GIM group,adding one year to the age increases the risk for GIM formation by 4%(P<0.001).Over time,African Americans,Hispanic,and other ethnicities/races had an increased risk of GIM compared to Caucasians with a hazard ratio(HR)of 2.12(1.16,3.87),2.79(1.09,7.13),and 3.19(1.5,6.76)respectively.No gender difference was observed between the study populations.Gastritis was associated with an increased risk for GIM development with an HR of 1.62(1.07,2.44).On the other hand,H.pylori infection did not increase the risk for GIM.CONCLUSION An increase in age and non-Caucasian race/ethnicity are associated with an increased risk of GIM formation.The effect of H.pylori on GIM is limited in low prevalence areas.
文摘The eight-item Perceived Health Competence Scale (PHCS) is a measure of self-efficacy in general health management that is used to predict health outcomes and behaviors. The PHCS has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument but has been used in primarily white European Americans. The PHCS is positively correlated to health status and coping abilities. Younger, healthier populations score higher on the PHCS compared to elderly who are managing chronic illness. This study examined the PHCS in three Midwestern samples: African American elders which revealed two separate factors in PHCS;Native Americans who evaluated the PHCS as a single construct;and a Spanish speaking sample. In the latter sample, findings suggest health competence may be a multi-dimensional construct. Further evaluation of the Spanish version of the PHCS and population characteristics are needed to measure health competence beliefs.
基金This study was funded by a National Institute of Justice grant[grant number 2014-DN-BX-K024]to Sreetharan Kanthaswamy,and a research grant from the UC Davis Forensic Science Graduate Program to Jessica A.Weise.
文摘The National Research Council recommends that genetic differentiation among subgroups of ethnic samples be lower than 3%of the total genetic differentiation within the ethnic sample to be used for estimating reliable random match probabilities for forensic use.Native American samples in the United States’Combined DNA Index System(CODIS)database represent four language families:Algonquian,Na-Dene,Eskimo-Aleut,and Salishan.However,a minimum of 27 Native American language families exists in the US,not including language isolates.Our goal was to ascertain whether genetic differences are correlated with language groupings and,if so,whether additional language families would provide a more accurate representation of current genetic diversity among tribal populations.The 21 short tandem repeat(STR)loci included in the Globalfiler^(■)PCR Amplification Kit were used to characterize six indigenous language families,including three of the four represented in the CODIS database(i.e.Algonquian,Na-Dene,and Eskimo-Aleut),and two language isolates(Miwok and Seri)using major population genetic diversity metrics such as F statistics and Bayesian clustering analysis of genotype frequencies.Most of the genetic variation(97%)was found to be within language families instead of among them(3%).In contrast,when only the three of the four language families represented in both the CODIS database and the present study were considered,4%of the genetic variation occurred among the language groups.Bayesian clustering resulted in a maximum posterior probability indicating three genetically distinct groups among the eight language families and isolates:(1)Eskimo,(2)Seri,and(3)all other language groups and isolates,thus confirming genetic subdivision among subgroups of the CODIS Native American database.This genetic structure indicates the need for an increased number of Native American populations based on language affiliation in the CODIS database as well as more robust sample sets for those language families.
文摘采用闭锁群体继代选育的方法(Closed population continuing selection and breeding method)对美国品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)进行提纯选育,并利用选育获得的尼罗罗非鱼亲本作为母本,奥利亚罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus)作为父本进行杂交生产子一代(简称"美奥"罗非鱼),再对子一代开展网箱养殖对比实验,以养殖实验的结果来评价选育尼罗罗非鱼的效果。结果表明:(1)实验组美国品系尼罗罗非鱼雌性后备亲本留种率P2世代分别比第P0、P1世代提高了103.16%和35.92%,P1世代比P0世代提高了49.47%,远高于同期未经选育的美国品系尼罗罗非鱼;(2)实验组"美奥"罗非鱼杂交组合的雌性亲本产苗量高达21.5万尾,高于对照组的21.2万尾;实验组产苗前期、高峰期和后期后代雄性率分别为96.27%、97.01%和95.70%,高于对照组的94.37%、95.65%和94.18%,但均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;(3)经过选育的"美奥"罗非鱼平均体长、平均体质量、绝对增重率、绝对增长率、特定生长率和生长指标均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);600g以上的罗非鱼所占的比例由对照组的51.2%增加到64.6%,增幅达到26.2%;头部比例有变小的趋势,头长/体长在0.30以下的比例由对照组的19.0%上升到32.07%,增幅达68.8%;实验组"美奥"罗非鱼的雄性率、单产及肥满度等主要经济指标均比对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,"美奥"罗非鱼的选育效果良好,可为"尼奥"罗非鱼的苗种生产提供亲本保障。
