Investigating spatiotemporal changes in crustal stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding seismogenic processes.However,in individual earthquake cases,the characteristics of the stres...Investigating spatiotemporal changes in crustal stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding seismogenic processes.However,in individual earthquake cases,the characteristics of the stress after it reaches its maximum value are rarely discussed.In this study,we use the 2021 M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China and events of magnitudes M_L≥3.0 occurred in the surrounding area in the previous 11 years to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of apparent stress.The results indicate that apparent stress began to increase in January 2015 and reached a maximum in January 2020.Apparent stress then remained at a high level until October 2020,after which it declined considerable.We suggest that the stress was in the accumulation stage from January 2015 to January 2020,and entered the meta-instability stage after October 2020.During the meta-instability stage,the zone of decreasing stress expanded continuously and the apparent stress increased around the Yangbi earthquake source region.These features are generally consistent with the results of laboratory rock stress experiments.We propose that apparent stress can be a good indicator for determining whether the stress at a specific location has entered the meta-instability stage and may become the epicenter of an impending strong earthquake.展开更多
According to the reports of China Earthquake Networks Center,an Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi City,Dali Prefecture,Yun-nan Province,on May 21,2021;the epicenter was located at 25.67°N and 99.87°E with ...According to the reports of China Earthquake Networks Center,an Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi City,Dali Prefecture,Yun-nan Province,on May 21,2021;the epicenter was located at 25.67°N and 99.87°E with a focal depth of 8 km.Within 5 km from the epicenter the average elevation is 2268 m.展开更多
Using the Cut And Paste(CAP)method,we invert the focal mechanism of 38 moderate earthquakes(M_(S)≥3.0)recorded by Yunnan seismic network and analyze the corresponding focal mechanism consistency based on the minimum ...Using the Cut And Paste(CAP)method,we invert the focal mechanism of 38 moderate earthquakes(M_(S)≥3.0)recorded by Yunnan seismic network and analyze the corresponding focal mechanism consistency based on the minimum spatial rotation angle.Our results indicate that the M_(S)6.4 mainshock is induced by a lateral strike slip fault(with a rake angle of~-165°)and a little normal-faulting component event along a nearly vertical plane(dipping angle~79° and strike~138°).Combining our results with high resolution catalog,we argue that the seismogenic fault of this earthquake sequence is a secondary fault western to the major Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan fault.The focal mechanism evolution can be divided into three periods.During the first period,the foreshock sequence,the focal mechanism consistency is the highest(KA<36°);during the second period which is shortly after the mainshock,the focal mechanism shows strong variation with KA ranging from 8° to 110°;during the third period,the seismicity becomes weak and the focal mechanism of the earthquakes becomes more consistent than the second period(18°<KA<73°).We suggest that the KA,to some extent,represents the coherence between local tectonic stress regime and the stress state of each individual earthquake.Furthermore,high focal mechanism consistency and high linearity of seismic distribution may serve as indicators for the identification of foreshock sequence.展开更多
Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25,2021,and the waveform data of M≥4 earthquakes,we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi ea...Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25,2021,and the waveform data of M≥4 earthquakes,we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence using the HypoDD and CAP methods.Based on our results,our main conclusions are as follows:(1)the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence.The fore-shocks of the first two stages have the obvious fronts of migration and their migration rate increased gradually.There was no apparent front of migration during the third stage,and the occurrence of the mainshock was related to stress triggering from a M5.3 foreshock.We tentatively speculate that the rupture pattern of the Yangbi earthquake sequence conforms to the cascading-rupture model;and(2)the main fault of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault.As time progressed,a minor conjugate aftershock belt formed at the northwest end of this fault,and a dendritic branching structure emerged in the southern fault segment,showing a complex seismogenic fault structure.We suggested that the fault of the Yangbi earthquake sequence may be a young sub-fault of the Weixi-Weishan fault.展开更多
2021年5月21日21时,云南大理白族自治州漾濞县发生M_(S)6.4地震。该地震的震中位于川滇块体的西南边界,是该区40多年来震级最大的一次地震。地震未产生地表破裂,余震也未沿震区附近已知的断裂分布。研究者针对这次地震的发震构造已有若...2021年5月21日21时,云南大理白族自治州漾濞县发生M_(S)6.4地震。该地震的震中位于川滇块体的西南边界,是该区40多年来震级最大的一次地震。地震未产生地表破裂,余震也未沿震区附近已知的断裂分布。研究者针对这次地震的发震构造已有若干研究结果,但采用不同数据、方法和思考角度对这些结果进行验证并同时补充新认识是必要的。文中利用云南地震台网观测资料分析了漾濞地震序列的时空分布特征,进行重新定位,并通过CAP(Cut and Paste)方法获取序列中较大地震的震源机制解与矩心深度。结果表明,漾濞地震的余震震源深度主要集中在4~13km,余震带总体呈NW-SE走向,空间分段性明显:主震震中北西侧余震稀少且分布相对集中,东南侧余震密集且余震带宽度变大;前震序列发生在主震震中的东南侧,与余震密集段的位置基本重叠,反映主震震中北西侧的稀疏余震应属于触发型,而主震破裂可能属于由震中向SE扩展的单侧破裂型。余震带的深度横剖面显示主震破裂具有明显的分段性,序列北西段的结构较为简单,显示出一个地震丛集,而南东段则相对复杂,很可能由2条倾向SW的高倾角断层组成。漾濞地震序列中29个M_(S)≥3.0地震的矩心深度主要分布于3~13km,震源机制解以右旋走滑型为主,大多存在一个NW-SE走向的高倾角节面,且具有一定的正断倾滑分量。主震是以右旋走滑为主的破裂所引发的,矩心深度为5.2km,与重定位所得的震源初始破裂深度8.9km较为接近,反映该地震发生在上地壳,也反映震区的地震活动深度偏浅。文中对2021年5月云南漾濞序列的时-空分布特征与震源机制解的分析,反映此次地震的发震断层产状及力学性质与NW走向的维西-乔后-巍山断裂较为一致,但位置不同,证实这次地震的发震构造是该断裂南段西侧一条SW陡倾的右旋走滑次级断裂。展开更多
An M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi,Yunnan province,on May 21,2021.According to related investigations,the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County,and the seismogenic structure is th...An M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi,Yunnan province,on May 21,2021.According to related investigations,the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County,and the seismogenic structure is the NW-trending Weixi-Qiaohou fault.The earthquake area is located in the hinterland of the Hengduan Mountains in the northwest of Yunnan Province,a region dominated by high and medium-high mountains,with deep canyons and tectonic basins in between.Various geomorphic features are derived from drastic topographic changes and huge geological differences in the earthquake area.There are a variety of buildings in the earthquake-affected zone,including civil and brick-wood structures ones with weak seismic performance,as well as brick-concrete and frame ones with better seismic performance.This paper summarizes and analyzes different characteristics of the earthquake in different geomorphic units through field investigations of different buildings and geological disasters in the affected area.The results show that under the same earthquake intensity,the damage to most buildings(located in slope areas or rooted in weak strata)is amplified by the earthquake.The earthquake has exerted an obvious propagation effect along the direction of the seismogenic structure.Moreover,local ground fissures will aggravate the damage to the buildings even without surface dislocation.Thus,we suggest that attention should be paid to the ground fissures caused by the slope effect.The fissure areas may also be the disaster spot of collapses and landslides in case of a high-magnitude earthquake.展开更多
The Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21,2021 in western Yunnan,China,where moderate earthquakes strike frequently.It exhibited a typical“foreshock-mainshock-aftershock”sequence and did not occur on a pre-e...The Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21,2021 in western Yunnan,China,where moderate earthquakes strike frequently.It exhibited a typical“foreshock-mainshock-aftershock”sequence and did not occur on a pre-existing active fault.The seismogenic environment and mechanism of this earthquake have aroused considerable research attention.In this study,we obtain the three-dimensional v_(P),v_(S)and v_(P)/v_(S)images using the v_(P)/v_(S)consistency-constrained double-difference tomography method,which improves the accuracy of v_(P)/v_(S)models.We focus on characteristics of v_(P)/v_(S)images in areas with a lateral resolution of 0.1°,and reveal the seismogenic environment of the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake.The conclusions are as follows:(1)Low velocity and high-v_(P)/v_(S)anomalies are revealed at different depths around the northern segment of the Red River fault.v_(S)and v_(P)/v_(S)images along the Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan fault and the buried faults on its west show obviously segmented feature.(2)The source region of the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake is located in a low-v_(P)/v_(S)zone implying high medium strength.High-v_(P)/v_(S)anomalies in its NW direction indicate cracks development and the existence of fluids or partial melts,which are unfavorable for stress accumulation and triggering large earthquakes.Such conditions have also prevented the earthquake sequence from extending northwestward.(3)With the southeastward extrusion of materials from the Tibetan Plateau,fluid migration was blocked by the low-v_(P)/v_(S)body in the source region.The high-v_(P)/v_(S)anomaly beneath the source region may implies that the fluids or partial melts in the middle and lower crust gradually weakened medium strength at the bottom of the seismogenic layer,and preparing the largest foreshock in the transition zone of high to low v_(P)/v_(S).Meanwhile,tectonic stress incessantly accumulated in the brittle upper crust,eventually led to the M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurrence.展开更多
At 02:04 on May 22,2021,an M_(S)7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province,China.This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008M_(S) 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Thus,it is critical t...At 02:04 on May 22,2021,an M_(S)7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province,China.This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008M_(S) 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Thus,it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region.This study focuses on the Xuema Village,located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event,and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys,UAV photogrammetry,and ground penetrating radar(GPR).The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments.En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m,and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm.In contrast,the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site.All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed,while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged.More than 80%of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse,similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205.We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment.The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone,causing shaking damage.Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage.展开更多
基金supported by the China National Key R&D Program (No.2018YFC1503305)the Special fund of the Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration (No.DQJB22Z04)。
文摘Investigating spatiotemporal changes in crustal stress associated with major earthquakes has implications for understanding seismogenic processes.However,in individual earthquake cases,the characteristics of the stress after it reaches its maximum value are rarely discussed.In this study,we use the 2021 M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan,China and events of magnitudes M_L≥3.0 occurred in the surrounding area in the previous 11 years to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of apparent stress.The results indicate that apparent stress began to increase in January 2015 and reached a maximum in January 2020.Apparent stress then remained at a high level until October 2020,after which it declined considerable.We suggest that the stress was in the accumulation stage from January 2015 to January 2020,and entered the meta-instability stage after October 2020.During the meta-instability stage,the zone of decreasing stress expanded continuously and the apparent stress increased around the Yangbi earthquake source region.These features are generally consistent with the results of laboratory rock stress experiments.We propose that apparent stress can be a good indicator for determining whether the stress at a specific location has entered the meta-instability stage and may become the epicenter of an impending strong earthquake.
基金This work was sponsored by the National Key R&D Program on Monitoring,Early Warning and Prevention of Major Natural Disaster(2017YFC1500304).
文摘According to the reports of China Earthquake Networks Center,an Ms6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi City,Dali Prefecture,Yun-nan Province,on May 21,2021;the epicenter was located at 25.67°N and 99.87°E with a focal depth of 8 km.Within 5 km from the epicenter the average elevation is 2268 m.
基金sponsored by Earthquake monitoring, forecasting, and scientific research project of China Earthquake Administration(3JH-2021046)Sub-projects of The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC150330303)the Academician Workstation of Chen Yong of Yunnan Province (2014IC007).
文摘Using the Cut And Paste(CAP)method,we invert the focal mechanism of 38 moderate earthquakes(M_(S)≥3.0)recorded by Yunnan seismic network and analyze the corresponding focal mechanism consistency based on the minimum spatial rotation angle.Our results indicate that the M_(S)6.4 mainshock is induced by a lateral strike slip fault(with a rake angle of~-165°)and a little normal-faulting component event along a nearly vertical plane(dipping angle~79° and strike~138°).Combining our results with high resolution catalog,we argue that the seismogenic fault of this earthquake sequence is a secondary fault western to the major Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan fault.The focal mechanism evolution can be divided into three periods.During the first period,the foreshock sequence,the focal mechanism consistency is the highest(KA<36°);during the second period which is shortly after the mainshock,the focal mechanism shows strong variation with KA ranging from 8° to 110°;during the third period,the seismicity becomes weak and the focal mechanism of the earthquakes becomes more consistent than the second period(18°<KA<73°).We suggest that the KA,to some extent,represents the coherence between local tectonic stress regime and the stress state of each individual earthquake.Furthermore,high focal mechanism consistency and high linearity of seismic distribution may serve as indicators for the identification of foreshock sequence.
文摘Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25,2021,and the waveform data of M≥4 earthquakes,we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence using the HypoDD and CAP methods.Based on our results,our main conclusions are as follows:(1)the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence.The fore-shocks of the first two stages have the obvious fronts of migration and their migration rate increased gradually.There was no apparent front of migration during the third stage,and the occurrence of the mainshock was related to stress triggering from a M5.3 foreshock.We tentatively speculate that the rupture pattern of the Yangbi earthquake sequence conforms to the cascading-rupture model;and(2)the main fault of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault.As time progressed,a minor conjugate aftershock belt formed at the northwest end of this fault,and a dendritic branching structure emerged in the southern fault segment,showing a complex seismogenic fault structure.We suggested that the fault of the Yangbi earthquake sequence may be a young sub-fault of the Weixi-Weishan fault.
文摘2021年5月21日21时,云南大理白族自治州漾濞县发生M_(S)6.4地震。该地震的震中位于川滇块体的西南边界,是该区40多年来震级最大的一次地震。地震未产生地表破裂,余震也未沿震区附近已知的断裂分布。研究者针对这次地震的发震构造已有若干研究结果,但采用不同数据、方法和思考角度对这些结果进行验证并同时补充新认识是必要的。文中利用云南地震台网观测资料分析了漾濞地震序列的时空分布特征,进行重新定位,并通过CAP(Cut and Paste)方法获取序列中较大地震的震源机制解与矩心深度。结果表明,漾濞地震的余震震源深度主要集中在4~13km,余震带总体呈NW-SE走向,空间分段性明显:主震震中北西侧余震稀少且分布相对集中,东南侧余震密集且余震带宽度变大;前震序列发生在主震震中的东南侧,与余震密集段的位置基本重叠,反映主震震中北西侧的稀疏余震应属于触发型,而主震破裂可能属于由震中向SE扩展的单侧破裂型。余震带的深度横剖面显示主震破裂具有明显的分段性,序列北西段的结构较为简单,显示出一个地震丛集,而南东段则相对复杂,很可能由2条倾向SW的高倾角断层组成。漾濞地震序列中29个M_(S)≥3.0地震的矩心深度主要分布于3~13km,震源机制解以右旋走滑型为主,大多存在一个NW-SE走向的高倾角节面,且具有一定的正断倾滑分量。主震是以右旋走滑为主的破裂所引发的,矩心深度为5.2km,与重定位所得的震源初始破裂深度8.9km较为接近,反映该地震发生在上地壳,也反映震区的地震活动深度偏浅。文中对2021年5月云南漾濞序列的时-空分布特征与震源机制解的分析,反映此次地震的发震断层产状及力学性质与NW走向的维西-乔后-巍山断裂较为一致,但位置不同,证实这次地震的发震构造是该断裂南段西侧一条SW陡倾的右旋走滑次级断裂。
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Projects (41472204, U2002211).
文摘An M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred in Yangbi,Yunnan province,on May 21,2021.According to related investigations,the macro-epicenter of the earthquake is 6 km northwest of Yangbi County,and the seismogenic structure is the NW-trending Weixi-Qiaohou fault.The earthquake area is located in the hinterland of the Hengduan Mountains in the northwest of Yunnan Province,a region dominated by high and medium-high mountains,with deep canyons and tectonic basins in between.Various geomorphic features are derived from drastic topographic changes and huge geological differences in the earthquake area.There are a variety of buildings in the earthquake-affected zone,including civil and brick-wood structures ones with weak seismic performance,as well as brick-concrete and frame ones with better seismic performance.This paper summarizes and analyzes different characteristics of the earthquake in different geomorphic units through field investigations of different buildings and geological disasters in the affected area.The results show that under the same earthquake intensity,the damage to most buildings(located in slope areas or rooted in weak strata)is amplified by the earthquake.The earthquake has exerted an obvious propagation effect along the direction of the seismogenic structure.Moreover,local ground fissures will aggravate the damage to the buildings even without surface dislocation.Thus,we suggest that attention should be paid to the ground fissures caused by the slope effect.The fissure areas may also be the disaster spot of collapses and landslides in case of a high-magnitude earthquake.
基金This work was jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFC3000700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42174066).
文摘The Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21,2021 in western Yunnan,China,where moderate earthquakes strike frequently.It exhibited a typical“foreshock-mainshock-aftershock”sequence and did not occur on a pre-existing active fault.The seismogenic environment and mechanism of this earthquake have aroused considerable research attention.In this study,we obtain the three-dimensional v_(P),v_(S)and v_(P)/v_(S)images using the v_(P)/v_(S)consistency-constrained double-difference tomography method,which improves the accuracy of v_(P)/v_(S)models.We focus on characteristics of v_(P)/v_(S)images in areas with a lateral resolution of 0.1°,and reveal the seismogenic environment of the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake.The conclusions are as follows:(1)Low velocity and high-v_(P)/v_(S)anomalies are revealed at different depths around the northern segment of the Red River fault.v_(S)and v_(P)/v_(S)images along the Weixi-Qiaohou-Weishan fault and the buried faults on its west show obviously segmented feature.(2)The source region of the Yangbi M_(S)6.4 earthquake is located in a low-v_(P)/v_(S)zone implying high medium strength.High-v_(P)/v_(S)anomalies in its NW direction indicate cracks development and the existence of fluids or partial melts,which are unfavorable for stress accumulation and triggering large earthquakes.Such conditions have also prevented the earthquake sequence from extending northwestward.(3)With the southeastward extrusion of materials from the Tibetan Plateau,fluid migration was blocked by the low-v_(P)/v_(S)body in the source region.The high-v_(P)/v_(S)anomaly beneath the source region may implies that the fluids or partial melts in the middle and lower crust gradually weakened medium strength at the bottom of the seismogenic layer,and preparing the largest foreshock in the transition zone of high to low v_(P)/v_(S).Meanwhile,tectonic stress incessantly accumulated in the brittle upper crust,eventually led to the M_(S)6.4 earthquake occurrence.
基金partially supported by the research grants from Spark Program of Earthquake Sciences(XH213703Y)National Institute of Natural Hazards,Ministry of Emergency Management of China(No.ZDJ2020-09 and No.ZDJ2019-16).
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42072248,42041006)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC3000601-3,2019YFE0108900)Scientific Research Project of China Datang Corporation Ltd.(DTXZ-02-2021).
文摘At 02:04 on May 22,2021,an M_(S)7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province,China.This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008M_(S) 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Thus,it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region.This study focuses on the Xuema Village,located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event,and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys,UAV photogrammetry,and ground penetrating radar(GPR).The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments.En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m,and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm.In contrast,the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site.All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed,while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged.More than 80%of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse,similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205.We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment.The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone,causing shaking damage.Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage.
