Challenges and Countermeasures for Integrating the Protection of Environmental Rights into Actions for Addressing Climate Change

Climate change,which is the result of human activities,has wide-ranging impact.It poses a serious threat to human rights.Environmental rights are where the protection of the ecological environment and the development of human rights intersect.In view of the close relationship between the actions for addressing climate change and environmental rights,China should integrate the protection of environmental rights into the actions for addressing climate change,so as to achieve simultaneous development of both.In the process of coping with climate change,the right to climate stability that mainly pursues a“harmless”environment and the right to a more livable climate that pursues a“beautiful eco-environment”are specific manifestations of environmental rights and should be the priority of protection efforts.However,there are still some obstacles to achieving the coordinated development of the efforts to address climate change and the protection of environmental rights because traditional rights protection methods mainly give individuals subjective rights with the power to claim and are thus difficult to meet the needs of environmental rights protection in the context of climate change,and there are inherent value differences between responding to climate change and the realization of other human rights.Building a multi-level national obligation system to address climate change,giving full play to the role of courts in responding to climate change through moderate judicial activism,and coordinating the efforts to cope with climate change and the development of human rights under the guidance of a holistic system view are effective ways to overcome the aforementioned difficulties.

China's adjustment of climate change policies:what lessons can be learned from the US?

From the US New Energy Plan, personnel appointment, and diplomatic activities, etc., we can see that US is now on the way to returning to the negotiation table and undertaking the leadership in addressing climate change. What US has done puts tremendous challenges on China, which emits large amount of greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. However, different from US, China is undergoing rapid development, and huge energy consumption is unavoidable. China has to make a balance between developing economy and addressing climate change. This paper focuses on the US climate change policies and its greenhouse gas emissions, and its influences on China climate change policy. China greenhouse gas emissions and relative policies are also analyzed to see what situation China is in, and what challenges that China is facing. Consequently, combing China's local situation, we propose several solutions for China to address climate change, i.e. moving towards a low carbon economy, struggling for emitting more, enhancing China-US cooperation, and implementing different climate change policies based on local situation. Meanwhile, the achievements that China has made are also introduced.

National Environmental Policy Act of the United States and Its Application in Climate Litigation——Evaluating Litigation Case by Friends of the Earth on Export-Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Because that American government and congress hold a negative attitude on responding to climate change issue, people transfer the battle stage of climate change to the court,and hope to promote government and large energy companies actively responding to climate change issue via litigation form. A large amount of related litigation appears,and a kind of special litigation type is gradually formed, namely climate change litigation. National Environmental Policy Act of the United States is one of important legal weapons used by prosecutor in climate change litigation. In National Environmental Policy Act, it stipulates environmental impact evaluation system which has close relationship with climate change litigation. The system requires that federal agency ＂ should compile detailed environmental impact report （EIS） on major federal action which significantly affects human survival environment quality＂. Litigation case of Export - Import Bank of the United States and Overseas Private Investment Corporation by Fdends of the Earth, Green Peace, Boulder City, etc. is typical one related to the act. We try to evaluate and analyze text and case of the act.

Research on China’s technology lists for addressing climate change

The compilation of technology lists addressing climate change has a guiding effect on promoting technological research and development,demonstration,and popularization.It is also crucial for China to strengthen ecological civilization construction,achieve the carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality target,and enhance global climate governance capabilities.This study first proposes the existing classification outline of the technology promotion lists,technology demand lists,and future technology lists.Then,different methodologies are integrated on the basis of the existing outline of four technology lists:China’s existing technological promotion list for addressing climate change,China’s demand list for climate change mitigation technology,China’s key technology list for addressing climate change,and China’s future technology list for addressing climate change.What’s more,core technologies are analyzed in the aspects of technology maturity,carbon reduction cost,carbon reduction potential,economic benefits,social influence,uncertainty,etc.The results show that:key industries and sectors in China already have relatively mature mitigation/adaptation technologies to support the achievement of climate change targets.The multi-sectoral system of promoting climate friendly technologies has been established,which has played an active role in tackling climate change.Currently,climate technology needs are concentrated in the traditional technology and equipment upgrading,renewable energy technology,and management decision-making support technology.The key technologies are concentrated in 3 major areas and 12 technological directions that urgently need a breakthrough.For carbon emmission peak and nentrality,carbon depth reduction and zero carbon emissions and geoengineering technology(CDR and SRM)have played an important role in forming the structure of global emissions and achieving carbon neutrality in the future.Thus,the uncertainty assessment for the comprehensive technology cost effectiveness,technology integration direction,technical maturity,ethics and ecological impacts is supportive to the national technology strategy.Finally,the presented study proposes several policy implications for medium-and long-term technology deployment,improving technology conversion rate,promoting the research and development of core technologies,and forming a technology list collaborative update and release mechanism.

Displacement of Indigenous People in Canada under the Indian Act: Participatory Video with Lake St. Martin and Little Saskatchewan First Nations on Flood Impacts

Four participatory video research projects were undertaken over eight years with two Indigenous communities displaced by a flood. The films focus on how floodwaters were diverted away from non-Indigenous regions to Indigenous communities at Lake St. Martin by Canada’s colonial government. This displacement repeats the colonial pattern of forcibly relocating Indigenous people away from their land, resources, and good life. This participatory video research of flood stories underwent a content, process, and outcome analysis. The environmental, social, cultural, health and economic impacts are documented in the films, including poverty, environmental injustice, gang predation, separation of families, food insecurity, illness, culture loss, addictions, and racism. The films captured the lived experience of Elders, youth and, families during their eight years of displacement to temporary, unsuitable accommodations and upon relocation. In terms of process, community members engaged in filming, scriptwriting, and narrating to tell their stories. The process was transformative, decolonizing, and built community research capacity. The participatory video research was helpful for lawyers advocating for compensation. The popularity of the videos online exceeded that of academic papers and helped fuel a movement to wake people to the ongoing colonial injustices faced by Indigenous people across Canada. This paper not only analyzes the films but traces the roots of Indigenous displacement by man-made flooding to the Indian Act and colonization, calling for abolishing the Indian Act and decolonization.

论双碳背景下的清洁能源技术强制许可

中国加入《巴黎协定》后提出力争2030年实现碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和,在双碳背景下有学者提出比照药品强制许可对清洁能源技术实施强制许可,而现有理论存在论证逻辑谬误、维度欠缺等多种问题。基于环境权的法哲学外部证立、法规范的法教义学内部证立、清洁能源专利实施情况的实证分析以及清洁能源专利与药品专利的比较分析,得出结论:清洁能源强制许可具备法律上的正当性,但不具备实施上的必要性。尽管如此,仍应当完善强制许可制度,发挥其对技术转让谈判的辅助作用,促进清洁能源技术转让,为实现碳达峰、碳中和的远景目标保驾护航。

加快“以竹代塑”绿色产业发展的市场供需对接机制研究

我国为全球“以竹代塑”的倡导国,也是“以竹代塑”的引领国,正在加快“以竹代塑”发展,以应对气候变化和减少塑料污染,拓展绿色经济发展路径。我国“以竹代塑”产品供需关系正在建立,但供需对接机制仍不健全,存在“供有需小”“供无需有”等问题,主要原因在于供给侧难以满足需求侧要求以及供需两侧信息不畅通和市场交易不便捷。本文建议从供需两侧共同发力,做强做精供给侧、做大做深需求侧、加强供需对接政策支持,推动“以竹代塑”的快速发展,打造新型绿色产业。

政策型立法:应对气候变化立法韩国经验的镜鉴与拓展

综观各国应对气候变化立法,大致可分为综合型、分散型、单行法立法模式。其中,政策型立法承继了综合型立法的“全面性”特征,兼具引导性和灵活性。韩国是政策型立法的典型,其以气候正义为导向、以协商治理为重点、以机构设置引导形成合力,呈现为“基本法+支撑性法+辅助性法”的体系化立法路径,可资镜鉴。立足于我国能源、资源禀赋和立法现状,宜从分散型立法转向政策型立法,制定专门的《应对气候变化法》作为基本法,以参与正义融贯“平行式”的气候治理路径,以矫正正义弥合社会转型的能力差异,建构超越行政主导的主体建设二元模式,形塑我国应对气候变化立法体系。

习近平关于气候变化全球治理的重要论述及其启示

习近平以马克思主义人与自然关系思想为理论根基,从“和合共生”的中华智慧中汲取营养,立足中国应对气候变化的探索实践,围绕气候变化全球治理这一时代课题作出一系列重要论述。习近平明确了气候变化全球治理要坚持人与自然是辩证统一关系的科学认识,要协调人与人、人与自然的关系;主张坚持公平正义的价值取向,构建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系;强调气候变化全球治理的大国担当,以中国在气候变化全球治理中的担当来促进应对气候变化的国际合作;提出绿色低碳可持续的发展道路,指明气候变化全球治理的实践方向。习近平关于气候变化全球治理的重要论述彰显了哲学思维和哲学智慧,其重要启示在于:新时代我们应该坚持以人为本维护全球气候正义;坚持共商共建共享的理念,推进全球气候治理秩序迈向公正合理;深入认识人与自然的辩证统一关系,创建人与自然和谐共生新格局,构建“人与自然生命共同体”引领全球生态文明建设。

碳中和背景下国家碳预算的理论同构与立法路径

国家碳预算制度兼具碳排放总量控制与统计核算工具的双重功能,碳达峰目标的迫近及碳中和目标下国家降碳任务的紧迫性,使得如何将碳预算融入“双碳”目标的实践过程,实现制度和理论的双向促进成为重要问题。一方面,通过梳理碳预算制度产生的背景、碳预算概念的演变,事实印证了应对气候变化立法,是把承载全球碳排放环境容量的国际碳预算,转移至各国碳预算本土化的可靠实现方式。另一方面,域外国家应对气候变化立法的碳预算制度经验发现,其对我国碳预算目标设置、机制协同、资金渠道等方面具有重要启示。将碳预算纳入我国“双碳”目标实现的法治保障体系,可以结合已有预算法程序化规定,通过建立专门性机构、权责配置、预算调整机制、专项资金供给等制度,建构起“双碳”目标下符合我国需要的碳预算制度体系。

Analysis of CO_2 emissions peak:China's objective and strategy

Establishing positive and urgent targets for CO_2 reduction and emission peak,and promoting energy conservation and energy structure adjustment are among the strategies to address global climate change and CO_2 emissions reduction.They are also means to break through the constraints of domestic resources and environment,and internal needs,to achieve sustainable development.Generally speaking,a country's CO_2 emission peak appears after achieving urbanization and industrialization.By then,connotative economic growth will appear,GDP will grow slowly,energy consumption elasticity will decrease,and energy consumption growth will slow down-dependent mainly on new and renewable energies.Fossil fuel consumption will not increase further.When CO_2 emission reaches its peak,the annual reduction rate of CO_2 intensity of GDP is greater than GDP annual growth rate;and the annual reduction rate of CO_2 intensity of energy use is greater than the annual growth rate of energy consumption.Therefore,three important approaches to promotion of CO_2 emission peak can be concluded:maintaining reasonable control of GDP growth,strengthening energy conservation to significantly reduce the GDP energy intensity,and optimizing the energy mix to reduce the CO_2 intensity of energy use.By around 2030,China will basically have completed its rapid development phase of industrialization and urbanization.Connotative economic growth will appear with the acceleration of industrial structure adjustment The target of GDP energy intensity will still be to maintain an average annual reduction of 3%or higher.The proportion of non-fossil fuels will reach 20-25%,and the aim will be to maintain an average annual growth rate of 6-8%.The total annual energy demand growth of 1.5%will be satisfied by the newly increased supply of non-fossil fuels.The annual decline in CO_2 intensity of GDP will reach 4.5%or higher,which is compatible with an average annual GDP growth rate of approximately 4.5%in order to reach CO_2 emission peak.This corresponds to the level of China's potential economic growth.Achieving CO_2 emission peak will not impose a rigid constraint on economic development,but rather promote economic development and accelerate the transformation of green,low-carbon development.The CO_2 emission peak can be controlled with a cap of 11 billion tons,which means that CO_2 emission will increase by less than 50%compared with 2010.The per capita emission peak will be controlled at a level of less than 8 tons,which is lower than the 9.5 tons in the EU and Japan and much lower than the 20 tons in the US,future economic and social development faces many uncertainties in achieving the CO_2 emission peak discussed above.It depends on current and future strategies and policies,as well as the pace and strength of economic transformation,innovation,and new energy technologies.If the economic transformation pattern fails to meet expectations,the time required to reach CO_2emission peak would be delayed and the peak level would be higher than expected.Therefore,we need to coordinate thoughts and ideas and deploy these in advance;to highlight the strategic position of low-carbon development and its priorities;to enact mid-to long-term energy development strategies;and to establish and improve a system of laws,regulations,and policies as well as an implementation mechanism for green,low-carbon development Oriented by positive and urgent CO_2 reduction and peak targets,the government would form a reversed mechanism to promote economic transformation and embark on the path of green,low-carbon development as soon as possible.

Climate services for addressing climate change: Indication of a climate livable city in China

China, like many countries, is under great pressure to reduce climate change and adapt to current situations while simultaneously undertaking economic development and transformation. This study takes advantage of climate opportunities and provides a new concept and mode of urban climate services in order to address climate change. Eighteen indicators based on climate and climate-related variables were used to provide an assessment, in the form of an index, of how livable a city is depending on prevailing climatic conditions. The resulting index can also be used to investigate how recent and future changes in the climatic conditions could affect livability. All Chinese cities and regions share the common goals of promoting low-carbon development, improving resilience against climate change, and integrating economic growth with climate actions. Climate services have been developed in China to provide decision-makers this measure of livability. Such a move facilitates sustainable development alongside economic growth by aiding government efforts in climate adaptation and low-carbon development. Our approach represents multidisciplinary and demand-driven research on adaptation to and the impacts of regional climate change, thereby transforming climate science into a climate service and ensuring that climate information can be provided in a scientific, practical, and customized way for policy-makers. The outputs can be used locally to take concrete climate actions and integrate climate services into decision-making processes.

Global Trend of Low-carbon Economy and China's Responses

Based on the analysis on the global economic crisis,climate change crisis and their mutual underlying reasons,the authors believe that low-carbon economy has become an inevitable choice to break through the dual crises,coordinate the economic development,and protect the global climate.The global trend of low-carbon economy finds expression in Green Recovery currently,while,in a long run,it will give rise to a new pattern of world competition in politics,economy,technology,trade and finance.The impact of the global trend of low-carbon economy on China can not be overlooked,and it is both a challenge and an opportunity for China's future development.Based on comparative studies on the low-carbon economy of China,the U.S.,EU and Japan,the authors conclude that China should blaze a new path of lowcarbon economy development with Chinese characteristics,and the authors have put forward relevant countermeasures for China to address the global trend of low-carbon economy from angles of countries,enterprises and the

环境法律体系化视角下的气候法治进路

气候法治是生态文明法治建设的重要内容之一,作为环境法律体系化最高形态的环境法典应对其作出专门回应。在环境法律体系化进程中,碳达峰碳中和目标的推进、生态文明法治建设的实践以及应对气候变化立法的探索,为健全气候法治创造了内生动力。为实现环境法律体系化与气候法治的协同联动,应以可持续发展理念为基石,以整体主义方法论为指引,以适度法典化模式为基础。环境法典应基于“有所为而有所不为”的原则回应“双碳”目标的现实需求,既应注重从内部结构和外部融贯两个层面促进气候法制的体系整合,又应通过多元治理工具实现应对气候变化多领域、多层次的协同治理,同时还应充分发挥气候诉讼的司法保障作用。

欧洲议会涉气候法案的内容与经验借鉴

欧盟委员会于2022年6月提出的制定《欧盟碳边境调节机制》、设立“社会气候基金”等8项涉气候法案是落实《欧洲气候变化法》,实现其2030年减排55%以上、2050年前达到气候中和的重要保障。8项涉气候法案从“有为政府+有效市场+有利国际贸易”三个维度,通过政府手段分解减排目标、运用市场手段调配减排资源、出台新贸易规则避免碳泄露,将开启欧盟碳市场自成立以来的最大规模变革,并通过碳边境调节机制对包括中国在内的欧盟贸易伙伴形成“碳价胁迫”。文中对8项涉气候法案进行了整体分析和评价,并提出夯实我国政府部门的碳控排责任、发挥我国碳市场的旗舰制度作用、提高我国应对碳贸易壁垒的能力等政策建议。

关于武汉市建设全国气候投融资试点的建议

近日,武汉市武昌区成为我国第一批气候投融资试点。本文分析了武汉市开展气候投融资试点的意义和面临的挑战,结合发展现状与实施情况,从资金来源、重点投资领域、政策支持方向及工作机制等方面,对武汉市气候投融资试点提出以下建议:一是明确资金来源渠道,将稳定性更强的气候投融资财政支持机制建立起来;二是明确政策支持方向,为市场创造有利的政策环境;三是明确重点支持领域,对与气候投融资要求相符的项目清单做出清晰界定;四是明确配套工作机制,做好气候投融资创新的风险防控工作。

中国应对气候变化技术清单研究

应对气候变化技术清单(简称“气候技术清单”)的编制对于促进技术研发、示范、推广具有重要引导作用,对中国加强生态文明建设、实现碳达峰与碳中和目标、提升全球气候治理能力具有重要意义。文章首先对已有气候技术清单进行分类梳理,提出现有技术推广清单、技术需求清单、未来技术清单的划分框架;以此为基础集成不同方法和信息,提出了中国应对气候变化现有技术推广清单、中国减缓气候变化技术需求清单、中国应对气候变化关键核心技术清单、中国应对气候变化未来技术清单共4份技术清单,并从技术成熟度、减排成本、减排潜力、经济效益、社会影响、不确定性等方面对部分核心技术进行了分析。研究认为:中国重点行业和关键部门均已有较为成熟的减缓/适应技术作为实现应对气候变化目标的支撑,多部门协作推广气候友好型技术的体系已经建立且在发挥积极作用;气候技术需求集中在传统技术装备升级改造类技术、可再生能源技术和管理决策类支撑技术,关键核心技术集中在3大领域12个亟须突破的技术方向;关乎碳达峰、碳中和目标的深度减排/零碳排放技术和地球工程类技术(CDR和SRM)在未来全球减排格局中的作用备受关注,对其综合成本效益、技术融合方向、技术成熟度以及道德伦理、生态影响等方面不确定性程度的判断,关乎着国家技术战略方向。同时,针对中长期技术部署、提升技术转化率、促进关键核心技术研发、形成技术清单协同更新与发布机制等国家应对气候变化创新体系的重要环节,从多个角度提出了相关政策建议。

甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略探析

甲烷的全球变暖潜势是二氧化碳的72倍(20年水平),但其在大气中的寿命短于二氧化碳,可以作为优先减排对象。中国的甲烷排放十分突出,甲烷减排在应对气候变化国家战略中具有重要的基础性地位,然而在政策研究中,甲烷受到的关注程度远低于二氧化碳。本文基于甲烷排放研究的相关进展,首次系统性地论述了中国甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略之间的关系。主要结论是:甲烷排放的有效控制和减缓可以成为中国温室气体减排的重要组成部分,甲烷等温室气体的减排战略要用"系统减排"思路替代传统的"末端减排"思路;甲烷系统减排的策略和实施措施不仅需要重视主要排放部门(如煤炭开采与洗选业,农业)的直接末端减排,更需要突出强调建设活动、城市消费、资本投资和出口贸易等消费端的间接体现减排;在国际气候谈判中通过纳入甲烷排放,可以至少在五个方面丰富和支撑中国的国家立场,如从承诺"单位GDP二氧化碳减排"向承诺"单位GDP温室气体减排"转变。

湖北省应对气候变化的方案分析与政策含义

应对全球气候变化需要地方采取应对措施。根据湖北省"十一五"规划纲要提出的目标和《中国应对气候变化国家方案》提出的具体任务,通过分析论证气候变化的脆弱性以及经济发展对能源需求的增长,提出了湖北省适应和减缓气候变化的应对方案,并分析了湖北省温室气体排放的3种情景。湖北省作为国家能源和经济格局的组成部分,需要协同国家战略及布局,不仅为湖北省自身,也要为国家的低碳发展做出贡献。

中国应对气候变化技术清单研制的方法学比较

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