Non-governmental organizations'influence on tackling black carbon in the shipping industry

This paper reviews the achievements of some typical non-governmental organizations （NGOs） in reducing black carbon emissions from shipping which enjoy the consultative status offered by the International Maritime Organization. It discusses the roles of the specific NGOs in dealing with black carbon in the Arctic region from the perspective of global governance to gain insights to guide our involvements in the Arctic affairs and shipping in the region by taking the advantages of NGOs＇ influence on the proceedings of international negotiations, our national policy development, the improvement of industrial practices and public perceptions.

Exchanges between CAFIU and Non-Governmental Organizations in Europe

It has always been one of its major tasks for CAFIU to conduct non-governmental exchanges and contacts with European countries since CAFIU was founded more than thirty years ago.As in recent years,the China-Europe comprehensive strategic partnership has continuously deepened with exchanges and cooperation in various areas further

Chinese Anti-Cancer Association as a non-governmental organization undertakes systematic cancer prevention work in China

Cancer has become the first leading cause of death in the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Facing the increasing trend of cancer incidence and mortality, China issued and implemented ＂three-early（early prevention, early diagnosis and early treatment）＂ national cancer prevention plan. As the main body and dependence of social governance, non-governmental organizations（NGOs） take over the role of government in the field of cancer prevention and treatment. American Cancer Society（ACS） made a research on cancer NGOs and civil society in cancer control and found that cancer NGOs in developing countries mobilize civil society to work together and advocate governments in their countries to develop policies to address the growing cancer burden. Union for International Cancer Control（UICC）, Cancer Council Australia（CCA）, and Malaysian cancer NGOs are the representatives of cancer NGOs in promoting cancer control. Selecting Chinese Anti-Cancer Association（CACA） as an example in China, this article is to investigate how NGOs undertake systematic cancer prevention work in China. By conducting real case study, we found that, as a NGO, CACA plays a significant role in intensifying the leading role of government in cancer control, optimizing cancer outcomes, decreasing cancer incidence and mortality rates and improving public health.

Chinatown's Community Organizations Reflected in Louis Chu's Eat a Bowl of Tea

Louis Chu's novel Eat a Bowl of Tea(1961) is widely recognized as a pioneer masterpiece in Chinese American litera-ture. It pictures the bachelor society of Chinatown in New York City after the Second World War. Several characteristics of China-town's community organizations are reflected in this novel: kinship-based; responsible for protecting and caring for the members;led by commercial elites; rule of man, rather than rule of law. It offers us a precious chance to take a glimpse of the Chinese-Ameri-can society in post-World War II era.

美国儿童阅读推广机制调研及其对我国的启示

儿童阅读推广服务不仅是图书馆服务的重点领域,也是其发展的关键环节。文章采用网络调研与文献分析法,系统梳理和分析了美国公共图书馆在儿童阅读推广方面的策略和实践。研究重点包括美国公共图书馆儿童服务的政策框架、实施策略、社会参与、数字化融合、分级阅读推广情况与方式。研究表明,美国通过政策支持、多元化服务模式、紧密的社区与家庭合作、积极适应数字化转型以及注重儿童分级阅读推广等措施,有效满足了儿童的多元化阅读需求,进而提出构建全面的政策框架、深化社区及家庭参与、积极实施分级阅读策略、拥抱数字化转型等建议,以期推动我国儿童阅读推广高质量可持续性发展。

Effectiveness and impact of the crossborder healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations: case study of the malaria control programs by health poverty action on the ChinaMyanmar border

Background:In the Yunnan province of China,18 counties in six prefectures border Myanmar.Due to its particular combination of geographic features,climate conditions,and cultural landscape,the area provides a suitable environment for the spread of insect-borne diseases such as malaria.In five identified Myanmar Special Regions along the China-Myanmar border,economic development is lagging,people live in extreme poverty,and the healthcare system is fragile.Coupled with political and other reasons,this precludes malaria control work to be effectively carried out in Myanmar,resulting in a heavy burden of the disease.Frequent population movements and favorable conditions for malaria transmission on the border fuel difficulties in controlling and eliminating the spread of the disease in the area.Case presentation:To reduce the prevalence of malaria in the China-Myanmar border area and improve healthcare services for local residents in this particular environment,Health Poverty Action(HPA)has provided malaria aid in the area since the beginning of 2006,as a sub-recipient of the China Global Fund Malaria Programs.In this case study,we examined HPA’s activities as part of its malaria control programs in the area,analyzed and summarized the effectiveness and impact of the cross-border healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations,and put forward suggestions for cross-border health aid models and for the prevention of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong Subregion.Conclusions:HPA had carried out a great quantity of successful malaria control activities in border areas between China and Myanmar,strengthened the partnership and established the collaboration,coordination and cooperation channels among stakeholders.HPA has laid good groundwork and developed its valuable model that could be highlighted and referenced.

Mortality and morbidity due to the failure to treat mild anemia unrelated to cancer in elderly Americans—Review of the literature and case presentation

Even mild iron deficiency anemia, as defined by the World Health Organization, is associated with increased mortality and significant morbidity in elderly individuals who are cancer free. Yet, anemia in the elderly is often dismissed as a benign sign of aging. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that elderly individuals often suffer from gastrointestinal complaints that preclude treatment with iron supplements by mouth. The FDA has approved two brands of injectable iron for treating such patients. Nonetheless, a major American health maintenance organization refuses to treat elderly patients with injectable iron, even when it is indicated, unless their anemia is associated with cancer. This may well reflect a public health crisis afflicting many elderly residents of the United States.

Social innovation based on collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations in COVID-19 crisis: evidence from Iran

Background One of the effective ways to attract social collaboration to provide effective,prompt,and coordinated interventions in emergencies is through social innovation.The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on the collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations(NGOs)for saving people’s lives in crises.The initial idea of this research was obtained from the best practice“Every Home Is a Health Base”which was implemented in Iran.Methods The Grounded Theory strategy has been used in this study.The statistical population of the study is health experts from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran.The study time span is during the first half of 2020.Exploratory analysis was used to identify the factors of social innovation.By selecting and reviewing 68 research in-depth,the initial framework was prepared.Then,through a semi-structured interview with experts,the framework was adapted and reviewed.Based on the analysis of the collected data,39 open codes were extracted and the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation were identified.Results The eight axis codes as the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on the collaboration between government and NGOs are as follows:Paying attention to the components of the NGOs collaboration effectiveness,investment to attract NGOs collaboration,the ability to manage the implementation,the ability of networking,the ability of policymaking,providing the necessary cultural and educational infrastructure;Existence of capable legal organizations to solve the executive problems of the plan and facilitate coordination,and controlling,containing and reducing the effects of the crisis,as consequences.Conclusions Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic have shown the world that the current governmental and social structures are not efficient enough to respond quickly to the emergence of global challenges.Social innovation is a solution to this problem.The findings of this study also confirm this and identify the factors affecting the implementation of the social innovation plan based on collaboration between governments and NGOs in crises.The results of this research give governments and policymakers an efficient solution by involving NGOs,especially in times of widespread crises.Also,they can be used in planning for social development.

General Elements of the ICAO-International Civil Aviation Organization Activities

The International Civil Aviation Organization （ICAO） is a specialized agency of the United Nations. Functionally, it has emerged as the organizational necessity of both the universal complex structure and the importance of its overall activity. It was created on the basis of Article 57 of the United Nations Charter, stipulating that the specialized UN agencies are autonomous international organizations. They enjoy their autonomy on the basis of the contract they were established by, being engaged in activities within the United Nations system. On the territories the organization member states comprise, they enjoy privileges and immunities, having the international legal capacity to carry out their activities in accordance to the Statute. The 1944 Multilateral Convention was to establish both protection and efficient development of international civil aviation. In accordance to that rights and obligations of member states were established. It is of a special importance to emphasize obligation of parties to take their parts in both co-operation and programs aimed at improvement of international transport, navigational equipment, and installations. In the globalized world of today, air traffic is an irreplaceable part of the system of communication. It enables fast and timely business contacts between the people from various continents, as well as transport of goods.

社会系统理论视域下美国人文社会科学跨学科组织的建设模式研究——以区域研究、女性研究和数据研究为例

从尼克拉斯·卢曼的社会系统理论视角出发,美国社会发展所提出的功能分化要求催动了其大学系统通过自我指涉进行跨学科组织的建设。在这一过程中,推动组织发展的核心力量以及大学对组织发展目标的定位影响了美国大学系统在区域研究、女性研究和数据研究组织建设的功能理解和路径选择。由于组织的建设基础以及需要应对的核心问题存在差异,三类跨学科组织分别确立了不同的建设模式:区域研究组织形成了以横向切分研究对象为基础的功能式系统分化模式,女性研究组织选择了以不同水平融入传统学科系组织的层级式系统分化模式,数据研究组织则表现出具有组织独立性与功能一致性的分割式系统分化模式。

印裔美国人在美国的政治组织和政治参与

印裔美国人作为仅次于华裔美国人的第二大亚裔移民群体,随着经济地位的提高和政治意识的增强,其政治组织日趋成熟,政治参与度日渐提高。印裔美国人政治参与的组织形式主要有全国性的政治组织、维护社群利益组织以及直接影响政府决策组织。印裔通过政治捐助、游说、影响母国政治、强化美印关系及加强与其他亚裔社群合作发挥其政治影响力。特别是近年来,印裔美国人常用的政治参与方式包括支持竞选、谋求公职、影响国会立法和政府决策等方面。其面临的挑战包括种群分化严重、代际差异较为明显、受宗教和种姓影响较大等。随着美印关系的加强,印裔美国人从追求“经济地位”向“政治地位”不断转型,在美印关系中作用也更加突出。近年来,通过印裔精英群体和印裔政治组织的共同努力,印裔群体的政治意识和参政热情都取得了一定的发展,投票率明显升高,政治地位显著提升,并且在涉及切身利益的问题中采取了更加积极的应对态度。长远来看,印裔仍将是美国最主要的亚裔移民族群之一,并将持续在美国政治、经济、文化生活中扮演重要角色,也将深刻地影响美印关系的未来。

美国高等教育中介组织的功能及其启示

中介组织参与高等教育活动是美国高等教育的一个重要特点。这些中介组织在高等教育内部以及高等教育与中等教育、政府和社会的关系方面发挥着多种功能,主要体现在:协调高等院校与政府的关系,实现政府管理和高教自治的有机结合;确立高等院校基本入学资格,促成高等教育与中等教育的衔接;规范高等院校及其专业设置基准,维护高等教育质量,整合高等教育系统;维护教师的权益,促进教师专业化;研讨高等教育问题,捍卫高等学校的自治权;开展调查研究,为教育决策和改革提供咨询和建议。美国高等教育中介组织的成功运作对我国高等教育改革有重要的借鉴意义。

西洋参提取物增强免疫力作用的实验研究

[目的]验证西洋参提取物的增强免疫力作用。[方法]以小鼠为实验对象,研究西洋参提取物对刀豆蛋白A(concanavalin.ConA)诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化试验、小鼠血清溶血素测定、抗体生成细胞检测(Jerne改良玻片法)、小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞试验、脏器/体重比值等试验的影响。[结果]与阴性对照组比较,西洋参提取物能提高ConA诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖能力、提高小鼠血清溶血素抗体积数水平、增加小鼠溶血空斑数、提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬鸡红细胞的吞噬率;差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。[结论]西洋参提取物具有增强免疫力作用。