The Book Publishing and Analysis of Modern Peking University Library

The paper is based on literature search,introducing and analyzing the book publishing situation of modern Peking University Library from the perspective of the publisher being Peking University Library and its predecessor.It is pointed out that the majority of the book printing methods published by the modern Peking University Library are lead printing,and among the types of Chinese library classification,catalogue of library collections is the most common.

The State of Geological Sciences in the USSR by the Mid-Twentieth Century

The November 1948 open session of the Institute of Geological Sciences AS USSR was previously unknown,in contrast to the August 1948 session of VASKhNIL.The publication of the transcript of the session of geologists is based on the original verified transcript from the Geological Institute and the Archive RAS.It presented reports on the main scientific directions of geology:stratigraphy,the Quaternary geology,lithology,geotectonics,petrography and petrology,mineralogy and geochemistry,and the geology of ore and coal deposits.This thick book details all the Q&A sessions,discussions of theories,methods,and practice among the leading Soviet geoscientists.The session and its resolution describe the situation and development of geology in the USSR in the mid-twentieth century as well as the collateral impact of the Lysenko affair on the earth sciences in the USSR.

Analysis of New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1

This article will firstly discuss the context overview of English teaching and learning in China. Under thiscircumstance, a problematic element will be examined of the New Senior English for China Student’s Book 1 and critical appraisal ofhow this element relates to other elements of curriculum development will be analyzed. The recommended changes and demonstrationmechanisms for evaluating the changes are put forward in the last two parts.

On the Vowel Changes of English Language in History

The Vowel changes of English are more dramatic and complicated in every period of English development. Especially theGreat Vowel Shift from Middle English to Modern English influenced the whole English phonetic system. This paper examines thevowel changes in each period of English development and aims at concluding the rules of the language change and development.

Disclosing of Thousand Years＇ Mystery-- Origin of the Book of Changes

The Book of Changes is a huge system, including （1） Taiji Yin-yang five elements system; （2） Taiji-2 status-4 images-8 hexagrams--64 hexagrams, internal 8 hexagrams and external 8 hexagrams; （3） moral system, ＂Tao generates one, one generates two, two generate three and three generate everything＂; （4） heavenly stems and earthly branches system; （5） Hetu, Luoshu and 9 grid pattern systems; （6） 60 Jiazi system （a cycle of 60 years） of year, month, day and hour; （7） TCM five evolutive phases and six climatic factors system, including host evolutive phase and host climatic factor, guest evolutive phase and guest climatic factor. The Book of Changes is stemmed fi＇om accurate recognition and description on life system and movement, e.g. it can （1） describe the structure, movements and changes of life core system--five abdominal Zang organs and five abdominal Fu organs with Yin-yang four-season five elements, 10 heavenly stems, Hetu, internal 8 hexagrams and host evolutive phase of five evolutive phases; （2） describe the structure, movements and changes of outside system of life form with Yin-yang six climatic factors five elements, 12 earthly branches, Luoshu, external 8 hexagrams, host climatic factor of six climatic factors; （3） describe the system of life form core structure combined with outside system with 12 energy channels system and 64 hexagrams system; （4） describe the four gradations in life form with Taiji-2 status-4 images-8 hexagrams system and moral system; （5） describe the power system of development and growth--longitudinal four seasons of life form via 60 Jiazi system （a cycle of 60 years） of year, month, day and hour; （6） the horizontal four-season movements of life form generate TCM host evolutive phase and host climatic factor, whilst the longitudinal four-season movements generate TCM guest evolutive phase and guest climatic factor. With the disclosing of origin of The Book of Changes, the universe secretes are being fully discovered.

Influence of thermal history on conversion of aluminate species in sodium aluminate solution

It is necessary to clarify the influence of thermal history on the conversion of aluminate species in sodium aluminate solution in order to optimize Bayer alumina production. The interconversion of various solution species in the systems was investigated by measuring the infrared spectra of sodium aluminate solution with different compositions after separate heat treatment, dilution and concentration. The results show that increasing temperature or prolonging holding time favors the transformation of Al2O（OH）2- to Al—OH vibration（condensed Al O4 tetrahedral aluminate ion） at about 880 cm-1 and Al（OH）-4. A12O（OH）2-66 and Al—OH tetrahedral dimer ions convert rapidly to Al（OH）-4 during the dilution process; however, the back transformation of Al（OH）-4 to the Al—OH tetrahedral dimer ions can occur in diluted sodium aluminate solution. As for the concentration process, the transformation of Al（OH）-4 to A12O（OH）2-6 and Al—OH tetrahedral dimer ions can take place, while it is relatively difficult to transform to A12O（OH）2-6.

Political History of Books:A Case Study of Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts

This article takes Fu Chang's Precedents of Ritual Protocol for Jin's Imperial Ministers and Xun Chuo's Annotations to the Report on Jin's Official Posts as a means to observe the interactions between books and political processes during the Western and Eastern Jin dynasties. Both Fu Chang and Xun Chuo were employed as high-ranking officials, with a background of being from the Central Plain, by the regime of the Later Zhao founded by Shi Le. Their purpose for writing the two books was to provide guidance for the regime's institutional establishment. The collapse of Shi Le's regime led to the flow of people and their possessions to the south. During these movements, the two books along with other materials and records were brought to Jiankang and then contributed to the institutional and cultural development in the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty. As historical facts and references for political reformation, these books revealed the duality of institutional writings. The collection and dispersion of books after the Disaster of Yongjia, as well as the social and cultural changes, should be placed in a wider political process for further examination.

On the Publishing Boom of Natural History Books in China in the 21st Century and the Reasons Behind It

Natural history,a discipline of ecological significance,is regaining popularity in China,especially after 2010,thanks to the promotion of academics in the history of science and technology.A series of natural history books have been published,creating a publishing boom.Natural history books in China are experiencing growth in numbers and genre with more accurate segmentation in themes,indicating that the natural history publication trade is going to mature.By genre,most natural history books are primary,focusing on basic knowledge about birds,animals,and plants,while the secondary books focusing on the historical and theoretical study of natural history make up only a small portion.In the early 20th century,natural history books saw a boom driven by peoples’enthusiastic pursuit of science.Today,natural history books follow the tides of building an ecological civilization,reaching out to the domain of“natural history and the public.”There will be broad prospects for books featuring“natural history+,”such as“natural history+painting,”“natural history+literature,”“natural history+food,”and“natural history+tourism.”

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

Discussion on Chinese Ancient Literature Translation Based on the English Translation of the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is an important part of Chinese traditional culture and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.This article is based on Turi’s theory of translation norms,and takes the English translation of The Book of Songs·Jing Jing by Richard Jacob and Xu Yuanchong as the research object.Comparative studies are made on the historical nature of understanding,the normativeness of translation,and the application of the fusion of horizons in the two versions of the Book of Songs.Incorporating history into translation brings the translation closer to the roots of history.The comparative research method proposed in this article can be widely used in various ancient literature studies,and has important theoretical and application values.

The research of Polar sea ice and its role in climate change

As an important part of global climate system, the Polar sea ice is effccting on global climate changes through ocean surface radiation balance, mass balance, energy balance as well as the circulating of sea water temperature and salinity. Sea ice research has a centuries - old history. The many correlative sea ice projects were established through the extensive international cooperation during the period from the primary research of intensity and the boaring capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled model. Based on these reseamhes, the sea ice variety was combined with the global climate change. All research about sea ice includes： the physical properties and processes of sea ice and its snow cover, the ecosystem of sea ice regions, sea ice and upper snow albedo, mass balance of sea ice regions, sea ice and climate coupled model. The simulation suggests that the both of the area and volume of polar sea ice would be reduced in next century. With the developing of the sea ice research, more scientific issues are mentioned. Such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system, the seasonal and regional distribution of polar sea ice thickness, polar sea ice boundary and area variety trends, the growth and melt as well as their influencing factors, the role of the polynya and the sea/air interactions. We should give the best solutions to all of the issues in future sea ice studying.

Changing Characteristic of Romantic Poetry in the 19th Century

Change is the law of nature. Every writer enriches literature by coining new ideas. As Aristotle disagreed with Plato by saying that poetry is not blind but creative imitation, and emotions if remain pent up in mind, would erupt sooner or later like a volcano. Later on Classics have written poetry either to praise kings and queens, or to reform the society, but Romantics like Aristotle ushered against Classics and penned down writings bearing entirely different characteristics than earlier poetry with creative imagination. This paper is captivating study of the meanings and changing characteristics of romantic poetry during 19th century. Romanticism means having a visionary, imaginative or emotional appeal, to give emotions upper hand over reason. It was not a sudden movement, tends and tendencies were already there, which reached to its climax in hands of Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats and Byron, who awakened against Pope, Swift and Johnson. Romanticism has its origin in French revolution. The distinctive features of French revolution are freedom, brotherhood and equality. Romanticism was a revolt against the system through which they tried to change the status of common men. William Blake was foremost among romantics who believed that this vegetable world is, but only a shadow of the real world which is of imagination and attempted to convey the celestial message of love everywhere. In the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge, the naturalistic tendency remained more prominent, whereas Keats＇ and Shelley＇s poetry in a more specified sense was romantic marked by the emphasis on love of the supernatural, the marvelous and the exotic mythological world. Victorian poetry was not original like Romantics. Romantics introduced poetry bearing entirely different character than earlier poetry, with original ideas, whereas Victorian poets had written about social problems. Romantics were individualistically supreme in their ideas. Tennyson and Arnold took themes of their poetry from their surrounding, so no egoistic element was in the poetry of that century. Romantics introduced a change by plunging into imagination, whereas Victorians ended this trend by bringing readers into the world of realities, but there change was brought to provide momentarily relief and here its purpose was reformation.

On the Historical Change and Enlightenment of the Curriculum System of Physical Education Major in China

The course of the modernization of Chinese sports specialty is also the process of the emergence and development of sportseducation. This historical process has initially formed its own characteristics and completed the task of a period quickly, which cantrigger our reflection on sports education. Under the influence of the continual development of educational curriculum reform, neweducational reform ideas and policies are constantly put forward. The reform of sports specialty must be a combination ofworldwide and national characteristics. Society, students and knowledge are external factors to promote the reform of SportsSpecialty in order to meet the requirements of the development of the new century. Under the guidance of "health first" andstudent-centered school physical education ideology, the reform process of physical education specialty is accelerating andshowing a deep development trend. This paper systematically combs the process of the development and evolution of thecurriculum of modern sports majors in China, analyzes the characteristics of historical sports majors, summarizes the regularhistorical experience of the development of sports majors, and aims to provide useful benefits for the current reform of sportsmajors in China Revelation.

Extract and Simple Explanation on the Principles of Taiji Studies

Taiji studies are a field of study that has its roots in the philosophical thought of the Yi Jing or Book of changes.It integrates the self‑cultivation traditions of Confucianism,Buddhism,and Daoism,and centers its academic system mostly on the perspective of the“states view”(jing jie guan).From the standpoint of its philosophical theory,Taiji studies divide the understanding of Dao into three theoretical states:the state of existence(you jie),the state of existence‑nonexistence(you wu jie),and the state of nonexistence(wu jie).It also establishes a theoretical structure that mainly includes“three states and nine axioms,”“One Dao and Nine theory sections,”and“Three practice levels and Nine secrets.”Based on traditional Chinese culture and philosophy,Taiji studies are continuously integrating the essence of them for better understanding and raising,and finally set up a rational school of Taiji Da Dao。

History, Present and Expected Future of Forests in Slovakia

In this paper, we briefly summarize the problems that have been affecting Slovakian forestry in the past, in the present and are expected in the future. In the past, the forests in Central Europe were significantly harmed by the development of mining, metallurgy, wood processing industry, agriculture and grazing of sheep and cattle. Many areas have been completely deforested. Fundamental change occurred in the 18th Century, when the regulations about forest management, declared by Empress of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy Maria Therese, came into force. With the changing level of forest cover, there have been changing as well the problems in the forestry. Forests in Slovakia are nowadays dealing with the climate change, which is causing extreme weather fluctuations. It is connected with the emergence of abiotic disturbances after which usually occurs activation of biotic harmful agents. We expect that the most serious problem of forests in the future will be their state of health. We expect an increase representation of thermophilic tree species (beech and oak) at the expense of upland trees such as spruce. An important role will be played by the invasive species of plants, fungi and animals that can compete with native species and their habitats or in the situation of the absence of their reducents these can cause serious economic and environmental damage.

The enduring link between forest cover and rainfall： a historical perspective on science and policy discussions

Background： This article traces the history of scientific ideas connecting forest cover with rainfall to inform ongoing debates about whether forests are net users or producers of water in the hydrological cycle. Scholars of the supply-side school argue that forests are net producers and magnifiers that increase rainfall at regional scales. Supply-side scholars seek to challenge the dominance of demand-side thinking. The demand-side school emphasizes that trees are net users of water within a catchment that decrease overall water available for other users. This scientific debate has significant implications for the development of policies to manage forests and water. Results： Scientists have debated the question of whether forests improve or worsen water balance for over two hundred years. Connections between forests and rainfall gained prominence in scientific circles during the second half of the nineteenth century and again during the past three decades. The popularity of forest- rainfall connections has paralleled societal and scientific interest in anthropogenic climate change and deforestation. Theories connecting forests with rainfall peaked in popularity in the 1850s to 1880s, a period when scientists expressed alarm that deforestation caused regional declines in precipitation. Forests were understood to create rain within a locality and region. Scientific consensus shifted by the early twentieth century to the view that forests did not play a significant role in determining rainfall. The forest-rainfall connection reemerged in the 1980s alongside advances in climate modelling and growing fears of anthropogenic global warming and tropical deforestation. Using new data and theories, supply-side advocates have once again placed a strong forest-rainfall connection into scientific prominence. Conclusion： Supply-side management policies have a checkered history that should elicit caution, while demand-side policies, which are based on almost a century of hydrological research, should not be overturned quickly in regions that face potential water scarcity before more research is conducted.

The Chinese Yin-Yang Thinking in Antoni Tàpies’Artistic Creation

The writings and artistic works of Antoni Tàpies(2009;2011)mirror the influences of the cosmic vision of the Chinese yin-yang.Signs,numbers,and creative procedures related to this correlative thought prevail in his art.Tàpies integrated different iconological codes from the ancient Chinese thinking into his art to question the existential meaning of the universe and to express his thoughts on the cultural and socio-political controversies of his time.In other words,the images,media,and techniques that he utilized for his works were extensions of his life experiences intertwined with various socio-historical facts and his personal feelings.

吟咏情性的宗旨与变风变雅的传统

《毛诗·大序》在其整体抒情理论的基础上提出“吟咏情性”之说,用来解释变风变雅。《诗经》的艺术成就主要体现在变风、变雅之上。虽然历代王朝雅颂继承《诗经》的雅颂传统,诗人们也提倡正风正雅,但是中国古代文人诗史的主流为变风变雅。汉魏晋文人诗是在王道变衰、风衰俗怨的现实背景中发生的,所以虽然汉魏诗以言志为本,但其创作的性质实为变风变雅。东晋至南朝,吟咏情性之说流行,但发展至齐梁的绮靡之风,实是失去了吟咏情性的宗旨。唐代诗学回归《毛诗·大序》的纲领,以别裁风雅正变为基本的诗学思想,唐诗创作的主体在于变风。情性说在宋代与义理相融,上升为一种诗歌本体之论,宋诗的主体,具有变雅的性质。整个中国诗史,王朝政治与诗学正变,有一种循环出现的规律性表现,即王朝初期以雅颂、雅正为主,但此期一代诗风并未形成;其一代诗风的形成,多是在王朝中后期变风、变雅的时期。

中国图书馆史研究新进展——“海源阁藏书暨中国历代图书文化史研究学术研讨会”综述

海源阁藏书研究是中国图书馆史的重要领域。文章概述“海源阁藏书暨中国历代图书文化史研究学术研讨会”成果,从海源阁藏书研究、中国图书文化史研究、图书馆史研究和图书馆史志编纂等方面对会议内容加以总结,展望中国图书馆史研究趋势。