Spatio-temporal Evolution of Urban Expansion Based on a Novel Adjusted Index and GEE: A Case Study of Central Plains Urban Agglomeration, China

It is crucial to investigate the urban agglomerations spatio-temporal evolution patterns and driving factors for analyzing the urban spatial structure-functional division and promoting the coordinated development of urban agglomerations.In this study,a novel vegetation-building-nighttime light-adjusted index(VBNAI)was established for rapid and effective mapping of urban construction land(UCL)in Central Plains Urban Agglomeration(CPUA),China during 2000–2020 based on Google Earth Engine(GEE)platform.Compared with traditional indices,VBNAI can significantly decrease the blooming effect,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)saturation,and soil background of nighttime light data.In addition,the urban expansion indices and standard deviation ellipse model were synthetically adopted to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution pattern of urban expansion.The gravity model and the geographically weighted regression model were employed to determine the spatial interaction forces and drivers of urban expansion,respectively.The results showed that the VBNAI index has obvious advantages in efficiency and accuracy to extract UCL with the overall accuracy of more than 91%.The UCL of CPUA had increased by 4489.84 km2 during 2000–2020 with the gravity center moving towards southeast continuously.From 2000 to 2010,the urban expansion was in a‘center-hinterland’pattern which had benefit from the favorable effect of the traffic shaft belt.During 2010–2020,the urban network structure had basically established.Urban expansion had been influenced by a variety of socio-economic and demographic factors,and the impact degree varied from region to region.This study could provide scientific references for facilitating the intensive utilization of urban resources and optimizing the spatial development pattern of urban agglomeration.

The Evolution of the Central Plain Civilization in China(Ⅰ)

正China's Henan province, brief as Yu, got its name from the Yu state, which was one of the nine states in ancient China. The place with geographical advantage possesses superiority of radiating to the whole nation, and vibrant cultures, thus leading to its prosperity. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in ancient China set capitals in Luoyang of Henan province,

Evaluation on Emergency Ability of Agricultural Envrironmental Pollution Incident in Central Plains Economic Zone

Abstract The level of emergency ability directly reflects response effect of an area to emergency. Taking Central Plains Economic Zone as re- search object, by documents retrieval, field survey, mechanism analysis and logical reasoning, evaluation index system for emergency ability of ag- ricultural environmental pollution incident was established, which included 5 first grade indexes, 19 second grade indexes and 53 third grade inde- xes. By mechanism analysis and mathematical derivation, evaluation model for emergency ability of agricultural environmental pollution incident： I =m∑i=1∑j=1Pij, On this basis, four prefecture-level cities （A, B, C and D） of Central Plains Economic Zone were evaluated by using the index system and the evaluated model. The research could provide important theoretical reference for emergency ability construction of agricultural environmental pol- lution incident in Central Plains Economic Zone.

Historical experience in the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the plain region of Eastern and Central China

Visceral leishmaniasis(VL)(kala-azar)was most seriously prevalent in the plain regions of eight provinces/municipalities in the eastern and central parts of China.In the early 1950s,the number of counties/cities endemic for VL and the number of cases in the plain regions accounted for 60%and 80%,respectively,of the total numbers in the entire country.By implementing comprehensive control measures,including treatment of patients for eliminating the source of infection and spraying insecticide in endemic villages to kill sandflies,VL transmission has been brought under control in this region by the early 1960s,and no new infected cases have been found since 1983,achieving the goal of eliminating VL.

The Concept and Nature of Northern Ethnic Dynasties from the Historical View on the Chinese Nation

In recent years,the concept"northern ethnic dynasties"has been widely used when referring to dynasties established by ethnic groups from northern China,including Liao,Jin,Yuan,and Qing dynasty.When it comes to the prolonged debates on the relation between ethnic groups and state,the traditional narrative of the dynastic history of Central Plains,which holds"sinicization"as its principal line,has been challenged;and the academia has been focusing on how to elaborate features and state forms of these northern ethnic dynasties.This article argues that,only by returning to the dynasty-based narrative of the evolvement of northern ethnic regimes,can we break the shackle of western-style"nation state"narrative;can we understand the fact that dynasticity transcends ethnicity in Chinese history;and can we thereby establish the correct view of history on the Chinese nation.

Revolts Frequency during 1644-1911 in North China Plain and Its Relationship with Climate

Based on the records of social revolts in the Actual Annals of Qing Dynasty （a collection of official records）, the revolts frequency （amount of counties where revolts happened every year） in North China Plain during the Qing Dynasty （1544 1911） is reconstructed. By comparing revolts frequency with temperature and precipitation series, the interaction between climate and social responses is analyzed. It can be concluded that revolts broke out more frequently in colder periods and less frequently in warmer periods, There were much more revolts in drought decades than in wet decades, and the three fatal peasant uprisings in the Qing Dynasty were all ignited by severe droughts. The impacts of changes in temperature and precipitation on revolts should be estimated at different time scales. The correspondence emerged at neither decadal nor yearly scale until the turn between 18th and 19th centuries, the critical period when per capita cropland area decreased to a vulnerable level. Food crisis increased the vulnerability of local society, and changes in temperature and precipitation became an important trigger for revolts.

Accuracy assessment of approaches to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical cropland in Songnen Plain,Northeast China

To understand historical human-induced land use/cover change （LUCC） and its climatic effects, it is essential to reconstruct historical land use/cover changes with explicit spatial information. In this study, based on the historically documented cropland area at county level, we reconstructed the spatially explicit cropland distribution at a cell size of 1 km × 1 km for the Songnen Plain in the late Qing Dynasty （1908 AD）. The reconstructions were carried out using two methods. One method （hereafter, referred to as method 1） allocated the cropland to cells ordered from a high agricultural suitability index （ASI） to a low ASI, but they were all within the domain of potential cropland area. The potential cropland area was created by excluding natural woodland, swamp, water bodies, and mountains from the study area. The other method （hereafter, method II） allocated the cropland to cells in the order from high ASI to low ASI within the domain of cropland area in 1959. This method was based on the hypothesis that the cropland area domain in 1959 resulted from enlargement of the cropland area domain in 1908. We then compared these two reconstructions. We found that the crop- land distributions reconstructed by the two methods exhibit a similar spatial distribution pat- tern. Both reconstructions show that the cropland was mostly found in the southern and eastern parts of the Songnen Plain. The two reconstructions matched each other for about 68% of the total cropland area. By spatially comparing the unmatched cropland cells of the two reconstructions with the settlements for each county, we found that unmatched cropland cells from method I are closer to settlements than those from method I1. This finding suggests that reconstruction using method I may have less bias than reconstruction with method I1.

隋及唐初敦煌艺术对外来影响的吸收与创新

敦煌隋代彩塑受到印度笈多艺术风格的影响,及至唐代,彩塑已形成了中国式的表现手法与风格,既保持了雕塑的写实性,又体现出气韵生动的精神。壁画也同样,隋至唐初的人物造型中,常常出现典型的印度风格晕染法,比起北朝壁画更接近印度绘画的特点,表明当时确有一部分画家擅长画外来风格。但随着唐前期艺术的发展,画家们对外来晕染法不断改造,使之与传统的线描进行了完美的结合。从壁画的装饰图案中,我们也可看到对外来艺术的改造,如隋至唐初流行的联珠纹、石榴纹、葡萄纹等纹样在不断地被吸收改造,最后都融入了形态更为丰富的卷草纹中。

古代云南东南部的变迁

古代的云南东南部,包括今红河哈尼族彝族自治州、文山壮族苗族自治州及附近一些地区。云南东南部的演变有以下特点:一是这一地区距滇池、洱海流域两大区域中心较远,同时未形成强大的地方势力,在政治舞台上便显落寞;二是云南中部至越南的交趾道经过这一地区,云南东南部的发展与交趾道兴衰密切相关;三是云南东南部与越南毗连,越南与中国历代王朝关系的改变,深刻地影响云南东南部;四是云南东南部的变化经历先慢后快的过程。自元代起,云南东南部获得较快发展,清代尤为明显。

高昌回鹘与中原王朝的朝贡往来考

五代时期,高昌回鹘遣使中原王朝始于后周广顺元年(951)。高昌回鹘携带的贡品数量庞大,以朝贡名义进行贸易往来。北宋建国后,高昌回鹘积极遣使前来,建立友好的朝贡联系。北宋曾派出庞大使团出使高昌,足见北宋对于高昌回鹘极为重视。此后,龟兹回鹘成为西州回鹘的政治代表,频繁遣使前往宋朝。据不完全统计,从宋太宗至宋神宗近百年间,龟兹回鹘先后向宋朝遣使入贡20余次。宋朝对待少数民族入贡推行“厚往薄来”的原则,龟兹回鹘朝贡时所携带货物数量庞大,具有贸易性质。

中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土陶釜研究

本文通过系统聚类分析方法,对中原地区战国至西汉墓葬出土的陶釜进行了类型学研究,认为战国中期陶釜以一种特殊葬俗的形式出现在郑州地区,战国晚期开始陶釜迅速发展,分布范围变广,数量和类型明显增多,包含有郑韩文化、晋文化和秦文化三大系统。进入汉代,陶釜数量急剧减少,类型单一。陶釜在中原地区的发展历程与秦文化有密切的关系。

中原文化视野下徐旭生学术路向的考察

徐旭生是中国著名的历史学家、考古学家。他早年在处于中原文化腹地的郑州地区系统接受传统教育,青年时期留学法国选修哲学,归国后从事哲学研究和教学。他长期关注中国文化遗产境遇及参与保护、考察,最终确立了考古学、古史研究的学术方向。徐旭生由哲学到考古学的学术转型,是近代学人为应对社会变局而调整和发挥专业所长的典型之一。深层次地系统考察这一转型过程,则不难发现传统文化特别是中原文化底蕴潜移默化的影响是重要的动因。

“中原”之“中”的历史演进与逻辑展开

在中华文明演进道路的历史进程中,既有“常”也有“变”。“常”是本质性规律,“变”是创新发展,在“常”中已孕育着“变”之机,在“变”中又蕴含着“常”。中华文明的演进,只有在对其创新发展规律的考察中,才能揭示其本质特征,也唯有此,才能在新时代更好地以不变之变应对世界变局的万变,拿出解决中国问题、解决人类社会发展问题的方案。“常与变”可以用“中”字来概括,“常”就是“中正”“中庸”“中和”,变就是“中通”。“中”的概念由地理与政治上的“中原”发展而来,继而从文化层面上升到哲学的概括:由“中”而“中道”——“中庸”“中正”“中和”“中通”,“中原”之“中”是中国文化的本根。

中原黄河漕路与秦汉隋唐帝国

中原黄河漕路是以现在郑州桃花峪以西至三门峡灵宝段的黄河河道为主干的漕粮运输通道,由灵宝至三门峡段、三门峡至孟津段、孟津至郑州桃花峪段等数段构成,敖仓、荥阳故城等地是中原黄河漕路上的关键节点。作为关中与关东之间唯一有效的运输渠道,其畅通与否和秦汉隋唐帝国的国运兴衰息息相关。在秦、汉、隋大一统的过程中,中原黄河漕路有着重要的战略地位。桃花峪以西的中原黄河漕路转输军粮物资之便,帮助秦人在兼并统一战争中占得先机;而关中以东中原黄河漕路的畅通及其对敖仓之粟的控制,几乎成为刘邦战胜项羽的决定性因素。汉代时,经由中原黄河漕路转输的漕粮数额一直呈现攀升之势,最高在元封年间达六百万石,约为当今的18万吨。隋帝国借助中原黄河漕路控制了当时东亚大陆上最富庶的区域,更是以郑州桃花峪西至三门峡灵宝段黄河漕路为主轴,西引渭水,东连黄河下游与后来的隋唐大运河通济、永济两渠,构建了南至淮水、北达海河流域的水上交通运输系统。唐代关中长安对中原黄河漕路的依赖则超过了汉、隋,经由中原黄河漕路西输至关中长安的漕粮数量与规模随着唐帝国国运盛衰而不断起伏变化,可以说中原黄河漕路畅通、漕运制度不断完善,唐帝国蒸蒸日上;中原黄河漕路断绝,唐王朝政权亦随之衰亡。因此,中原黄河漕路足以称为秦汉隋唐帝国的生命线。

空间演变的视野:中国武术历史分期新论

从历史唯物主义的基本原理出发,基于武术文化发展的内在逻辑,对中国武术的历史分期进行了新的探索。研究认为:武术的历史发展依据武术文化的影响范围经历了从中原的武术、中国的武术、亚洲的武术到世界的武术的基本进程。从文化史的视角对武术进行新的历史分期对于我们重新认识中国武术发展具有重要的意义和价值,可以为中国传统文化与马克思理论在武术文化层面的结合奠定认识论的基础,为武术的当代发展提供新的路径支持。

“美”的对流:汉代边疆文化风景

汉代边疆作为民族交往交流交融的前沿空间,不同民族文化在这里碰撞与交融。除了物质交易、技术传播之外,精神文化层面的双向交流或许也可以称为“对流”,影响了“胡”“汉”双方的生活和艺术。不同民族的人们对于可以产生美感的文化存在的共同追求,促成了汉代不同民族文化“对流”的实现。通过丝绸之路,中原的“采缯”向西传布,西域的“采罽”东输,也满足了内地的消费需求。除“胡乐”影响中土艺术生活之外,中原“音乐”也传入胡地。一方面汉地女子以其包括美容方式的妆饰,通过“和亲”及其他跨民族情爱和婚姻关系沟通了不同民族的情感;另一方面,“胡粉”和西域“异香”也传入中原,美化了汉地社会生活。趋于共同的美学追求,使得民族关系亲近融合,成就了多彩的汉文化。

21世纪以来宋代砖雕壁画墓的研究回顾

自20世纪50年代以来,在广大的中原北方地区相继发现了大批宋代仿木建筑雕砖壁画墓。21世纪以来,随着艺术学、哲学等学科理论方法的引入,有关砖雕壁画墓的研究涌现出了大量优秀成果,呈现出深化和细化的特点,通过从砖雕壁画墓的分期、壁画题材寓意、丧葬习俗等三个角度出发,梳理国内近二十年来有关宋代砖雕壁画墓相关论著,以期助力于学界的进一步认识和研究,并为宋代砖雕壁画墓的后续探讨提供参考。

中原大战前山西省银行投资问题述论

民国时期地方官营银行的投资活动有其自身的特点。山西省银行的投资活动,以中原大战为界限分为前后两个时期,前期投资的领域主要一是集中在对雁北地区多个水利公司进行土地投资上,在实现借贷利润的同时获取了了土地的绝对地租,二是反映在对一些民族工业的资本渗透上,在掌控企业的同时攫取其附属土地资本。而在山西第二次工业化浪潮中,山西省银行的投资功能又是不足的,主要方式是对外持股,但总体规模小,其间既有山西省银行的金融资本并没有被纳入正常的资本主义性质的借贷资本运行、转化的轨道的问题,也是当时晋绥区域社会经济历史阶段特点以及地方政府政策安排等原因。

唐代昭武九姓胡乐人及其存在意义探究

唐代乐人数量众多,除了中原本土的艺人外,从亚洲其他国家、地区来的艺人也是不可忽视的群体。这些昭武九姓胡乐人,对当时中国的宫廷音乐、民间音乐、综合文艺都有不少的贡献。其中的家族乐人更是世袭几代、几朝传承技艺,造就了绵延百余年的音乐文化。隋唐时期与中原地区频繁往来的昭武九姓艺人们,将各种艺术体裁发展、改创、融合,从政治服务、通商经济、双向文化交流及音乐舞蹈方面来看,是具有积极意义的。

“共识的中原”与史前“中原中心”的形成--兼论“最初的中国”的特质

中国文明起源过程中,各区域文化由“多元”向“一体”的演进历程是在往复、曲折的文化互动即交流、排斥、冲突中完成的。这种文化互动包括日常生活层面的致用性、易仿性的普适性文化元素的影响,以及由政治制度、价值体系等组成的深层的核心文化元素的影响。而这些深层次的核心元素则构成史前中国“一体化”的驱动力。距今4500年以前的中国,呈现着一种“多元”的、差序性的、无序的区域文化格局。而从龙山时代陶寺文化开其端,中原地区政治体在环境倒逼中逐渐形成具有特殊制度范式及价值体系的早期国家。这种早期国家以政治力量推动着史前文化由“多元”向“一体”发展,并在从陶寺到二里头文化的演进中,形成史前“中原中心”及其具有“华夏化”雏形的政治、礼乐制度。而“共识的中原”则是这种由“多元”向“一体”转型的契机,“最初的中国”则是中原早期国家的制度范式和礼乐文化的整体呈现。