This paper summarizes previous research on the contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama of Tibet and the British East India Company （EIC）. Extensive research has been done on the archives and travelogues written in E...This paper summarizes previous research on the contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama of Tibet and the British East India Company （EIC）. Extensive research has been done on the archives and travelogues written in English, yet further attention needs to be paid to the significance of these contacts to the Panchen Lama＇s historic visit to the Qing court around the same time. Although little is available in Chinese and Tibetan sources on this event, important questions have yet to be raised and discussed. Drawing upon what has been done on this topic, the author makes further use of Tibetan materials and the catalog of Manchu archives in the First Historical Archive of China, and concludes that the plan and efforts for the EIC to open its trade route to China through Tibet were essentially based on wishful thinking or false hope without thorough understanding of Tibet or Qing court, or the delicate relations between the two. Even though the EIC＇s late 18th century efforts through the Hindu merchant monk Gosain Purangir were in vain, examining the many contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama and the EIC and Purangir＇s trip to Beijing provide a novel perspective on the relations between Tibet and the Qing court in the second half of the 18th century. This inquiry also demonstrates that during the same period, Tibet was not a land of isolation; on the contrary, it was an integral part of＂the pre-modern globalization＂ process.展开更多
乾隆四十二年《各国夷船入口货总簿》为笔者在英国利兹大学布劳瑟顿图书馆发现的清代广州贸易中文档案。现将档案全文与英国东印度公司档案BL:IOR/G/12/62,Imports Canton 1777进行勘比,进而对上述中文档案的有关史料进行考证和笺注。...乾隆四十二年《各国夷船入口货总簿》为笔者在英国利兹大学布劳瑟顿图书馆发现的清代广州贸易中文档案。现将档案全文与英国东印度公司档案BL:IOR/G/12/62,Imports Canton 1777进行勘比,进而对上述中文档案的有关史料进行考证和笺注。经过比对,笔者推断乾隆四十二年《各国夷船入口货总簿》与英国东印度公司档案中公布的1777年“各欧洲国家进口广州货物记录”均系抄自粤海关的原始数据,二者有共同来源。此外,这份中文档案不仅能完整反映乾隆四十二年广州进口贸易的具体情况,还能为研究西文商品名称的汉译提供绝佳参照。展开更多
For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatim...For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatimid Empires, the Hanseatic League, the Florentine Companies） were, their trade was not able to directly handle branches more than a month＇s sailing from their main base （in the best conditions）. During the three centuries after Vasco de Gama had reached India, European trading areas dramatically expanded to the shores of Asia, and a long period of harsh competition set the East India Companies of the main European powers of the time against one another. What were the elements that allowed these companies to maintain transactions over such vast areas？ And why were some of these companies far more successful than the others？ A large set of secondary sources focusing on one company or on a particular aspect of trade （Chauduri, 1978; Israel, 1989; Subrahmanyan, 1993; Ames, 1996） exist, however, none of them treat their successive successes and failures. The aim of this paper is to briefly review these sources, to extract information from them and to compare the economic adaptations and innovations that allowed these companies to be the greatest of their time.展开更多
To strengthen brand identity,enrich tourist experiences,and promote heritage education,Taijiang National Park proposed to reconstruct Taiwan,China’s Dutch Trading Post in a different location from where it was initia...To strengthen brand identity,enrich tourist experiences,and promote heritage education,Taijiang National Park proposed to reconstruct Taiwan,China’s Dutch Trading Post in a different location from where it was initially erected in the 17th century.This paper is a case study of the reconstruction proposal for a lost colonial architectural complex in the context of heritage tourism.It discusses the practical and academic issues of rebuilding long-lost colonial heritage sites.The author provided a first-hand account of the technical and practical reasoning for reconstructing a bygone complex erected by Dutch settlers.Historical development phases of the Dutch Trading Post of Taiwan,China were first introduced,and then a reconstruction strategy was proposed to resolve conflicts with legal constraints.Additionally,a site selection process using GIS,a conceptually driven plan for reconstruction,and a 3D simulation were provided.Three specific issues in heritage rebuilding were further discussed,including the decision to reconstruct a heritage building(complex),the authenticity of the reconstructed building if done in a different location from where it was initially situated,and the need to discover more archaeological facts.展开更多
文摘This paper summarizes previous research on the contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama of Tibet and the British East India Company （EIC）. Extensive research has been done on the archives and travelogues written in English, yet further attention needs to be paid to the significance of these contacts to the Panchen Lama＇s historic visit to the Qing court around the same time. Although little is available in Chinese and Tibetan sources on this event, important questions have yet to be raised and discussed. Drawing upon what has been done on this topic, the author makes further use of Tibetan materials and the catalog of Manchu archives in the First Historical Archive of China, and concludes that the plan and efforts for the EIC to open its trade route to China through Tibet were essentially based on wishful thinking or false hope without thorough understanding of Tibet or Qing court, or the delicate relations between the two. Even though the EIC＇s late 18th century efforts through the Hindu merchant monk Gosain Purangir were in vain, examining the many contacts between the sixth Panchen Lama and the EIC and Purangir＇s trip to Beijing provide a novel perspective on the relations between Tibet and the Qing court in the second half of the 18th century. This inquiry also demonstrates that during the same period, Tibet was not a land of isolation; on the contrary, it was an integral part of＂the pre-modern globalization＂ process.
文摘乾隆四十二年《各国夷船入口货总簿》为笔者在英国利兹大学布劳瑟顿图书馆发现的清代广州贸易中文档案。现将档案全文与英国东印度公司档案BL:IOR/G/12/62,Imports Canton 1777进行勘比,进而对上述中文档案的有关史料进行考证和笺注。经过比对,笔者推断乾隆四十二年《各国夷船入口货总簿》与英国东印度公司档案中公布的1777年“各欧洲国家进口广州货物记录”均系抄自粤海关的原始数据,二者有共同来源。此外,这份中文档案不仅能完整反映乾隆四十二年广州进口贸易的具体情况,还能为研究西文商品名称的汉译提供绝佳参照。
文摘For a very long time, the areas available for continuous long-distance trade were limited to territories of Braudel＇s Mediterrande （1949）. Whatever the commercial organizations （merchants in the Roman or the Fatimid Empires, the Hanseatic League, the Florentine Companies） were, their trade was not able to directly handle branches more than a month＇s sailing from their main base （in the best conditions）. During the three centuries after Vasco de Gama had reached India, European trading areas dramatically expanded to the shores of Asia, and a long period of harsh competition set the East India Companies of the main European powers of the time against one another. What were the elements that allowed these companies to maintain transactions over such vast areas？ And why were some of these companies far more successful than the others？ A large set of secondary sources focusing on one company or on a particular aspect of trade （Chauduri, 1978; Israel, 1989; Subrahmanyan, 1993; Ames, 1996） exist, however, none of them treat their successive successes and failures. The aim of this paper is to briefly review these sources, to extract information from them and to compare the economic adaptations and innovations that allowed these companies to be the greatest of their time.
基金Funding In 2014,the Tajiang National Park Authority put forward a feasibility study of reconstruction project of a Dutch trading post within the existing administrative boundaryThe author was a member of the academic and professional team who tendered the reconstruction project and had worked through 2015.
文摘To strengthen brand identity,enrich tourist experiences,and promote heritage education,Taijiang National Park proposed to reconstruct Taiwan,China’s Dutch Trading Post in a different location from where it was initially erected in the 17th century.This paper is a case study of the reconstruction proposal for a lost colonial architectural complex in the context of heritage tourism.It discusses the practical and academic issues of rebuilding long-lost colonial heritage sites.The author provided a first-hand account of the technical and practical reasoning for reconstructing a bygone complex erected by Dutch settlers.Historical development phases of the Dutch Trading Post of Taiwan,China were first introduced,and then a reconstruction strategy was proposed to resolve conflicts with legal constraints.Additionally,a site selection process using GIS,a conceptually driven plan for reconstruction,and a 3D simulation were provided.Three specific issues in heritage rebuilding were further discussed,including the decision to reconstruct a heritage building(complex),the authenticity of the reconstructed building if done in a different location from where it was initially situated,and the need to discover more archaeological facts.
