Pursuing the Distilled Good Practices to Improve the Quality of Environmental Impact Assessment Reports and Hence Enhance the EIA Effectiveness and Help Address the Concerns of Project Proponents:An Indian Context

Despite a wealth of literature on the different facets of the EIA,and copious theoretical knowledge and practical experience,the general agreement is eluding definitions of EIA effectiveness,quality,and good practices.There are apprehensions about EIA meeting its basic objectives while project proponents continue to treat EIA as an impediment to development.Governments tend to adopt a“practical”approach,sacrificing pillars of EIA and overlooking the prime objective of environmental protection.Based on an extensive literature study and the author’s long EIA-related experience,some key workable practices for the EIA process are elaborated.Meticulous scoping using different sets of lenses,spotlighting significant impacts to determine the breadth and depth of EIA reports for focussed EIAs,robust EIA review and decision-making,commitment from the regulators for environmental protection,and use of strategic planning,strategic environmental assessment,and tiering practices are expected to address scholars’apprehensions and project proponents’concerns.

Neurofilament proteins in axonal regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases

Neurofilament protein is a component of the mature neuronal cytoskeleton, and it interacts with the zygosome, which is mediated by neurofilament-related proteins. Neurofilament protein regulates enzyme function and the structure of linker proteins. In addition, neurofilament gene expression plays an important role in nervous system development. Previous studies have shown that neurofilament gene transcriptional regulation is crucial for neurofilament protein expression, especially in axonal regeneration and degenerative diseases. Post-transcriptional regulation increased neurofilament protein gene transcription during axonal regeneration, ultimately resulting in a pattern of neurofilament protein expression. An expression imbalance of post-transcriptional regulatory proteins and other disorders could lead to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or other neurodegenerative diseases. These findings indicated that after transcription, neurofilament protein regulated expression of related proteins and promoted regeneration of damaged axons, suggesting that regulation disorders could lead to neurodegenerative diseases.

Regulation and Improvement of Cellulase Production: Recent Advances

Cellulases and hemicellulases are the main industrial sources from different microorganisms used to depolymerise plant biomass to simple sugars that are converted to chemical intermediates and biofuels, such as ethanol. Cellulases are formed adaptively, and several positive (xyr1, Ace2, HAP2/3/5) and negative (Ace1, Cre1) components involved in this regulation are now known. In this review, we summarise current knowledge about how cellulase biosynthesis is regulated, and outline recent approaches and suitable strategies for facilitating the targeted improvement of cellulase production by genetic engineering. Trichoderma reesei is the preferred organism for producing industrial cellulases. However, a more efficient heterologous expression system for enzymes from different organism is needed to further improve its cellulase mixture. In addition those optimizations of the promoter and linker for hybrid genes can dramatically improve the efficiency of heterologous expression of cellulase genes.

An Analysis of the Reflection of the Whole-process People’s Democracy in the Legislation of China

The legislation of China provides a glimpse of the active development of the whole-process people’s democracy in the country. The system of people’s congresses realizes the broad participation of the people in national and local legislation through various channels. It fully reflects the fundamental interests and common will of the great majority of the people. The democratic and professional combination of subjects for legislation with Chinese characteristics has, to a great extent, solved the contradictions and difficulties encountered in the legislation of countries with the representative system. The system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the CpC’s leadership realizes the promotion of democracy, the drawing on collective wisdom, the unifying of people’s thinking, and the building of consensus among the CpC, the democratic parties, and the general public in the process of legislation. Legislative planning is not only a result of scientific decision-making, but also one of the best democratic decision-making mechanisms proved by legislative practices. The openness, negotiation, and technical nature of legislative procedures in China are conducive to the realization of democratic management. China has established a relatively scientific, complete, and systematic constitutional filing and review system, which is also an embodiment of democratic supervision. In future legislation, China should continue to transform the values and concepts of democracy and human rights into more scientific and effective institutional arrangements and concrete and realistic democratic practices under the leadership of the CpC.

PBL、CBL联合Paper Review教学模式在眼科临床规培医师教学中的应用

目的探索PBL、CBL联合Paper Review教学模式在眼科临床规培医师中的应用效果。方法以28名在附属盛京医院眼科进行临床规培的医师为研究对象,随机分为实验组(PBL、CBL联合Paper Review教学模式)和对照组(传统LBL教学模式),每组14名,对比不同组学生出科时的教学效果。结果实验组眼科考试成绩及对教学效果的满意度明显优于对照组。结论 PBL、CBL联合Paper Review教学模式值得在眼科临床医师规培中进一步推广应用,可能能够更好地培养出优秀的临床医师。

运动干预与细胞焦亡在骨关节炎中的作用

背景:细胞焦亡参与软骨细胞外基质降解、滑膜炎症以及疼痛,在骨关节炎防治中发挥重要作用。此外,运动可通过抑制细胞焦亡调控骨关节炎的发生,已成为防治骨关节炎的研究热点。目的:总结细胞焦亡在骨关节炎中的调控作用,以及运动介导细胞焦亡在改善骨关节炎中的机制。方法:以“pyroptosis,osteoarthritis,chondrocyte pyroptosis,synovial cell pyroptosis,exercise”和“细胞焦亡,骨关节炎,软骨细胞焦亡,滑膜细胞焦亡,运动”为关键词,检索PubMed与中国知网数据库1992-2024年间发表的相关文献,根据纳入及排除标准选择71篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:①骨关节炎是以软骨细胞外基质降解、滑膜炎症和软骨下骨重塑等为特点的慢性退行性关节疾病,易引起骨的器质性病变、疼痛并引发功能障碍。②细胞焦亡作为一种特殊的程序性死亡机制,其特征为细胞裂解死亡释放炎症因子引发强烈的炎症反应,与骨关节炎的发生发展关系密切。细胞焦亡可导致大量炎症因子释放,进而激活核因子κB转录,增加焦亡蛋白的产生,进而加剧骨关节炎的发生发展,因此细胞焦亡可作为骨关节炎防治的新方向。③运动可通过下调焦亡蛋白信号通路和抑制相关炎症因子表达等途径抑制软骨细胞和滑膜细胞的焦亡,从而在骨关节炎防治中发挥重要作用。有氧和无氧运动可通过抑制细胞焦亡的发生延缓骨关节炎的病理进程,中等强度的有氧运动通过抑制细胞焦亡信号通路改善骨关节炎的效果较好,无氧运动可通过提高肌肉质量进而对骨关节炎产生有益效应。

Effectiveness of tonifying-kidney and regulating-liver therapy on diminished ovarian reserve: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Traditional Chinese Medicine tonifying-kidney and regulating-liver therapy on diminished ovarian reserve(DOR).METHODS: The literature was comprehensively searched up to August 2019 using four Chinese and three English electronic databases to extract randomized clinical trials(RCTs) comparing Traditional Chinese Medicine tonifying-kidney and regulating-liver prescriptions(combined with hormone therapy or not) with Western Medicine. Data quality evaluation was conducted using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using Revman 5.3 software with effect estimates presented as mean difference(MD), risk ratio(RR), and95% confidence interval(CI).RESULTS: A total of nine RCTs with 512 participants were extracted and eligible for Meta-analysis.There were no significant differences between Chinese medicine and Western Medicine on basal serum follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) level(MD0.11, 95% CI-0.52 to 0.74, 392 participants, seven trials), anti-Müllerian hormone level(MD 0.48, 95%CI-0.62 to 1.58, 95 participants, two trials), and the FSH and luteinizing hormone ratio(MD 0.01,95% CI-0.95 to 0.96, 115 participants, two trials).Chinese medicine was more effective at improving Traditional Chinese Medicine symptom scores(TCMSS)(MD-2.39, 95% CI-3.83 to-0.94, 160 participants, three trials), effective rate of TCMSS(RR1.18, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.36, 160 participants, three trials), antral follicle count(AFC)(MD 0.55, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.04, 155 participants, three trials), and FSH levels at 3 months post-treatment(MD-4.77, 95% CI-6.09 to-3.45, 137 participants, two trials).CONCLUSION: Compared with Western Medicine,tonifying-kidney and regulating-liver therapy is more effective at relieving symptoms and improving AFC and FSH at 3 months post-treatment.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis

An international journal providing a forum for original and pertinent contributions in Pharmaceutical Analysis.Types of papers Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis welcomes submissions of fulllength reviews,original research articles and short communication.The act of submitting a manuscript to the Journal carries with it the right to publish that paper.

Instructions to Authors Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis

An international journal providing a forum for original and pertinent contributions in Pharmaceutical Analysis.Types of papers Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis welcomes submissions of fulllength reviews,original research papers and short communication.

Mechanisms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signal transduction pathway in depressive disorder

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs and has dominated recent studies on the pathogenesis of depression. In the present review we summarize the known roles of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, cAMP response element-binding protein and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathogenesis of depression and in the mechanism of action of antidepressant medicines. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cAMP response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor pathway has potential to be used as a biological index to help diagnose depression, and as such it is considered as an important new target in the treatment of depression.

Power Distribution System Regulation (A Review)

This article presents a framework and a comprehensive model to optimize the regulation of the electricity distribution system.The regulatory requirements of the electricity distribution system and research gaps in this field are among the important outputs of this review article.In each of the presented parts of the framework,it has reviewed,introduced and listed the regulatory studies of the electricity distribution system.In order to calculate the PDSR(regulation of power distribution system)framework,governance first presents,its goals,and its development plan in the distribution sector,and discusses the regulatory position in it.After that,in the electricity distribution system,it describes the role of the regulator in the goals and plans of the electricity distribution system,and introduces the types of regulation of the electricity distribution system,and finally,discusses about the place of data in the regulation and its requirements,and the effects of regulation in the evolution and stability of the electricity distribution system.

行政规范性文件备案审查中比例原则的适用

行政规范性文件备案审查是一种事后的合法性监督制度。作为方法论意义上的比例原则引入行政规范性文件备案审查,旨在改善行政规范性文件备案审查的方法,提升行政规范性文件备案审查的实效。适当性原则审查的核心是手段与目的关联性。关联性是指手段能够正向推进目的得以实现的单向关系。必要性原则审查的核心是手段与结果的关联性,最小损害是确定关联性的基本要素。均衡性原则审查的核心是手段与结果的合比例性,利益衡量是确定合比例性的基本方法。在行政规范性文件备案审查中,事实审查有助于提升行政规范性文件的“科学性”。对因紧急状态而制定的行政规范性文件进行备案审查,可以适度降低比例原则的要求。

论地方性法规的空间效力

地方性法规的空间效力是指地方性法规在什么空间范围内具有法律效力。地方性法规的空间效力可以分为“整体效力”“局部效力”“特定效力”和“区外效力”四种形式,其中“区外效力”是地方性法规的空间效力最鲜明的效力特征。我国现行宪法、立法法和有关法律并没有确立地方性法规的一般性空间效力,只是对“局部效力”和“特定效力”在制度上加以明确,对于地方性法规在“本行政区域”之外是否具有法律效力没有作出禁止性规定。从经济特区法规、自治条例和单行条例的立法程序来看,都不能作出否定地方性法规所具有的“区外效力”的结论。地方性法规的“区外效力”在横向和纵向两个方面进行效力延伸,横向空间效力是指地方性法规在其他行政区域的法律效力,纵向空间效力是指地方性法规能否约束中央层面的执法和司法审判机构。根据中国法的“域外适用”理论和政策要求,在确保地方性法规的合宪性、合法性前提下,地方性法规的“区外效力”应当得到制度的肯定和支持。

监察法规的法律属性、位阶与规制——基于《立法法》第118条的学理阐释

2023年新修订的《立法法》在“附则”中对国家监察委员会监察法规的制定和备案作出了规定,但监察法规的法律属性、效力位阶及备案审查程序等问题则未具体展开。在中国宪制框架下,监察法规是中国特色社会主义法律体系的重要组成部分,也是监察法律法规体系中的重要内容。通过国家法规体系内部比较发现,监察法规是中国立法体制中的一种新型法规形式,其位阶应与行政法规、军事法规相当。加强对监察法规的法律规制,是深化国家监察体制改革和全面推进依法治国的重要之举,其具体规制路径是以监察法规的制定、实施、监督为着力点,修正《监察法》《立法法》相关条款,制定《监察立法工作条例》,健全新时代中国特色监察法律法规体系。

村规民约备案审查机制完善研究

村规民约备案审查是中国特色备案审查制度体系的重要组成部分。通过考察实践场域中村规民约备案审查的机制运行,探查村规民约的质性与类型并解析村规民约备案审查过程与构成要素。村规民约备案审查机制在主体层面、程序层面、标准层面存在着建构性困境,集中体现为权能受限下的主体失格、制度留白下的程序失范、规范张力下的标准失当。基于村规民约的规范特性,需要在主体层面形成以乡镇政府为主导的多元主体协作审查格局,在程序层面细化村规民约的报备与受理程序、完善村规民约审查与审查报告出具程序、强化审查未通过的村规民约责令改正程序,在标准层面构设村规民约备案审查所应依循的合法性、合理性、规范性标准体系,从而系统完善村规民约备案审查机制。

信息化技术在重症患者负性情绪调节中的研究进展

ICU环境封闭,有创操作频繁,患者负性情绪高发。目前,信息化技术在重症领域应用广泛。文章主要围绕信息化技术在重症患者负性情绪调节中的应用与效果、发展与建议进行综述,以期为国内ICU护士对重症患者实施心理护理提供新思路,为促进ICU信息化建设和人文护理发展提供参考。

论备案审查中法院申请审查的条件和路径

2023年12月,全国人大常委会通过的《关于完善和加强备案审查制度的决定》规定了法院在审判工作中发现法规、司法解释同宪法、法律相抵触或者存在合宪性、合法性问题的,可以逐级上报至最高人民法院向全国人大常委会提出书面审查要求的制度,该规定激活了法院在备案审查中的角色,有必要进行细化。通过参考德国的具体审查和法国的合宪性问题移送制度,未来我国法院申请备案审查的条件包括:(1)该法规、司法解释属于案件的裁判依据;(2)法院怀疑其与宪法、法律相抵触或者存在合宪性、合法性的疑虑;(3)法院在提起申请前要经过本院审判委员会的同意;(4)法院应当提交书面申请并附理由。法院申请备案审查的路径包括逐级上报和直接向全国人大常委会提出审查建议两种,以此来更好地实现法院在维护国家法制统一中的作用。

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准之重述

行政规范性文件不适当备案审查标准源于《宪法》的规定,因此,它具有根本法的地位,直接约束行政规范性文件备案审查权。《立法法》《监督法》等法律、法规以及地方立法之间对不适当审查标准进行具体化规定的内容不尽一致,影响了行政规范性文件备案审查标准的统一性与实效性,对此,应当适时启动修法程序解决。全国人大常委会的《备案审查工作办法》《备案审查决定》从合宪性审查、政治性审查和明显不当三个方面发展了《宪法》规定的不适当备案审查标准,对不适当标准具有重述性意义,旨在满足行政规范性文件的品质符合法治国家、法治政府和法治社会建设的要求。

医院伦理委员会审查权的程序规制

医院伦理委员会的审查权是基于共同体自治而产生的社会公权力,由此产生的伦理审查决定具有区别于一般民事行为或行政决定的特殊性。审查权的行使不可因医学自治“庇佑”而脱离法制轨道,成为“法治真空”。检视现行相关规定,在不干预伦理审查独立性的同时,需要通过重构程序要件为其提质增效:应该明确会议审查、简易和免除伦理审查的界限和适用条件,确立专家复核程序的方式及多元评价体系;扩大利益冲突回避主体范围、丰富利益冲突回避内涵、完善回避程序;强化事前信息披露、事中听证等程序保障申请人和研究参与者的合法利益;确立区域伦理委员会评价职能的救济渠道。审查权的程序规制,以期使医院伦理委员会审查权行使更符合程序正义和法治要求。

论超越守法及其治理

超越守法是指企业制定并遵守比法律更为严格的自治规范的现象。企业自治规范在国家法的强制要求与社会许可的自发推动下趋于严格,促成了超越守法现象的发生。超越守法现象可分为负担自承和负担转移两种类型,其中负担转移型可能违反法治原则,主要表现为企业自治规范缺乏对企业自身的限制,形式合法性欠缺以及违反“法律的统治而非人的统治”原则。该问题产生的原因,包括多元规范助力机制的扭曲、议程设置的反制措施难以启动以及企业优位下的消费者权利契约化等。合理规制超越守法,需要从立法上明晰相关主体的法律责任,建立合理的社会规范备案审查制度,形成完备、有效的司法审查制度等。超越守法现象揭示了自下而上的法治社会建设路径具有的可能性,但其违反法治原则的问题也表明自上而下的法治社会建设路径也应当同时相向发力,合力推进法治社会建设。