PACT/WAR工艺在腈纶污水处理工程中的应用

丙烯腈/腈纶污水污染物浓度高,含难生化处理的低聚物,处理难度大,成为困扰企业污水达标排放的难题。介绍了国内企业腈纶污水处理的工程实践及实验研究,采用PACT/WAR工艺处理腈纶污水的工程实例。工程运行表明:该工艺处理包括丙烯腈/腈纶污水在内的炼油、化工污水,处理效果良好,能够达到一级直排标准。针对运行中出现的问题,提出相应的解决方案及优化建议。

Review and Analysis: Evaluation of the Impacts and Consequences of Using Agricultural Herbicides as Military Chemical Weapons in Second Indochina War

The legacy of the human misery caused by the application of the herbicides including Agent Purple and Agent Orange contaminated with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD and Agent Blue, the arsenic-based herbicide, sprayed over the jungles, rice fields, and hamlets of Vietnam is still haunting us today. Why did this happen? Could it have been prevented? Was it necessary United States military strategy? Was it an intentional decision to inflict this blight on the enemy soldiers and the Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Laotian civilians, to poison their land and cause generations of harm? Alternatively, was it an unpreventable accident in the march of military history? What patterns in the U.S. government’s thought process could be identified as the cause, which led to the decision to use these herbicides as tactical chemical weapons? If the introduction of herbicide (chemical) weapons had not been made, would the outcome of the Vietnam War and the Secret Wars in Laos and Cambodia have been any different? The objective of this treatise is to outline the role of world events and backgrounds and the role of the leaders, U.S. military, CIA, USDA, U.S. State Department, the U.S. President appointed Ambassadors to Vietnam and Laos, chemical companies, and President Diệm’s Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government and military. Their collective advice led to the decision to use herbicides as military and environmental chemical weapons in the Second Indochina War. Were the National interests achieved by U.S. military strategy in the RVN using herbicide weapons worth the long-term environmental and human health consequences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos? Did it impact the outcome of the Second Indochina War?

Rebellion in Northern Manchuria During the Third Revolutionary War in China and Its Causes

The frequent rebellions in Northern Manchuria during the Third Revolutionary War occurred in the special context of the struggle between the Kuomintang(KMT)and the Communist Party of China(CPC)for Northeast China after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War.The rebellion reached its peak during the KMTs attack on Northeast China,followed by a second wave of rebellion after the defeat in the Defensive Battle of Siping.It tended to disappear after the downfall of the Jiang Pengfei Group.In addition to the blind recruitment of the CPC in traditional narratives,the instigation of the KMT,the traditional mutiny of the old army,the limitations of the early work of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army,the early activities of the KMT,and the regional conflicts between the local and foreign forces are also important reasons for the concentration of rebellions.

An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

Enduring association between irritable bowel syndrome and war trauma during the Nicaragua civil war period:A population-based study

BACKGROUND Psychosocial and physical trauma are known risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),including in war veterans,whereas war exposure in civilians is unclear.Nicaragua experienced two wars,1970-1990:The Sandinistas Revolution(1970s)and The Contra War(1980s).Our aim was to investigate the role of exposure to war trauma in the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established health surveillance system(11000 households).AIM To investigate in a civilian population the relationship between exposure to war trauma and events and the subsequent development of IBS in the context of an established public health and demographic surveillance system in western Nicaragua.METHODS We conducted a nested population-based,cross-sectional study focused on functional gastrointestinal disorders based on Rome II criteria.1617 adults were randomly selected.The Spanish Rome II Modular Questionnaire and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire were validated in Nicaragua.War exposure was assessed with 10 measures of direct and indirect war trauma and post-war effects.Multiple exposures were defined by≥3 measures.RESULTS The prevalence of IBS was 15.2%[Female(F)17.1%,Male(M)12.0%],war exposure 19.3%(F 9.3%,M 36.7%),and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)5.6%(F 6.4%,M 4.3%).Significant associations with IBS in the civilian population were observed(adjusted by gender,age,socioeconomic status,education):physical and psychological abuse[adjusted odds ratio(aOR):2.25;95%confidence interval:1.1-4.5],witnessed execution(aOR:2.4;1.1-5.2),family member death(aOR:2.2;1.2-4.2),and multiple exposures(aOR:2.7;1.4-5.1).PTSD was independently associated with IBS(aOR:2.6;1.2-5.7).CONCLUSION An enduring association was observed in the Nicaragua civilian population between specific civil war-related events and subsequent IBS.Civilian populations in regions with extended armed conflict may warrant provider education and targeted interventions for patients.

Chemical exposures and suspected impacton Gulf War Veterans

Gulf War Illness(GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War(1990–1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including(but not limited to)exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment(e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants,may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.

Escaping Dependency and Trade War:China and the US

Marxist political economy provides a perspective for grasping the root cause of the China-US trade war.The international relations of production,which stem from the international division of labor,shape the distribution of international economic interests and the political status of countries.Traditionally,developing countries have been subjected to the“periphery”in the international division of labor.In the new global value chain,developing countries have remained in a subordinate position characterized by“technological-market”dependence.To achieve the goal of building a strong modern nation,China must escape the“technological-market”dependence.Yet China’s efforts and achievements in escaping dependent development are deemed as a threat to US vested interests in the international markets.To preserve the economic foundation of its hegemony,the US has resorted to a trade war to contain China’s development.

Modellings of Infectious Diseases and Cancers under Wars and Pollution Impacts in Iraq with Reference to a Novel Mathematical Model and Literature Review

Microbial pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and together account for a significant percentage of acute and chronic human diseases. In addition to understanding the mechanisms by which various pathogens cause human disease, research in microbial pathogenesis also addresses mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and the development of new antimicrobial agents and vaccines. Answering fundamental questions regarding host-microbe interactions requires an interdisciplinary approach, including microbiology, genomics, informatics, molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, environment and interaction between host and microbe. Studies investigating the direct effects of pollutants on respiratory tract infections are very vast, but those interested in the role of a pre-existing disease and effects of the exposure on the response to secondary stresses are few. In an experimental study at concentrations of air pollutants found in urban environments, frank toxicological responses are rarely observed, however, exposure to secondary stress like the respiratory challenge with infectious bacteria can exacerbate the response of the experimental host. The models like experimental, mechanical, and mathematical are the most abstract, but they allow analysis and logical proofs in a way that other approaches do not permit. The present review is mostly concerned with these model representations particularly with a novel mathematical model explaining the interaction between pathogen and immunity including the equivalence point.

污水处理场WAR系统处理炼油碱渣探讨

某石化污水处理场采用美国西门子PACT+WAR工艺,其中WAR(WetAirRegeneration)是湿空气再生系统,功能是对PACT(Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment)生化系统剩余废碳泥进行再生回用。由于炼油碱渣少量掺入污水中进入生化系统处理,不仅对生化系统影响较大,而且现场有明显异味。2022年利用WAR系统运行过程中掺炼1m^(3)/h碱渣,对WAR运行参数适当调整,运行结果表明WAR系统在处理好废碳泥的同时,有效地处置了碱渣,处理后污水中酚及硫化物均降至0.3 mg/L以下。

Review and Analysis: United States Secret Wars in Cambodia: Long-Term Impacts and Consequences

The People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN) decided to use conventional warfare to unify Vietnam. The United States military operation against the Ho Chi Minh Trail traffic began in 1959. The (PAVN) connected a series of old trails leading from North Vietnam to South Vietnam via Laos and Cambodia. In the 1960s the network of trails was expanded. Trail traffic was interdicted by repeated CIA (Air America) and US Air Force (Operation Ranch Hand) tactical herbicide spraying and bombing missions. During the late 1960s, the Khmer Rouge Army slowly grew in eastern Cambodia during a time when America was spraying and bombing the Ho Chi Minh Trail. On February 22, 1969, the PAVN launched a new offensive against American forces in South Vietnam from their sanctuaries in Cambodia. President Richard Nixon and Dr. Henry Kissinger, decided to spray and bomb Cambodia, a neutral country, to eliminate the PAVN sanctuary base camps. The damage and loss of life as a result of U.S. air campaign resulted in the insurgency (Khmer Rouge) being able to recruit civilian members. This created a dual effect of strengthening the popularity of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, enabling him to overthrow the Khmer Republic in 1975. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the political impacts and consequences of: 1) the 1959 United States secret war on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia and 2) the 1969 President Nixon’s decision to destroy the PAVN bases hidden in the Cambodian jungles. These United States secret wars in Cambodia had long-lasting effects on Cambodian political, social, and economic stability.

The Economic Factors of Utilizing the Salt of Sichuan to Purvey Chu and the War of Aid to Hubei

The background of this article takes place after modern China.It is an essential change in the history of the Chinese salt industry that Sichuan salt supplies to Hubei.Sichuan salt jumped out of the original sales range,sold in Hubei.Since then,Hubei has become the most essential selling place of Sichuan salt,which continues to affect the economy of Sichuan.The War of Aid to Hubei was an inter-regional war in the warlord era.In order to realize“Local governance of Hubei”,the exploiting warlord Wang Zhanyuan was expelled.Sichuan chose to send troops,which economic factors are significant.Mainly,the Sichuan salt played a crucial role in it.Through the study of this problem,we can see that the economic factors in modern times occupy an essential position in the competition of warlords and promote the progress of history.

The Relationship Between the Communist Party of China and the Japanese Communist Party During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression

It is important to clarify the historical facts and summarize the characteristics of the communication and cooperation between the CPC and the JCP during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,as it holds historical and contemporary relevance.The research findings indicate that the Comintern played a crucial role as the key intermediary in facilitating the establishment of connections between the CPC and the JCP and in driving the deepening of their relationship.During their exchanges,both parties adhered to a flexible and multi-layered friendship based on the unified values of patriotism and internationalism.Their efforts played a significant role in the establishment of an international anti-fascist front in the East.

War and Peace in Ukraine.A Legal-Linguistic Perspective

The current research overlaps a linguistic and a legal analysis of public international law in the Ukrainian case.Based on both official documents and public declarations,it explains the grounds for the wide range of understandings that the two common concepts-peace and war-may be bearing depending of the angle of looking at the matter and depending on the actor invoking them.The study develops the reasons likely to have been considered by President Putin when insisting to refer to the Russian military action started in Ukraine in February 2022 as“special military operation”instead of“war”and the cardinal difference in terms of legal impact for such a linguistic choice.It also builds on the elements which could serve as a basis for achieving a deal in obtaining peace in Ukraine,while tackling on the possible geopolitical,public communication and diplomatic hurdles,and offering clues for strategic analysis of the matter.

中国大气污染防治政策与空气污染治理——基于城市级面板数据的实证研究

2013年颁布实施的《大气污染防治行动计划》是我国首个针对环境突出问题开展综合治理的行动计划;为巩固治理效果,应对动态变化的环境问题,2018年国务院进一步发布了《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》。研究利用中国258个城市2013年1月至2020年9月日度空气污染数据,实证检验了上述两阶段政策对空气质量的影响,并从不同污染物治理效果、时间和区域异质性等角度分析了政策效应的差异。结果指出:第一,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”均显著降低了AQI、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_(2)、NO_(2)、CO;第二,相比“大气十条”,“蓝天保卫战”对NO_(2)的减排效应更高,且实现对O_(3)的协同治理;第三,“大气十条”和“蓝天保卫战”对各污染物的减排效应因供暖时期、地区能源资源禀赋呈现出较强的异质性特征。

结构起点、政策选择与中美关系的另一种可能

中美关系的走向决定未来国际秩序。从结构现实主义出发,有观点认为中美势必走向冲突与战争。通过定位中美所处的结构起点并对其进行深入分析,发现在经济、安全、意识形态和应对全球性问题上,中美关系具有不同于“新冷战”的特征。总体上,经济结构是发展导向的,安全环境是和平导向的,意识形态是包容导向的,解决全球性挑战是合作导向的。从特定的结构起点出发,中美关系走向和平共处、合作共赢是优先选项,而走向冲突和战争代价巨大、成本极高。尽管如此,特定的结构起点及结构过程能否持续发挥作用,也取决于中美两国的政策选择。总体上,中美两国政府有意管控分歧,增强合作,这有助于避免中美关系滑入“新冷战”。无论未来美国政府对华政策如何变化,中国要更为积极地塑造中美关系,推进有利于发展、和平和多元的结构进程,提升结构的和平性、互利性和稳定性,借助结构的力量来限制美国对华“新冷战”。

万历援朝时期的明军系统与战争态势

万历援朝是明朝自永乐以来唯一一次跨越国境的用兵,始而对朝鲜、日本的动态几乎一无所知,继而应朝鲜国王请求仓促出兵,再而陷入与日军的长时期对峙与胶着之中,前后延续七年之久。当战争发生在朝鲜北部地区时,辽东兵及蓟镇、宣府兵尚能应对;当战争推进到朝鲜南部地区时,由于战线的拉长、日军的投入和战事的延续,明朝调动了国内各地区、多民族的军事力量,并且动用了半数以上的战略总预备金,才在日本国内发生突变的状况下,与朝军一道取得这场战争的胜利。而明军及明朝在战争中暴露的各种问题,则对晚明政局特别是辽东形势产生了重大而深远的影响。

强制留学:抗战时期日本的中国占领区留日警察政策

抗战时期,日本政府强令中国占领区各伪政权选派警察赴内务省警察讲习所留学,各伪政权大多以刚刚成立或财政困难为由,提出不派、缓派、少派请求,但在当地日军、日本使领馆和内务省派遣人员的压力下,不得不按照日本的原定计划选派。这些留日警察的接受、教育和管理,主要由外务省文化事业部和内务省警察讲习所协商负责。日本政府的目的是培养直接服务于其殖民统治和侵略战争政策的“协力者”,但它忽略了抗战时期中国人民族国家意识的增长,最终事与愿违。

面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划

针对战区联合作战中的空间需求响应问题,描述了面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划的背景;从空间资源能力、空间需求响应机制、空间需求响应效益和代价等方面,分析了空间需求响应任务规划所需考虑的主要因素;定义并描述了任务规划模型,设计了任务规划计算方法,并结合战区联合作战实际进行了案例仿真与分析,验证了模型和方法的有效性,为战区联合作战中空间需求的有效响应提供了理论和方法支撑。

信仰的信用、肉体的思想与积极的末日观——对“二战”后初期荒正人主体性论、世代论的一种解读

荒正人作为“二战”后日本文学界诸多论争的实际策划者和推动者,战后初期在其主导的《近代文学》等阵地上发起了“政治与文学”论争。他超越左右阵营,以“三十岁一代”的代言者姿态,对文坛前辈们发起整体性的批判。他强调应通过“肉体的思想化”,以转向体验和战争体验为媒介,反思战前、战时放弃信仰抑或曾协力了军国主义的“四十岁一代”之意识形态主张,拒绝盲信、盲从“主义”,以此实现对战前、战时日本马克思主义和自由主义的双重扬弃,直指对战后文学主导权之争夺。面对战败“末日”,他以战争体验、战败终局为经验前提,对发展主义和进步主义提出质疑;同时强调应对战败“末日”持积极的认知态度,不惮挥别传统、从头再来。荒正人所代表的《近代文学》同人以事实以及跨战争的思想、言行连贯性为依据,在道德层面发起了对文坛前辈战争责任的追究,发出了每个人应自我革命、自我反省的呼吁;这与新日本文学会以其自身主导权为自明前提、以阵营区分为特征而指向他人的自我批判要求大异其趣,双方终而走向敌对亦是必然。二战后至今,战争责任问题在日本逐渐虚无化,回到战后初期的原点对此虚无化路径做实证性考察本身是必要的,文章也希望以此为战后日本文学史、思想史的研究探寻一种新的思路。

人道主义援助与冷战——1980年代美国应对埃塞俄比亚饥荒的历史考察

冷战期间,人道主义援助是美国对外政策的重要工具之一。由于连年旱灾、落后的农业生产力、社会体制现代化程度不足和长期内战等原因,埃塞俄比亚在1980年代前期发生了大范围的饥荒。最初,里根政府拒绝提供人道主义救助,以促使门格斯图政权倒台,后因国内政治和社会压力而成为最大的粮食捐助国,但其反共产主义的本质贯彻始终。苏联因经济低迷和粮食增产停顿,对埃塞俄比亚的人道主义援助则较少;以交通工具和医护人员为主,却被广为宣传。里根政府高估了其大规模救助对门格斯图政府消解西方意识形态抗拒力的作用,而门格斯图则在获得国际人道主义援助的同时,维持了政权稳定及其与苏联的关系。